Adobe Photoshop
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| File:PhotoshopCS4.jpg Adobe Photoshop CS4 Extended running on Windows Vista. | |
| Developer(s) | Adobe Systems |
|---|---|
| Stable release | CS4 and CS4 Extended (11.0)
/ October 15, 2008 |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows |
| Available in | 25 languages |
| Type | Raster graphics editor / Vector graphics editor |
| License | Proprietary software |
| Website | Adobe Photoshop Homepage |
Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current and primary market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems. It has been described as "an industry standard for graphics professionals"[1] and was one of the early "killer applications" on Macintosh.[2]
Photoshop CS4, the current eleventh iteration of the program, was officially announced on 23 September 2008 and released on 15 October 2008. "CS" reflects its integration with other Creative Suite products, and the number "4" represents it as the fourth version released since Adobe re-branded its products under the CS umbrella. Photoshop CS4 features additions such as the ability to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D images around 3D shapes, convert gradient maps to 3D objects, add depth to layers and text, get print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering engine, and enjoy exporting to supported common 3D formats; the new Adjustment and Mask Panels; Content-aware scaling (previously known as seam carving[3]); Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options[4] . On 30 April, Adobe released Photoshop CS3 Extended, which includes all the same features of Adobe Photoshop CS3 with the addition of capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D, and high end film and video users. The successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4, is the first 64-bit Photoshop on consumer computers.[5]
Development
Early history
In 1987, Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, who recommended Thomas turn it into a full-fledged image editing program. Thomas took a six month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program, which had been renamed ImagePro.[6] Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a short-term deal with scanner manufacturer Barneyscan to distribute copies of the program with a slide scanner; a "total of about 200 copies of Photoshop were shipped" this way.[7]
During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple Computer Inc. and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1988.[6] While John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing program code. Photoshop 1.0 was released in 1990 for Macintosh exclusively.[8]
Releases
Continual revisions were made to Photoshop, with new versions released in the following years. In November 1992, a Microsoft Windows port of version 2.0 was released, and a year later it was ported to the SGI IRIX and Sun Solaris platforms. In September 1994, version 3.0 was released, which introduced layers and tabbed palettes. In February 2003, Photoshop shipped with the Camera RAW 1.x plug-in, which allowed users to import RAW formats from different digital cameras directly into Photoshop.[9]
In October 2004, Photoshop was renamed Adobe Photoshop CS. The name uses the abbreviation CS for products in Adobe Creative Suite. The logo focused around a feather rendered in shades of blue and green, which was also used in 9.0.[10] The 11th version, Photoshop CS4 was announced on September 23, 2008, retaining the same blue icon modeled after periodic table elements that was introduced with Photoshop CS3.
In January 2008, the Wine project announced official support for Photoshop CS2, allowing the Windows version of Photoshop CS2 to be used on Linux and other Unix platforms.
Photoshop is written in the C++ programming language.[11]
Features
Photoshop has strong ties with other Adobe software for media editing, animation, and authoring. Files in Photoshop's native format, .PSD, can be exported to and from Adobe ImageReady, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, and Adobe Encore DVD to make professional standard DVDs and provide non-linear editing and special effects services, such as backgrounds, textures, and so on, for television, film, and the Web. For example, Photoshop CS broadly supports making menus and buttons for DVDs. For .PSD files exported as a menu or button, it only needs to have layers, nested in layer sets with a cuing format, and Adobe Encore DVD reads them as buttons or menus.
Photoshop revolves around editing pixels, unlike Adobe Illustrator which uses vectors. When an image is rendered into Photoshop, it is compiled by millions of single-colored pixels. At its core, Photoshop works by manipulating each individual pixel. Pixels are manipulated according to whichever tool is being used. In the case of other tools, such as Blending Modes, the pixels are modulated according to their relations with other pixels. Individual colors are encoded by a 3-part scale: red values, green values, and blue values (RGB). Each value is measured on a scale of 0 to 255, with saturation increasing proportionate to number scale. A value of Red: 255 Green: 0 Blue: 0 will be rendered as pure red. All 3 values at 255 will be rendered as white, all values at 0 will be rendered as black, etc.
Photoshop can utilize the color models RGB, lab, CMYK, grayscale, binary bitmap, and duotone. Photoshop has the ability to read and write raster and vector image formats such as: .EPS, .PNG, .GIF, .JPEG, Fireworks, etc. It also has several native file formats:
- The .PSD (Photoshop Document) format stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, color spaces, ICC profiles, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, Clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g. .EPS or .GIF) that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. Photoshop's popularity means that the .PSD format is widely used, and it is supported to some extent by most competing software.
- The .PSB (Large Document Format) format is a newer version of .PSD designed for files over 2 gigabytes.
- The .PDD (PhotoDeluxe Document) format is a version of .PSD that only supports the features found in the discontinued PhotoDeluxe software.
CS3
Photoshop CS3 is marketed with three main components of improvement over previous versions: "Work more productively, Edit with unrivaled power, and composite with breakthrough tools."[12] New features propagating productivity include streamlined interface, improved Camera Raw, better control over print options, enhanced PDF support, and better management with Adobe Bridge. Editing tools new to CS3 are the Clone Source palette and nondestructive Smart Filters, and other features such as the Brightness/Contrast adjustment and Vanishing Point module were enhanced. The Black and White adjustment option improves users control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer. Compositing is assisted with Photoshop's new Quick Selection and Refine Edge tools and improved image stitching technology.[12]
CS3 Extended contains all features of CS3 plus tools for editing and importing some 3D graphics file formats, enhancing video, and comprehensive image analysis tools, utilizing MATLAB integration and DICOM file support.[13]
The logo comprises white letters "Ps" on a gradient blue square.
