Automotive industry

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles. In 2007, more than 73 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide.^[1]

In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new automobiles were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million in Asia-Pacific, 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa. ^[2] The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South America and Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, Russia, Brazil, India and China saw the most rapid growth.

About 250 million vehicles are in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.^[3] Urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.^[4]^[5]^[6] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.

In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage.^[7] Roughly half of the US's fifty one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade.^[8]

History

Brazil

The Brazilian automotive industry produced almost 3 million vehicles in 2007. Most of large global companies are present in Brazil, such as Fiat, Volkswagen, Ford, GM,Nissan, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz, Renault etc, and also the emerging national companies such as Troller, Marcopolo S.A., Agrale, Randon among others.

The Brazilian industry in regulated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes Auto makers (automobiles, light vehicles, trucks and buses)and Agriculture machines with factories in Brazil.

Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris.

Britain

The British motor industry has always been export oriented^{[citation needed]}. Today it employs about 850,000 people and produces about 1.5 million cars and 216,000 commercial vehicles per year, 75% of which are exported.^[9] The top five UK car producers are Nissan, Toyota, Honda, MINI and Land Rover.^[10] However, international competitiveness of UK cars have declined consistently since the 1990s and the country became unable to sustain production on par with Germany or France. Since 2000, motor vehicle production fell from 1,813,894 to 1,750,253.^[11] The country was overtaken by fast industrializing economies such as Brazil, India and Mexico.^[11] The UK is the 12th largest automobile producer in the world but Russia is poised to overtake it in 2008.^[11]

Canada

Canada is currently the 9th largest auto producer in the world, down from 7th a few years ago. Brazil and Spain recently surpassed Canadian production for the first time ever. Canada's highest ranking ever was 2nd largest producer in the world between 1918 and 1923. The Canadian auto industry traces its roots to the very beginning of the automobile. The first large-scale production of automobiles in Canada took place in Walkerville, near Windsor, Ontario in 1904. In the first year of operations, Gordon McGregor and Wallace Campbell, along with a handful of workmen produced 117 Model "C" Ford vehicles at the Walkerville Wagon Works factory.

Through marquees such as Brooks Steam, Redpath, Tudhope, McKay, Galt Gas-Electric, Gray-Dort, Brockville Atlas, C.C.M., and McLaughlin, Canada had many domestic auto brands. In 1918 McLaughlin was bought by an American firm, General Motors, and was re-branded as General Motors of Canada.

Driven by the demands of World War I, Canada's automotive industry had grown, by 1923, into the second-largest in the world, although it was still comprised of relatively inefficient plants producing many models behind a high tariff wall. High consumer prices and production inefficiencies characterized the Canadian auto industry prior to the signing of the 1965 Automotive Products Trade Agreement with the United States.

The 1964 Automotive Products Trade Agreement or “Auto Pact” represents the single most important factor in making the Canadian automotive industry what it is today: a strong, successful industry that has a significant positive impact on the Canadian economy. Key features of the Auto Pact were the 1:1 production to sales ratio and Canadian Value Added requirements.

Today, the Canadian auto industry is closely linked to that of the U.S., due to the Automotive Products Trade Agreement and later the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). There are five firms manufacturing automobiles in Canada, all in the province of Ontario: General Motors of Canada, Honda Canada, Chrysler Canada, Toyota Canada, and Ford of Canada. True Canadian domestics have long since gone under or been absorbed into the US "Big 3". The auto industry is Canada's biggest sector, and the province of Ontario surpassed Michigan in 2006 to become the largest auto-producing jurisdiction on the American continent. In addition to production facilities, 3,500 car dealers employ 140,000 individuals.

Magna International is Canada's biggest domestic firm in the sector, and is the world's third-largest auto parts firm, producing entire vehicles at its Magna Steyr plant in Austria.

