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Haplogroup R1a

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Haplogroup R1a
Possible time of origin36,000-15,000 years BP
Possible place of originproposals include southern Central Asia or Eastern Europe or South Asia
AncestorR1
Defining mutationsSRY1532.2 also known as SRY10831.2 defines R1a. M17 defines the very dominant sub-clade R1a1. M198, mentioned in some papers, is currently considered phylogenetically equivalent to M17. (They always appear together.)
Highest frequenciesParts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and South Asia. (Also found in other parts of Eurasia, except East Asia. See detailed data in article.)

Haplogroup R1a is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup currently found at high frequencies in most of Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe and certain populations in Central and South Asia.[1]

Subclades

  • R1a (defined by having the mutation SRY1532.2 also known as SRY10831.2)
    • R1a*
    • R1a1 (M17, M198)
      • R1a1* (Dubious Linking of Unrelated Sources)
      • R1a1a (M56)
      • R1a1b (M157)
      • R1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204) One case was found in Southern Iran out of 117 people tested.[2]

By far the most common clade within this family of clades is R1a1*, in other words cases of men with mutations M17 and M198, but not M56, M157, etc. R1a*, without the M17 mutation is also widespread, but far less common.

Significantly, Sharma et al. (2009) found 22.8% R1a*, out of 57 people tested from the Saharia tribe of Madhya Pradesh. Other examples include Northern Iran (1 case out of 33 tests), Crete (1 case of R1a(xM198) out of 193 tests), and Greek Macedonia.[2][3][4]

The sub-clades of R1a1 all seem to relatively unusual although it should be kept in mind that not all surveys test for the full range of mutations which define these sub-clades.

It should be noted that the phylogenetic naming used in this article will change. Although it has not yet used much in published surveys, a fuller survey of known mutations has led to the ISOGG phylogenetic tree to be updated as follows:[5]

  • R1a (L62, L63)
    • R1a*
    • R1a1 (SRY1532.2 also known as SRY10831.2)
      • R1a1*
      • R1a1a (M17, M198)
        • R1a1a**
        • R1a1a1 (M56)
        • R1a1a2 (M157)
        • R1a1a3 (M64.2, M87, M204)
        • R1a1a4 (P98)
        • R1a1a5 (PK5)

Distribution

File:Distribution Haplogroup R1a Y-DNA.svg
Haplogroup R1a distribution [6]

R1a has been found in high frequency at both the eastern and western ends of its core range, for example in India among certain central and south Asian ethnic groups, and in the Ukraine.

Central Asia

There are big differences in R1a frequency between populations in Central Asia.

Exceptionally high frequencies of M17 are found among the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), and the Kyrgyz (63%), but are likely "due to drift, as these populations are less diverse, and are characterized by relatively small numbers of individuals living in isolated mountain valleys."[7] (The frequency of the Tajik/Dushanbe population is, at 19%, far lower than the 64% frequency of the Tajik/Khojant population.)[7]

Haplogroup R1a is also common among Mongolic- and Turkic-speaking populations of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghur peoples.[8][9]

Wells et al. (2001) note that Turkish and Azeri populations are atypical among Altaic speakers R1a1-M17 haplotypes.

Rather, these two Turkic-speaking groups seem to be closer to populations from the Middle East and Caucasus, characterized by high frequencies of M96- and/or M89-related haplotypes. This finding is consistent with a model in which the Turkic languages, originating in the Altai-Sayan region of Central Asia and northwestern Mongolia (31), were imposed on the Caucasian and Anatolian peoples with relatively little genetic admixture—another possible example of elite dominance-driven linguistic replacement.

Northeast Asia

R1a male lineages are also found scattered in significant amounts extending out of these central areas. It has been found as far East as Siberia, where a native presence have been found in Kamchatka and Chukotka, for example 22% amongst the Itel'man. (One R1a-M17 was even found in a sample of 21 Guaymi from Costa Rica.)[10]

South Asia

In South Asia high levels have been observed in some populations. For example, in the eastern and northern parts of India, among the high caste Bengalis from West Bengal like Brahmins and Kshatriyas (72%), Uttar Pradesh Brahmins (67%), Bihar Brahmins (60%), Punjab (47%), and Gujarat (33%) of male lineages[11] have been observed in this lineage. It is also found in relatively high frequencies in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking tribes including the Chenchu and Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that M17 is widespread in tribal southern Indians[12].

Western Asia

The M17 marker is found in five to ten percent of Middle Eastern men. This is true even in some western Iranian populations where Persian, a major Indo-European language with close relatives in high frequency areas in Central and South Asia, is spoken. However, on the Eastern side of Iran, around 35% of men carry the M17 maker.[13] Wells et al. (2001) suggest that the deserts of central Iran acted as "significant barriers to gene flow," and propose two possibilities:

Intriguingly, the population of present-day Iran, speaking a major Indo-European language (Farsi), appears to have had little genetic influence from the M17-carrying Indo-Iranians. It is possible that the pre-Indo-European population of Iran— effectively an eastern extension of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia—may have reached sufficient population densities to have swamped any genetic contribution from a small number of immigrating Indo-Iranians. If so, this may have been a case of language replacement through the ‘‘elite-dominance’’ model. Alternatively, an Indo-Iranian language may have been the lingua franca of the steppe nomads and the surrounding settled populations, facilitating communication between the two. Over time, this language could have become the predominant language in Persia, reinforced and standardized by rulers such as Cyrus the Great and Darius in the mid-first millennium B.C. Whichever model is correct, the Iranians sampled here (from the western part of the country) appear to be more similar genetically to Afro-Asiatic-speaking Middle Eastern populations than they are to Central Asians or Indians.