Photoshop family
There are eight different products in the current Photoshop family.
- Photoshop CS3
- Photoshop CS3 Extended
- Photoshop Elements 7.0 for Macintosh
- Photoshop Elements 7.0 for Windows
- Photoshop Elements 7.0 & Adobe Premiere Elements 5.0
- Photoshop Express beta
- Photoshop Lightroom 2
- Photoshop CS4(Stonehenge)
Internationalization and localization
Language availability
Adobe Photoshop CS3 is available in the following languages: Arabic (Middle Eastern version), Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew (Middle Eastern version), Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish [14]
Specific features for Arabic and Hebrew languages
The Middle Eastern/Hebrew and the Middle Eastern/Arabic versions are specifically developed for Arabic and Hebrew languages.
- Text Settings
- Photoshop Middle Eastern versions come with special settings for typing and laying out Arabic or Hebrew text, such as:
- Possibility to use Arabic, Persian or Hindi digits
- Use kashidas for letter spacing and full justification
- Set vowels/diacritics positioning
- Ligature option
- Justify text in three possible ways to get the results you want (Standard, Arabic, Naskh)
- Additional fonts
- Photoshop Middle Eastern versions support most fonts shipped with the OS as well as a large number of third party fonts widely used by graphic designers in the Middle Eastern regions. Photoshop Middle Eastern versions install one additional font that facilitates your work in Middle Eastern languages: WinSoft Pro, which is available in four styles: Medium, Medium Italic, Bold and Bold Italic.
- Bi-directional text flow
- In Photoshop Middle Eastern versions, the notion of right-to-left behaviour applies to several objects: Paragraph and Character. You can easily mix Right-to-Left and Left-to-Right Words and Paragraphs in a document.
- Dictionary and hyphenation module
- Photoshop Middle Eastern versions come with a comprehensive dictionary for Arabic allowing you to spell check Arabic text with a choice of rules, like Strict Aleef Hamza, Strict Final Yaa, both or none. Photoshop Middle Eastern version comes with a Dictionary and Hyphenation Module for Hebrew.
- Find/replace
- You can search for and change specific occurrences of Middle Eastern text. Photoshop Middle Eastern versions include an "Ignore Accent" option. When checked, the user can search for a string of text whether it contains some accents or not.
- Save for Web
- Special encodings have been added to allow this option to work with Middle Eastern languages.
- Contact Sheet II / Picture Gallery / Smart Quotes
- These options have been adapted to work correctly with Middle Eastern languages.
Plugins
Photoshop functionality can be extended by add-on programs called Photoshop plugins which act like mini-editors that modify the image. The most common type are filter plugins that provide various image effects. They are located in the 'Filter' menu: pre-installed plugins come first, and third-party plugins are placed below the separator.
Trademark
Adobe discourages use of "Photoshop" as a verb, as in using photoshopping to refer to photo editing, to prevent its trademark from becoming a genericized trademark[15]. Nevertheless, photoshop is commonly used as a verb.[16] Also commonly shortened to "shopped" or "chopped", this has become the modern replacement of "airbrushed".
Consumer market
While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program for professional raster graphics and other digital art, its relatively high suggested retail price has led to a number of competing graphics tools being made available at lower prices for the amateur market, such as GIMP. To compete in this market, and to counter unusually high rates of piracy of its high end products, the company introduced a consumer-oriented version of Photoshop as Adobe Photoshop Elements. A more user-friendly interface and new tools such as the "red-eye" reduction brush were aimed firmly at the more casual image editor, although many professional features were omitted. Removing CMYK functionality, for example, made Elements unsuitable for commercial prepress work.[17]
See also
References
- ^ "Adobe in Photoshop freebie". CNN.com. 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ Christopher Null (2007-04-02). "The 50 Best Tech Products of All Time". PC World.
- ^ http://news.cnet.com/8301-13580_3-10048014-39.html
- ^ http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/photoshopextended/features/?view=topnew
- ^ PC World - Adobe Announces Creative Suite 4
- ^ a b Schewe, Jeff (2000). "Thomas & John Knoll". PhotoshopNews. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ Story, Derrick (2000-02-18). "From Darkroom to Desktop—How Photoshop Came to Light". Story Photography. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ Hormby, John (2007-06-05). "How Adobe's Photoshop Was Born". Story Photography. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "Digital camera raw file support". Adobe official site. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ^ Reiven (alias) (2007-01-25). "Photoshop History". Web Design Library. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ^ Bjarne Stroustrup (2007-05-25). "C++ Applications". AT&T Labs Research. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- ^ a b "Adobe Photoshop CS3 Product overview" (PDF). Adobe official site. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
- ^ "Adobe Photoshop CS3 Extended - Product overview" (PDF). Adobe Official site. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
- ^ Adobe - Adobe Photoshop CS3: System requirements and languages
- ^ "Permissions and trademark guidelines - Proper use of the Photoshop trademark". Adobe official site. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ David Blatner of MacWorld on professional photoshopping
- ^ creativepro.com - Photoshop Elements: Almost-Photoshop Image Editing at a Bargain Price
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