China

The Chinese Autmotive Industry Plan, announced on the main Web site of China's central government, said China aims to create capacity to produce 500,000 "new energy" vehicles, such as battery electric cars and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The plan aims to increase sales of such new-energy cars to account for about 5% of China's passenger vehicle sales. ^[12]

Germany

The automobile was invented in Germany by Carl Benz. Furthermore, the four-stroke internal combustion engine used in most automobiles worldwide today was invented by Nikolaus Otto in Germany. In addition, the diesel engine was also invented by German Rudolf Diesel. On the one hand, Germany is famous for the high-performance and high-quality sports cars made by Porsche, on the other hand, the cars by Mercedes-Benz are famous for their quality, safety and innovativeness. Daimler-Benz is the industry's oldest firm, building automobiles since the late 1880s; its current structure dates from 1926. In 1998 it bought the American automobile manufacturer Chrysler, then sold out in 2007 at a heavy loss as it never managed bring the division to long term profitability.

In the popular market, Opel and Volkswagen are most well known. Opel was a bicycle company that started making cars in 1898; General Motors bought it out in 1929, but the Nazi government took control and GM wrote off its entire investment. In 1948 GM returned and restored the Opel brand.

Volkswagen is dominant in the popular market; it purchased Audi in 1964. VW's most famous car was the small, beetle-shaped economical "people's car" with a rear-mounted, air-cooled engine. It was designed in the 1930s by Ferdinand Porsche upon orders from Adolf Hitler, who was himself a car enthusiast. However production models appeared only after the war; until then only rich Germans had automobiles. By 1950 Volkswagen was the largest German automobile producer ^[13] , today, it is one of the three biggest automotive companies, but it is now part of the Porsche Automobil Holding SE. In the meantime, ten different car manufacturers belong to the multicorporate enterprise: Porsche, Volkswagen, Audi, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Bentley, Škoda Auto, MAN, SEAT and Scania AB.

Germany is famous for its upscale sedans. They feature well-designed suspension systems that provide both a soft ride and good handling characteristics. Many manufacturers limit their automobiles electronically to driving speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) for safety reasons.^{[citation needed]}

Daimler AG produces the upscale Mercedes-Benz, long a famous name in racing, as well as the innovative city vehicle Smart. BMW (founded 1916), Audi and Porsche are major factors in the sportive luxury market worldwide.^[14] Porsche formed his own company, which today produces expensive, high-quality sports cars.^[15]. In 2008 the Porsche company sought control of the much larger Volkswagen company; Porsche cornered the market for Volkswagen stock and made profits of tens of billions of Euros, while apparently gaining control of the bigger company.

India

India is one of the fastest growing automobile industries in the world. After 1960, the automobile industry saw rapid growth and many automotive manufacturers started production. In 1920 one of the first companies was Hindustan Motors which produced the Ambassador; later, Fiat entered a collaboration with Premier. Chrysler entered India in the early 1960s. Hindustan Motors later tied up with Mitsubishi Motor Corporation in 1997 and brought the Lancer followed by Cedia, Pajero and recently the Outlander in 2008. The After 1990 Mercedes-Benz, Tata Motors, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai, Toyota through Toyota Kirloskar, and Maruti (owned jointly by the Government of India and Suzuki) grew to be major forces in the country's economy. Honda came up in 1996 with the Honda City, then the Civic, CR-V, and the Accord. Also BMW started production for the local market due to import duty. Also Volvo, Porsche along with Volkswagen, Skoda Auto and Audi entered the market. Tata purchased Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford Motor Company in 2008. Volkswagen is all set to introduce its small car Polo in 2010. The world's cheapest car - Tata Nano is expected to be a people's car and is expected to be a bestseller.

Other automotive manufacturers include Ashok Leyland, Bajaj Auto, Chinkara Motors, Eicher Motors, Force Motors, Kinetic, Mahindra, Rajah Motors, San Motors, Swaraj Mazda, TVS Motors, Tara and Tatra.

Japan

Japan, with its large population squeezed into very high density cities with good public transit, has limited roadways that carry very heavy traffic. Hence most automobiles are small in terms of size and weight. From a humble beginning, Japan is now the biggest auto manufacturing country in the world. Nissan began making trucks in 1914, and sold cars under the Datsun brand until it switched to Nissan in the 1980s. It opened its first U.S. plant in Tennessee in the early 1980s and a U.K. plant in 1986. Its luxury models carry the brand Infiniti. Honda, which began with motorcycles, emerged after World War II. Its luxury vehicles are sold under the Acura brand. Toyota began making cars in the 1930s and is now the world's largest producer. Its luxury models carry the Lexus brand. Toyota is famous for its innovative, quality-conscious management style, and its hybrid gas-electric vehicles, especially the Prius, which was launched in 1997. Other major companies include Subaru, Mitsubishi, Mazda, Suzuki, and Isuzu. Japan became the world's leading auto maker in 1980,^{[citation needed]} the first year since 1905 that the United States had been outproduced by any other nation.