M. Regueiro et al. (2006) on high frequency of rare R1-M173* and R1a-SRY1532 lineages in Iran.[2]

From the disparate M198 frequencies observed for the north and south of Iran, it is possible to envision a movement southward towards India where the lineage may have had an influence on the populations south of the Iranian deserts and where the Dash-e Lut desert would have played a signifi cant role in preventing the expansion of this marker to the north of Iran. The lower frequencies of M198 in the region of Anatolia (11.8% in Greece and 6.9% in Turkey, with a statistically significant longitudinal correlation and the Caucasus (10% in Georgia, 6% in Armenia and 7% in Azerbaijan) suggests that population movement was southward towards India and then westward across the Iranian plateau. In addition, the detection of rare R1-M173* and R1a-SRY1532 lineages in Iran at higher frequencies than observed for either Turkey, Pakistan or India suggests the hypothesis that geographic origin of haplogroup R may be nearer Persia.

Central and Eastern Europe

In Europe, R1a is found primarily in the eastern part of the European continent, with the highest frequencies among the Sorbs (63.39%), Poles (56.4%),[14] , Russians (50.0%)[15] and Ukrainians (54.0%).[14][16] An early study reported an R1a frequency of 60.0% among a sample of 45 Hungarians,[14] but a later study found haplogroup R1a Y-DNA in only 20.4% of a sample of 113 Hungarians.[17] Another early study from 2000 has reported finding haplogroup R1a1-SRY1532b in approximately 22% (8/36) of a Hungarian sample.[18] A study first published in December 2008 has found haplogroup R1a1a-M17 in approximately 57% of a sample of 53 Hungarians.[19]

The Balkans shows lower frequencies, and significant variation between areas, for example >30% in Slovenia, Croatia and Greek Macedonia, but <10% in Albania, Kosovo and parts of Greece.[14][18][20].

Among the earliest indications of the presence of R1a in Europe are remains of three individuals from a set of multiple burials near Eulau, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, discovered in 2005.[21] Y-DNA extracted from the remains of the individuals, buried together following a likely raid by unknown pillagers in roughly 2600 BC, established that four of the individuals killed were a father, his two children and the mother of those children. The father and the two male children proved to be of the R1a haplogroup. The Eulau find, hailed by archaeologists and geneticists as "providing the oldest genetic evidence of a nuclear family," also demonstrated the spread of R1a among the Corded Ware culture peoples into what is now Central Europe.[22][23]

Northern Europe

There is a significant presence in Scandinavia, for example in Norway, whence branches seem to have moved still further west, to Britain with the Vikings. In Iceland, for instance, R1a accounts for nearly a quarter of the local male Y-DNA.

It is likely that Vikings or Normans, Viking descendants, settling in Britain, Scotland and to a lesser degree Ireland[24], carried the R1a lineage,[25] which accounts for the small presence of the haplogroup on those islands.[26][27]

Southern Europe

In Southern Europe R1a is not normally common but it is widespread and found in significant pockets. Scozzari et al. (2001) found significant levels in the Pas Valley in Northern Spain, and also the areas of Venice, and Calabria in Italy.

Origins

R1a's origins remain disputed. It presumably originated somewhere in the Eurasian landmass, where it is most commonly found today. There are two focuses of high frequency of R1a, one in South Asia, near North India, and the other in Eastern Europe, in the area of the Ukraine. On the one hand, the highest frequency level observed in any large population so far has been found in some South Asian groups[28]. On the other hand it has been claimed that the highest diversity is measured in the Balkans and that Indian R1a appears to be an offshoot of European R1a[29].

Central Asian Origin Theories

Cordaux et al. (2004) argued, citing data from Wells et al. (2001),Semino et al. (2000), and Quintana-Murci et al. (2001) that...

Given the high frequency of R-M17 in central Asia (typically 20%–40% [9]), its rarity in west Asia [9, 13] and its absence in east Asia [14], Indian R-M17 Y chromosomes most probably have a central Asian origin [8, 9].

Eastern European Origin Theories

Suggestions have been made which associate the distribution of R1a with several proposed movements of people in history and prehistory in Eastern Europe -

These three proposals involve very different time periods, but they are not mutually exclusive given that R1a lineages may have been taken part in many different human movements over time in the same geographical region.

In favour of an early dispersal from Europe, Passarino et al. (2002) suggested that R1a expanded from the area of the Dniepr-Don Valley in the Ukraine between 13,000 and 7,600 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum receded. This was based on data showing highest levels of R1a STR diversity in the Ukraine.[30]

Spencer Wells (2002), similarly postulated southern Russia/Ukraine as the likely origin of R1a1 on the basis of both microsatellite diversity and frequency distribution.[31] He enlarged on the correlation of R1a with the expansion of the Kurgan people.