South Korea

The South Korean automobile industry is today the fifth largest in the world in terms of production volume and the sixth largest in terms of export volume. 50 years ago, its initial operations were merely the assembling of parts imported from Japan and the United States. The Hyundai Kia Automotive Group is today the second largest automaker in Asia, after Toyota. South Korean car marques have grown to compete with top established European brands. Annual domestic output exceeded one million units in 1988. In the 1990s, the industry manufactured numerous in-house models, demonstrating not only its capabilities, and signalling its coming of age thanks to the heavy investment to infrastructure in the country over the decades.

United States

Crisis in the auto industry

World motor vehicle production

Template:World motor vehicle production by country Template:World motor vehicle production by manufacturer

Company relationships

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:

Chrysler is currently engaged in negotiations with Fiat that would have Fiat take a 35% stake in Chrysler.
Daimler AG holds a 19.9% stake in Chrysler and a 40.0% stake in McLaren Group .
Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors , a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ .
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies in China, including: PSA Peugeot Citroen of France, Honda, Nissan of Japan, Nissan Diesel (Volvo Group) of Japan, and Hyundai Kia of South Korea.
Fiat S.p.A. holds a 85% stake in Ferrari^[16]
Ford holds a 13.4% stake in Mazda and an 8.3% share in Aston Martin.
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holding, manufacturing the London taxi.
General Motors and SAIC have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.
General Motors still holds a 3% stake in Suzuki. GM is currently in the process of selling the 3% stake back to Suzuki. Suzuki is also partner with GM in GMDAT, CAMI, and GM Argentina.^[17]
GM and Toyota have a joint venture in New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc, an automobile plant in Fremont, California.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE announced on January 6, 2009 that now owns 50.76% of Volkswagen, making the Volkswagen Group a subsidiary.
The Renault-Nissan alliance involves two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares.
Renault holds 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group.
Toyota holds a 51% controlling stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.
The Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 29% stake in MAN.
Volkswagen Group and SAIC have a joint venture in Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive.

Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)

The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by the latest production figures from OICA 2007^[18] for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque.

Marque	Ownership	Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu*	Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Australia
Hino*	Subsidiary	Asia Pacific, Canada and South America
Lexus	Division	Global
Scion	Division	North America
Toyota	Division	Global
2. General Motors Corporation ( United States)
Buick	Division	North America, China, Israel, Taiwan
Cadillac	Division	Global
Chevrolet	Division	Global
Daewoo	Subsidiary	Asia, South America, South Africa
GMC	Division	North America, Middle East
Holden	Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand, Middle East
Hummer**	Division	Global
Opel**	Division	Europe (except UK), South Africa
Pontiac***	Division	North America
Saab**	Subsidiary	Global
Saturn***	Division	North America, Japan, Taiwan
Vauxhall	Subsidiary	United Kingdom
3. Porsche Automobil Holding SE ( Germany)
Audi	Subsidiary	Global
Bentley	Subsidiary	Global
Bugatti	Subsidiary	Global
Lamborghini	Subsidiary	Global
Porsche	Subsidiary	Global
Scania	Subsidiary	Global
SEAT	Subsidiary	Europe, Latin America, South Africa
Škoda	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Volkswagen	Subsidiary	Global
4. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford	Division	Global
Lincoln	Division	North America, Middle East
Mercury	Division	North America, Middle East
Troller	Subsidiary	South America and Africa
Volvo (cars)	Subsidiary	Global
5. Hyundai Kia Automotive Group ( South Korea)
Hyundai	Division	Global
Kia	Subsidiary	Global, except Middle East and Africa
6. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura	Division	North America, China, Russia
Honda	Division	Global
7. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)
Citroën	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Peugeot	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
8. Nissan Motor Company ( Japan)
Infiniti	Division	North America, Middle East, Taiwan, Korea, Russia, Europe
Nissan	Division	Global
9. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy)
Abarth	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Alfa Romeo	Subsidiary	Global
Ferrari	Subsidiary	Global
Fiat	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Iveco	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Lancia	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Maserati	Subsidiary	Global
10. Renault S.A. ( France)
Dacia	Subsidiary	Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa
Renault (cars)	Division	Global, except North America
Renault Samsung	Subsidiary	Asia, South America
11. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Maruti Suzuki	Subsidiary	India, Middle East, South America
Suzuki	Division	Global
12. Chrysler LLC ( United States)
Chrysler	Division	Global
Dodge	Division	Global
Jeep	Division	Global
13. Daimler AG ( Germany)
AMG	Division	Global
Freightliner	Subsidiary	North America, South Africa
Maybach	Division	Global
Mercedes-Benz	Division	Global
Mitsubishi Fuso	Subsidiary	Global
Orion	Subsidiary	North America
Setra	Subsidiary	Europe
Smart	Division	North America, Western Europe, Southeast Asia, South Africa
Sterling	Subsidiary	North America, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand
Thomas	Subsidiary	North America
Western Star	Subsidiary	North America
14. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW	Division	Global
MINI	Division	Global
Rolls-Royce	Subsidiary	Global
15. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi	Division	Global
16. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda	Division	Global
17. AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada	Division	Russia, Europe
VAZ	Division	Russia, Eastern Europe
18. FAW Group ( People's Republic of China)
Besturn	Division	China
Haima	Subsidiary	China
Hongqi	Division	China
19. Tata Motors Limited ( India)
Hispano	Subsidiary	Europe
Jaguar	Subsidiary	Global
Land Rover	Subsidiary	Global
Tata	Division	India, South Africa
Tata Daewoo	Subsidiary	South Korea
20. Fuji Heavy Industries ( Japan)
Subaru	Division	Global
21. Chang'an Automobile Company ( People's Republic of China)
Chang'an	Division	China, South Africa
22. Isuzu Motors ( Japan)
Isuzu	Division	Global, except North America
23. Beijing Automobile Works ( People's Republic of China)
BAW	Division	China
Beijing Jeep	Subsidiary	China
Foton	Subsidiary	China
Haice	Subsidiary	China
24. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Dongfeng	Division	China
25. Chery Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Chery	Division	China, South Africa, Southeast Asia
26. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
MG	Subsidiary	UK
Roewe	Division	China
Soyat	Division	China
SsangYong	Subsidiary	South Korea, South Africa, Europe, Australia
Yuejin	Division	China
27. Brilliance China Automotive Holding ( People's Republic of China)
Brilliance	Division	China
Jinbei	Subsidiary	China
28. GAZ ( Russia)
GAZ	Division	Russia
LDV	Subsidiary	Europe
LiAZ	Subsidiary	Russia
29. Volvo Group ( Sweden)
Mack	Subsidiary	Global
Renault (trucks)	Subsidiary	Global
Nissan Diesel	Subsidiary	Global
NovaBus	Subsidiary	North America
Prevost	Subsidiary	North America
Volvo (trucks)	Division	Global
30. Harbin Hafei Automobile Industry Group ( People's Republic of China)
Hafei	Division	China
31. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Geely	Division	China
Maple	Division	China
32. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company ( People's Republic of China)
JAC	Division	China
33. Mahindra ( India)
Mahindra	Division	India, South Africa
34. Paccar Inc ( United States)
DAF	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Kenworth	Division	North America
Leyland	Subsidiary	Europe
Peterbilt	Division	North America
35. Great Wall Motor Company ( People's Republic of China)
Great Wall	Division	China, South Africa
36. Changhe ( People's Republic of China)
Changhe	Division	China
37. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China)
BYD	Division	China
38. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Company ( People's Republic of China)
Huanghe	Division	China
Sinotruk	Division	China
39. MAN AG ( Germany)
MAN	Division	Europe
VW Trucks	Division	South America
40. Navistar International ( United States)
IC	Subsidiary	North America
International	Division	North America
41. Fujian Motor Industry Group ( People's Republic of China)
Fujian	Division	China
42. UAZ ( Russia)
UAZ	Division	Russia
43. Shaanxi Automobile Group ( People's Republic of China)
Shaanxi	Division	China
44. Kaima ( People's Republic of China)
Kaima	Division	China

Notes

* The OICA statistics rank the Toyota subsidiary companies Daihatsu and Hino separately, and Porsche separately from the Volkswagen Group and Hyundai separately from Kia; in this table they are included with Toyota [1] and Porsche [2] and Hyundai Kia [3] respectively.