The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%) It is possible that the domestication of the horse in this region around 3,000 B.C. may have driven the migration. The distribution and age of M17 in Europe and Central/Southern Asia is consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language. The decrease in frequency eastward across Siberia to the Altai-Sayan mountains (represented by the Tuvinian population) and Mongolia, and southward into India, overlaps exactly with the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.[7]

Semino et al. (2000) propose two dates of expansion, suggesting that the spread of R1a from a point of origin in Ukraine following the Last Glacial Maximum may have been magnified by the expansion of males from the Kurgan culture area of present-day southern Ukraine, from where, according to Gimbutas proposals,[32] Indo-European languages spread.

Other authors have focused on the Balkan region, further west, as an area which shows signs of having a very ancient R1a population, even though modern frequency levels are not as high as other places. A high-resolution Y chromosome analysis by Pericic et al. (2005) shows a maximum diversity of R1a STR variance among Croatians and Bosnians and the authors remark:

At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3,000 and 1,000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries.

The most recent proponent of a Balkan origin is Anatole Klyosov. Not only does he also believe that the R1a1 genetic diversity there looks older, but he has also written that the "current Indian R1a1 haplotypes are practically indistinguishable from Russian, Ukrainian, and Central Asian R1a1 haplotypes, as well as from many West and Central European R1a1 haplotypes."[33]

Also recently, a Bronze Age European origin for R1a1 in at least parts of Asia has also been argued on the basis of a 2009 study of DNA results from Andronovo culture remains in South Siberia. The Y DNA was almost exclusively R1a1[34] This archaeological culture, has also been genetically studied in Kazakhstan, and is thought to have been a carrier of an Indo-Iranian language (the same family of languages as is commonly associated with R1a in modern India) from their direction of Europe. (In particular it has been noted that their mitochondrial DNA is almost entirely of types associated with Europe, and that this Asian population appears to have had a relatively high level of red and blonde hair and blue eyes.)[35]

Evidence that R1a was once common in areas to the west of its modern core range, and even west of the Balkans, has come from other tests on ancient samples, which appear to show that R1a was common in this region well before Slavic languages are thought to have arrived.[36][37][38]

The spread of Slavic peoples and languages might have played a role in further increasing the frequency of R1a1 in parts of Europe. Investigation of SNP and STR markers occurring within subgroup R1a1 in the Czech Republic confirmed that the results are compatible with a presence of the gene during or soon after the LGM. Population growth beginning in the first millennium B.C. was detected. The overall diversity suggests a rapid demographic expansion beginning about 60 to 80 generations ago, which would equate to about 1500 years ago (approx. 500 AD) to 2000 years ago (approx. 1 AD) with a generation time of 25 years. Similar results have been found in Lithuania.[39] Another study has also detected Y-STR evidence of a recent Slavic expansion from the area of modern Urkaine.[40]

South Asian Origin Theories

Several other studies suggest R1a lineages may have their origins in North India [11][41][42]. Stephen Oppenheimer (2004) believes according to the Southern Coastal Migration Theory that:

For me and for Toomas Kivisild, South Asia is logically the ultimate origin of M17 and his ancestors; and sure enough we find the highest rates and greatest diversity of the M17 line in Pakistan, India, and eastern Iran, and low rates in the caucus. M17 is not only more diverse in South Asia than in Central Asia, but the diversity characterizes its presence in isolated tribal groups in the south, thus undermining any theory of M17 as a marker of a "male Aryan invasion" of India. One estimate for the age of this line in India is as much as 36,000 years while the European age is only 23,000. All this suggests that M17 could have found his way initially from India or Pakistan, through Kashmir, then via Central Asia and Russia, before finally coming to Europe[43].

Spencer Wells (2001), noted that the Indo-European-speaking Sourashtrans, a population from Tamil Nadu in southern India, have a much higher frequency of M17 [R1a1] than their Dravidian-speaking neighbours, the Yadhavas and Kallars, adding to the evidence that M17 [R1a1] is a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker.[7] However Saha et al. examined R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups more closely, and questioned this concept. Their analyses of the haplogroups "indicated no single origin from any lineage but a result of a conglomeration of different lineages from time to time. The phylogenetic analyses indicate a high degree of population admixture and a greater genetic proximity for the studied population groups when compared with other world populations".[44]

A particular interest has been taken in investigating the long-presumed connection between Indo-Aryan origins and higher caste Brahmins. Studies have generally failed to support this association. The R1a lineage forms around 35–45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) and the Badagas of the Nilgiris. Sengupta et al. have confirmed R1a's diverse presence even among Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables) and populations not part of the caste system.[41] Chaubey et al. draw the same conclusion that both caste and tribal populations are autochthonous to India.[45]

Several Indian studies have pressed the case for an Indian origin for R1a and R1a1 from the diversity and distinctiveness of microsatellite Y-STR variation. Sengupta et al.(2005) concluded that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration.[41]

Sahoo (2006) argued from Y-chromosomal data against any major influx into the Indian subcontinent from regions north and west of India, of people associated either with the development of agriculture or the spread of the Indo-Aryan language family. On the R1a populations of North India, he noted that "one should expect to observe dramatically lower genetic variation among Indian R1a lineages. In fact, the opposite is true: the STR haplotype diversity on the background of R1a in Central Asia (and also in Eastern Europe) has already been shown to be lower than that in India . Rather, the high incidence of R1* and R1a throughout Central Asian and East European populations (without R2 and R* in most cases) is more parsimoniously explained by gene flow in the opposite direction, possibly with an early founder effect in South or West Asia"[42]

Geneticist Toomas Kivisild led a study (2003) in which comparisons of the diversity of R1a1 (R-M17) haplogroup in Indian, Pakistani, Iranian, Central Asian, Czech and Estonian populations. The study showed that the diversity of R1a1 in India, Pakistan, and Iran, is higher than in Czechs (40%), and Estonians[12].