** GM is in the process of selling Hummer, Opel, and Saab.

*** GM announced April 27, 2009 that production for Pontiac and Saturn would cease by the end of 2009, and GM would also retire the Pontiac brand, while still considering the sale of Saturn.^{[citation needed]}

Minor automotive manufacturers

There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.

References

^ "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country: 2005 - 2007". OICA.
^ "2008 Global Market Data Book", Automotive News, p.5
^ Plunkett Research, "Automobile Industry Introduction" (2008)
^ Kenworthy, J R (2004). "Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Emissions in Urban Passenger Transport Systems" (PDF). Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
^ World Health Organisation, Europe. "Health effects of transport". Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Prime Minister (UK). "Making the Connections - final report on transport and social exclusion" (PDF). Retrieved 2003-02-01.
^ IBISWorld Newsletter, June 2008, GLOBAL TRENDS Oil – The Crude Reality of Current trends, IBISWorld
^ Jeff Rubin (2009-03-02). "Wrong Turn" (PDF). CIBC World Markets.
^ "Record breaking figures for 2007 UK vehicle production". SMMT. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
^ "Motor Industry Facts 2008" (PDF). SMMT.
^ ^a ^b ^c http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production
^ http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1052.html
^ Terry Shuler, Volkswagen: Then, Now and Forever(1997)
^ David Kiley, Driven: Inside BMW, the Most Admired Car Company in the World (2004); Ferry Porsche, We at Porsche: The Autobiography of Dr. Ing. h.c. Ferry Porsche (1977)
^ Giancarlo Reggiani, Porsche: The Legend: 1948 to Today (2007)
^ "Guide to global automaker partnerships" (PDF). msxi.nl. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
^ www.gm.com
^ "World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers 2007" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 2008-07-29.

xcvzlc,.vxcvz,x

Ariel(small British car company)creator of the Ariel Atom, www.arielmotor.co.uk

External links

Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
Automotive engineering learning website
Plunkett Research, "Automobile Industry Introduction" (2008)
Automotive Industry Analysis
All vehicle manufacturers in the world (in Dutch with English etc. translation)
Car makes of the world, 1894—present
Automotive history and photos
Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies
GFC - Motor Industry Repurcussions - Carsguide - Chrysler to file for bankruptcy
GFC - Motor Industry Repercussions - Carsguide - GM kills Pontiac

[1] "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country: 2005 - 2007". OICA.

[2] "2008 Global Market Data Book", Automotive News, p.5

[3] Plunkett Research, "Automobile Industry Introduction" (2008)

[cst.uwinnipeg.ca-4] Kenworthy, J R (2004). "Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Emissions in Urban Passenger Transport Systems" (PDF). Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy. Retrieved 2008-07-22.

[health-5] World Health Organisation, Europe. "Health effects of transport". Retrieved 2008-08-29.

[6] Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Prime Minister (UK). "Making the Connections - final report on transport and social exclusion" (PDF). Retrieved 2003-02-01.

[7] IBISWorld Newsletter, June 2008, GLOBAL TRENDS Oil – The Crude Reality of Current trends, IBISWorld

[8] Jeff Rubin (2009-03-02). "Wrong Turn" (PDF). CIBC World Markets.

[9] "Record breaking figures for 2007 UK vehicle production". SMMT. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-11-19.

[10] "Motor Industry Facts 2008" (PDF). SMMT.

[en.wikipedia.org-11] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production

[12] ttp://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1052.html

[13] Terry Shuler, Volkswagen: Then, Now and Forever(1997)

[14] David Kiley, Driven: Inside BMW, the Most Admired Car Company in the World (2004); Ferry Porsche, We at Porsche: The Autobiography of Dr. Ing. h.c. Ferry Porsche (1977)

[15] Giancarlo Reggiani, Porsche: The Legend: 1948 to Today (2007)

[msxi.nl-16] "Guide to global automaker partnerships" (PDF). msxi.nl. Retrieved 2009-04-06.

[17] www.gm.com

[18] "World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers 2007" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 2008-07-29.

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