Kivisild came to the conclusion that "southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup": "Haplogroup R1a, previously associated with the putative Indo-Aryan invasion, was found at its highest frequency in Punjab but also at a relatively high frequency (26%) in the Chenchu tribe. This finding, together with the higher R1a-associated short tandem repeat diversity in India and Iran compared with Europe and central Asia, suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup".[12]

A study headed by geneticist S.Sharma et al.(2009), collated information for 2809 Indians (681 Brahmins, and 2128 Tribals and schedule castes). The results showed "no consistent pattern of the exclusive presence and distribution of Y-haplogroups to distinguish the higher-most caste, Brahmins, from the lower-most ones, schedule castes and tribals". Brahmins from West Bengal showed the highest frequency (72.22%) of Y-haplogroups R1a1* hinting that it may have been a founder lineage for this caste group. The authors found it significant that the Saharia tribe of Madhya Pradesh had not only 28.07% R1a1, but also 22.8% R1a*, out of 57 people, with such a high percentage of R1a* never having been found before. Based on STR variance the estimated age of R1a* in India was 18,478 years, and for R1a1 it was 13,768 years.

In its conclusions, the study proposed "the autochthonous origin and tribal links of Indian Brahmins" as well as the origin of R1a1* in the Indian subcontinent[28].

West Asian Origin Theories

Kivisild et al. (2003), on the other hand, feel that the same type of evidence used to argue for Southern Asia being the origin of R1a, could also be used to argue for a Western Asian origin.

Haplogroup R1a, previously associated with the putative Indo-Aryan invasion, was found at its highest frequency in Punjab but also at a relatively high frequency (26%) in the Chenchu tribe. This finding, together with the higher R1a-associated short tandem repeat diversity in India and Iran compared with Europe and central Asia, suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup.

Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation.

Semino et al. (2000) proposed that a Middle Eastern origin for R1a should be considered, depending upon the strength of arguments for a Middle Eastern origin for Indo-European languages.

Haplotypes

The Eastern European Y-DNA-R1a Modal Haplotype can be found in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. It has spread westwards into Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Hungary. Ysearch: ANJNY

DYS 393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II 458 459A 459B 455 454 447 437 448 449 464A 464B 464C 464D
Alleles 13 25 16 10 11 14 12 12 11 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 23 14 20 32 12 15 15 16

The English Y-DNA-R1a Modal Haplotype could have spread to the British Isles via the Vikings or Normans. Ysearch: AXEZU

393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II 458 459A 459B 455 454 447 437 448 449 464A 464B 464C 464D
Alleles 13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 31 15 9 10 11 11 24 14 19 32 12 14 15 16

Famous

Main articles: Somerled and Famous haplogroup members

In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors who is credited with driving out the Vikings. He was also the founder of Clan Donald and it is through the clan genealogies of the clan that the genetic relation was mapped out.[46] Somerled belongs to haplogroup R1a1.

In 2005 a study by Professor of Human Genetics Bryan Sykes led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants - making him the second most common historical ancestor after Genghis Khan[47] Sykes's research also revealed that while Somerled drove out the Vikings, his roots were themselves Norse.

The Y-DNA sequence is as follows (12 markers):[48]

DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d
Alleles 13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16

Anderson Cooper also belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup Haplogroup R1a.[49]

Frequency

Main article: Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

R1a frequency is expressed as percentage of population samples.

Continental Country Population tested R1a/R1a1 R1a* (not R1a1) R1a1 Source
Europe Spain/Portugal large survey 1140 NA 0.00% 1.2% Adams et al. (2008)
Europe Greece Greeks 92 NA 0.00% 16.3% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Greece Macedonian Greeks 57 NA 1.80% 10.5% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Albania 55 NA 0.00% 9.1% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Bosnia Serbs 81 NA 0.00% 13.6% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Bosnia Bosniacs 84 NA 0.00% 15.5% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Bosnia Croats 90 NA 0.00% 12.2% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Croatia 89 NA 0.00% 27.0% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Hungary 53 NA 0.00% 56.6% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Czech Republic 75 NA 0.00% 41.3% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Poland 99 NA 0.00% 56.6% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Ukraine 92 NA 0.00% 50.0% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Georgia 66 NA 0.00% 10.6% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Caucasus Russia Balkarians 38 NA 0.00% 13.2% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Republic of Macedonia Albanian language 64 NA 0.00% 1.6% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Croatia Osijek 29 NA 0.00% 37.9% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Slovenia Slovenians 75 NA 0.00% 38.70% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Europe Italy North East 67 NA 0.00% 10.4% Battaglia et al. (2008)
Ashkenazi Cohen 76 NA 0.00% 1.3% Behar et al. (2003)
Sephardi Cohen 69 NA 0.00% 5.8% Behar et al. (2003)
Europe Ashkenazi Levite 60 NA 0.00% 51.7% Behar et al. (2003)
Sephardi Levite 31 NA 0.00% 3.2% Behar et al. (2003)
Middle East Israel Ashkenazi 100 NA 0.00% 4.0% Behar et al. (2003)
Middle East Israel Sephardi 63 NA 0.00% 1.6% Behar et al. (2003)
Europe Germany 88 NA 0.00% 12.5% Behar et al. (2003)
Europe Norway 83 NA 0.00% 21.7% Behar et al. (2003)
Europe Germany Sorbs 112 NA 0.00% 63.4% Behar et al. (2003)
Europe Belarusia 306 NA 0.33% 51.0% Behar et al. (2003)
Europe Spain Spanish Basques 42 NA NA 0.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe British Crown Channel Islands 128 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Chippenham 52 NA NA 6.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Cornwall 52 NA NA 6.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Dorchester 73 NA NA 4.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Faversham 55 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Midhurst 80 NA NA 1.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Morpeth 95 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Norfolk 121 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Penrith 90 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Southwell 70 NA NA 4.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England Uttoxeter 84 NA NA 0.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe England York 46 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Denmark/Germany Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein 190 NA NA 8.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Ireland Castlerea 43 NA NA 0.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe British Crown Isle of Man 62 NA NA 8.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Norway 201 NA NA 12.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Scotland Orkney 121 NA NA 7.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Ireland Rush, Dublin 76 NA NA 1.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Scotland Durness 51 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Scotland Oban 42 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Scotland Pitlochry 41 NA NA 0.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Scotland Stonehaven 44 NA NA 5.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Scotland Western Isles 88 NA NA 3.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Scotland Shetland 63 NA NA 6.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Wales Haverfordwest 59 NA NA 2.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Wales Llangefni 80 NA NA 1.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Europe Wales Llanidloes 57 NA NA 4.0% Capelli et al. (2003)
Middle East/Europe Turkey 523 NA NA 6.9% Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
Europe Italy Sicily 236 NA NA 5.5% Di Gaetano et al. (2008)
Europe Greece 77 NA NA 15.6% Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 97 NA NA 25.8% Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 18.2% Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia Pakistan Pashtun 96 NA NA 44.8% Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia Pakistan 638 NA NA 37.1% Firasat et al. (2007)
South Asia Nepal Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 1 57 NA 0.00% 10.5% Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia Nepal Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 2 77 NA 0.00% 3.9% Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia Nepal Tharu Chitwan E. Terai 37 NA 0.00% 16.2% Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia Nepal/India Hindus (proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan, Nepal 26 NA 0.00% 69.2% Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia India Hindus New Delhi 49 NA 0.00% 34.7% Fornarino et al. (2009)
South Asia India Andhara Pradesh tribal 29 NA 0.00% 27.6% Fornarino et al. (2009)
Europe Poland 913 NA NA 57.0% Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe Germany 1215 NA NA 17.9% Kayser et al. (2005)
Europe Greece Nea Nikomedeia 57 NA 0.00% 21.1% King et al. (2008)
Europe Greece Sesklo/Dimini 57 NA 0.00% 10.5% King et al. (2008)
Europe Greece Lerna/Franchthi 57 NA 0.00% 1.8% King et al. (2008)
Europe Greece Crete 193 NA 0.50% 8.3% King et al. (2008)
Europe Greece Crete, Heraklion Prefecture 104 NA 0.00% 8.7% Martinez et al. (2007)
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Plateau 41 NA 0.00% 29.3% Martinez et al. (2007)
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Prefecture 23 NA 0.00% 17.4% Martinez et al. (2007)
Europe Ukraine 94 NA NA 43.6% Kharkov et al. (2004)
Europe Belarussia 68 NA NA 45.6% Kharkov et al. (2005)
North/Central Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) 20 NA NA 50.0% Kharkov et al. (2007)
North/Central Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) 11 NA NA 18.2% Kharkov et al. (2007)
North/Central Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Turochak) 19 NA NA 36.8% Kharkov et al. (2007)
North/Central Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Beshpel\'tir) 43 NA NA 58.1% Kharkov et al. (2007)
North/Central Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kulada) 46 NA NA 52.2% Kharkov et al. (2007)
North/Central Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) 7 NA NA 28.6% Kharkov et al. (2007)
Europe England West Lancashire (2 gens) 49 NA NA 2.0% Bowden et al. (2008)
Europe England Wirral (2 gens) 100 NA NA 4.0% Bowden et al. (2008)
Europe England West Lancashire (medieval?) 42 NA NA 16.7% Bowden et al. (2008)
Europe England Wirral (medieval?) 37 NA NA 13.5% Bowden et al. (2008)
South Asia India South India, Chenchu 41 NA NA 26.8% Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia India South India, Koya 41 NA NA 2.4% Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia India West Bengal 31 NA NA 29.3% Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia India Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay 43 NA NA 41.9% Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia India Gujarat 29 NA NA 24.1% Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia India Lambadi 35 NA NA 8.6% Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia India Punjab 66 NA NA 47.0% Kivisild et al. (2003)
South Asia Sri Lanka Sinhalese 39 NA NA 12.8% Kivisild et al. (2003)
North Asia Russia Tuvan 40 NA NA 7.5% Lell et al. (2006)
North Asia Russia Tofalar 19 NA NA 5.3% Lell et al. (2006)
North Asia Russia Buryat 13 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Yenisey Evenk 31 NA NA 9.7% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Okhotsk Evenk 16 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Ulchi/Nanai 53 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Upriver Negidal 10 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Downriver Negidal 7 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Ugedey 20 NA NA 5.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Nivkh 17 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Kamchatka, Koryak 27 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Kamchatka, Itel\'man 18 NA NA 22.2% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Chukotka, Chukchi 24 NA NA 4.2% Lell et al. (2006)
North/East Asia Russia Chukotka, Siberian Eskimo 33 NA NA 0.0% Lell et al. (2006)
Caucasus Russia Abazinians 14 NA NA 14.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Chechenians 19 NA NA 5.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Darginians 26 NA NA 0.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Ingushians 22 NA NA 0.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Kabardinians 59 NA NA 2.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Lezgi (Dagestan) 25 NA NA 0.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Ardon) 28 NA NA 4.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Digora) 31 NA NA 0.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Russia Rutulians 24 NA NA 0.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Georgia Abkhazians 12 NA NA 33.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 100 NA NA 6.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 72 NA NA 7.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Caucasus Georgia Georgians 77 NA NA 10.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Middle East Turkey 39 NA NA 13.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Middle East Iran Isfahan 50 NA NA 18.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Middle East Iran Tehran 80 NA NA 20.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
South Asia Pakistan Balti 13 NA NA 46.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Brahui 110 NA NA 39.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 94 NA NA 28.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Hazara 23 NA NA 0.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 18.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Kashmiri 12 NA NA 58.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Baluch 25 NA NA 28.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Negroid 33 NA NA 30.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Parsi 90 NA NA 8.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Pathan 93 NA NA 45.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Sindhi 122 NA NA 49.0% Qamar et al. (2002)
Europe Albania Albanian 51 NA NA 9.8% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Spain Andalusian 29 NA NA 65.5% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe France French Basque 22 NA NA 0.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Spain Spanish Basque 45 NA NA 0.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Italy Calabrian 37 NA NA 0.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Spain Catalan 24 NA NA 0.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Italy Central/Northern 50 NA NA 4.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Croatia Croatian 58 NA NA 29.3% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Czech Republic/Slovakia Czech/Slovak 45 NA NA 26.7% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Netherlands Dutch 27 NA NA 3.7% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Georgia Georgian 63 NA NA 7.9% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Germany German 16 NA NA 6.2% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Greece Greek 76 NA NA 11.8% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Hungary Hungarian 45 NA NA 60.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Lebanon Lebanese 31 NA NA 9.7% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonian 20 NA NA 35.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Poland Polish 55 NA NA 56.4% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Saami 24 NA NA 8.3% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Italy Sardinian 77 NA NA 0.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Syria Syrian 20 NA NA 10.0% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Turkey Turkish 30 NA NA 6.6% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Udmurt 43 NA NA 37.2% Semino et al. (2000)
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 50 NA NA 54.0% Semino et al. (2000)
South Asia Pakistan 85 NA NA 16.5% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia Pakistan Southern 91 NA NA 31.9% Sengupta et al. (2005)
Southeast Asia Cambodia 6 NA NA 0.0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
East Asia China 128 NA NA 0.0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
East Asia Japan 23 NA NA 0.0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
North Asia Siberia 18 NA NA 0.0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) 64 NA NA 0.0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Dravidian) 18 NA NA 2.8% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) 87 NA NA 4.6% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Indo-European) 21 NA NA 19.1% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Dravidian Upper Caste 59 NA NA 28.8% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Dravidian Middle Caste 85 NA NA 11.8% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Dravidian Lower Caste 29 NA NA 24.1% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Indo-European Upper Caste 86 NA NA 45.4% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Indo-European Middle Caste 48 NA NA 10.4% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Indo-European Lower Caste 50 NA NA 26.0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Kashmiri (Gujars) 49 NA 0.00% 40.9% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Kashmiri (Pandits) 51 NA 3.92% 19.6% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Gujarat (Brahmins) 64 NA 0.00% 32.8% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Bihar (Paswan) 27 NA 0.00% 40.7% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Bihar (Brahmins) 38 NA 0.00% 60.5% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Himachal Pradesh (Brahmin) 30 NA 0.00% 47.4% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Indian Punjab (Brahmins) 49 NA 0.00% 35.7% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India West Bengal (Brahmins) 30 NA 0.00% 72.2% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh (Brahmins) 31 NA 0.00% 67.7% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh (Kols) 38 NA 0.00% 14.8% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh (Saharia) 57 NA 22.8% 28.1% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh (Brahmins) 42 NA 0.00% 38.1% Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Maharashtra (Brahmins) 32 NA 0.00% 43.3% Sharma et al. (2009)
Europe Moldova Moldavians, Karahasan 72 NA NA 34.7% Varzari (2006)
Europe Moldava Moldavians Sofia, Moldava 54 NA NA 20.4% Varzari (2006)
Europe Romania Dniester-Carpathian - NA NA 20.4% Varzari (2006)
Europe Ukraine Ukrainians, Rashkovo 53 NA NA 41.5% Varzari (2006)
Europe Moldava Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 NA NA 12.5% Varzari (2006)
Europe Ukraine Gagauzes, Etulia 41 NA NA 26.8% Varzari (2006)
Central/East Asia China Dongxiang (Mongolian descent) 49 NA 0?% 28.0% Wei Wang et al. (2003)
Central/East Asia China Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent?) 52 NA 0?% 17.0% Wei Wang et al. (2003)
Central/East Asia China Bo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent 47 NA 0?% 26.0% Wei Wang et al. (2003)
Caucasus Armenia Ararat 44 NA 0.00% 0.0% Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Armenia/Georgia \"Northern Armenians\" 189 NA 0.53% 4.2% Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Armenia Syunik (South Armenia) 140 NA 0.00% 9.3% Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Azerbaijan/Armenia Karabakh 215 NA 0.00% 5.6% Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East Iran Isfahan, Julfa, (Armenian descent?) 56 NA 0.00% 1.8% Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East Turkey near Armenia 90 NA 1.11% 3.3% Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East Turkey Istanbul University 173 NA 0.00% 10.4% Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Azerbaijan Baku 29 NA 0.00% 10.3% Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East Syria Damascus University 44 NA 0.00% 2.3% Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Georgia Tbilisi 68 NA 0.00% 4.4% Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Greece Athens 132 NA 0.00% 6.1% Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Mongolia soldiers mainly from Khalkh 402 NA 0.00% 2.5% Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Hungary 215 NA 1.40% 24.2% Völgyi et al. (2008)
Europe Wales North Wales 98 NA NA 1.0% Weale et al. (2002)
Europe England English Midlands 136 NA NA 4.4% Weale et al. (2002)
Europe England East Anglia 173 NA NA 4.6% Weale et al. (2002)
Europe Holland Friesland 94 NA NA 7.4% Weale et al. (2002)
Europe Norway 83 NA NA 21.7% Weale et al. (2002)
Europe England/Scotland/Wales? British 25 NA NA 0.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Europe Scotland Orkney 26 NA NA 27.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Europe Russia Pomor 28 NA NA 36.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Europe Russia Russian, North 49 NA NA 43.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Europe Russia Russian, Tashkent 89 NA NA 47.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Europe Russia Kazan Tatar 38 NA NA 24.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Europe Russia Saami 23 NA NA 22.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Europe Russia Nenets 54 NA NA 11.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East Lebanon 50 NA NA 0.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East Iran Tehran 24 NA NA 4.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East Iran Shiraz 12 NA NA 0.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Middle East Iran Esfahan 16 NA NA 0.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus Georgia Svans (Svanetians) 25 NA NA 8.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus Georgia Kazbegi 25 NA NA 4.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus Georgia South Ossetians 17 NA NA 6.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus Azerbaijan Lezgi in Azerbaijan 12 NA NA 8.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 21 NA NA 10.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 47 NA NA 9.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmen 30 NA NA 7.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Kurd 17 NA NA 12.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Sinte Romani 15 NA NA 0.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Iranian (Samarkand) 53 NA NA 11.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Tajik (Samarkand) 40 NA NA 25.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Arab Bukhara 42 NA NA 19.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Crimean Tartar 22 NA NA 32.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Karakalpak 44 NA NA 18.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Kashkadarya 19 NA NA 16.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Bukhara 58 NA NA 28.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Surkhandarya 68 NA NA 29.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Khorezm 70 NA NA 30.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Tashkent 43 NA NA 28.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Fergana Valley 63 NA NA 22.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Uzbekistan Samarkand 45 NA NA 13.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Tajikistan Ishkashimi (near Afghanistan) 25 NA NA 68.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Tajikistan Bartangi 30 NA NA 40.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Tajikistan Shugnan 44 NA NA 23.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Tajikistan Yagnobi 31 NA NA 16.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Khojand 22 NA NA 64.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Dushanbe 16 NA NA 19.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 52 NA NA 63.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Dungan (Sino-Tibetan) 40 NA NA 10.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Kazakhstan Kazakhs 54 NA NA 4.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central Asia Kazakhstan Uighur 41 NA NA 22.0% Wells et al. (2001)
South Asia India South India Sourashtran 46 NA NA 39.0% Wells et al. (2001)
South Asia India South India Kallar Dravidian 84 NA NA 4.0% Wells et al. (2001)
South Asia India South India Yadhava 129 NA NA 13.0% Wells et al. (2001)
North Asia Russia Tuvinian 42 NA NA 14.0% Wells et al. (2001)
East Asia/North Asia Mongolia 24 NA NA 4.0% Wells et al. (2001)
East Asia Korea 45 NA NA 0.0% Wells et al. (2001)
Central/East Asia China Liqian from Yongchang 87 NA NA 1.1% Zhou et al. (2007)
Central/East Asia China Yugur from Su\'nan 52 NA NA 1.9% Zhou et al. (2007)
Central/East Asia China Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai 39 NA NA 2.6% Zhou et al. (2007)
Central/East Asia China Uygurs from Urumqi 49 NA NA NA Zhou et al. (2007)
Europe Italy Sardinia 10 0.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe England Cornwall 51 0.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Spain Basque 26 0.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Portugal Northern 328 0.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Northern African Algeria 27 0.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Northern African 129 0.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Finland 57 10.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Bulgaria 24 12.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Holland 84 13.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Germany Bavarian 80 15.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Sweden Gotlander 64 16.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Yugoslavian 100 16.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Russia Chuvash 17 18.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Sweden Northern 48 19.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Romania 45 20.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Iceland 28 21.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Saami 48 21.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Hungary 36 22.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Estonia 207 27.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Russia Mari 48 29.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Ukraine Ukraine 27 30.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Germany 30 30.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Norway 52 31.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Lithuania 38 34.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Slovenia 70 37.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Czech Republic 53 38.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Belarusia 41 39.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Latvia 34 41.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Russia 122 47.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Slovakia 70 47.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Poland 112 54.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Ireland 57 1.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Ossetia 47 2.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Cyprus 45 2.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Italy 99 2.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Spain 126 2.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Portugal Southern 57 2.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Belgium 92 4.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Turkey 167 5.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe France 40 5.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Georgia 64 6.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Armenia 89 6.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Denmark 56 7.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Scotland Western 120 7.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Scotland 43 7.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Greece 36 8.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe England East Anglia 172 9.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)
Europe Iceland 181 23.8% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Norway 112 17.9% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Sweden 110 17.3% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Denmark 12 16.7% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Ireland 222 0.5% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Scotland 61 6.6% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Britain 32 9.4% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Germany 32 9.4% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Greece 42 4.8% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Italy 332 2.7% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Russia 30 43.3% NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Estonia 74 36.5% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Russia Komi-Permiak 42 23.8% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Russia Russian (Perm) 37 43.2% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Moldova Moldovan Erzya 46 39.1% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Moldova Moldovan Moksi 46 21.7% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Estonia Estonia Russian 26 26.9% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 6 50.0% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Bulgaria Bulgarian 34 14.7% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Northeast Turkish 11 18.2% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Central Anatolian 18 11.1% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Southwest Turkish 29 10.3% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Southeast Turkish 13 15.4% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 22 13.6% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Middle East Talysh 20 10.0% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azeri 24 12.5% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Croatia Mainland 108 34.3% NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Bosnians 69 24.6% NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Herzogivinians 141 12.1% NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Serbia Serbians 113 15.9% NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Kosova Albanians 114 4.4% NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonians 79 15.2% NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Republic of Macedonia Romani 57 1.8% NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Croatia Mainland 109 33.9% NA NA Barać et al. (2003)
Europe Croatia Krk 74 28.0% NA NA Barać et al. (2003)
Europe Croatia Brač 49 13.0% NA NA Barać et al. (2003)
Europe Croatia Hvar 91 8.0% NA NA Barać et al. (2003)
Europe Croatia Korčula 134 27.0% NA NA Barać et al. (2003)
Europe Russia North 380 34.20% NA NA Balanovsky et al. (2007)
Europe Russia Central 364 46.50% NA NA Balanovsky et al. (2007)
Europe Russia South 484 55.40% NA NA Balanovsky et al. (2007)
Europe Portugal 553 1.27% NA NA Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Europe Sweden Swedes 141 18.4 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Estonia Estonians 209 33.5 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Latvia Latvians 86 38.4 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Mari 111 47.7 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Mordvin 83 26.5 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Komi 94 33 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Udmurt 87 10.3 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Chuvash 79 31.6 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Tatar 126 34.1 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe France French 61 0 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Hungary Hungarians 113 20.4 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Russians 61 42.6 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe/Asia Russia Khant 47 4.3 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia Russia Nganasan 38 0 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia/Europe Russia Nenets 148 0 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia/Europe Russia Selkup 131 19.1 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia Russia Ket 48 0 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia Russia Dolgan 67 16.4 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia Russia Yakut 155 1.9 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North Asia Russia Buryat 81 1.2 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North/East Asia Russia Evenk 96 1 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
North/East Asia Russia Evens 31 6.5 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Russia Altaians 98 46.9 NA NA Tambets et al. (2004)
Europe Norway Norwegians 72 23.6 NA NA Passarino et al. (2002)
Europe Denmark Danes 194 16.5 NA NA Sanchez et al. (2003)
Middle East Turkey Zazaki speakers 27 NA NA 25.9% Nasidze et al. (2005)
Middle East Turkey Kurds 87 NA NA 12.7% Nasidze et al. (2005)
Caucasus Georgia Kurds 25 NA NA 0.0% Nasidze et al. (2005)
Middle East Jordan Amman 101 NA NA 2.0% Flores et al. (2005)
Middle East Jordan Dead Sea 45 NA NA 0.0% Flores et al. (2005)
Middle East Iraq Baghdad, different ethnic groups 139 NA NA 6.5% Al Zahery et al. (2003)

Bryan Sykes in his book Blood of the Isles gives (from his imagination) the populations associated with R1a in Europe the name of Sigurd for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve.

See also

Haplogroup R
Haplogroup R1
Haplogroup R1a

Haplogroup R1a1

Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R2

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16400607
  2. ^ a b Regueiro et al. (2006)
  3. ^ King et al. & 2007)
  4. ^ Battaglia et al. (2008)
  5. ^ ISOGG phylogenetic tree
  6. ^ Kalevi Wiik, Where did European Men Come From ?, Journal of Genetic Genealogy 4:35-85, 2008
  7. ^ a b c d Wells et al. (2001)
  8. ^ Wang et al. (2003)
  9. ^ Zhou et al. (2007)
  10. ^ Lell et al. (2002)
  11. ^ a b Sharma et al. (2007)
  12. ^ a b c Kivisild et al. (2003)
  13. ^ https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html
  14. ^ a b c d Semino et al. (2000)
  15. ^ Balanovsky et al. (2008)
  16. ^ Behar et al. (2003)
  17. ^ Tambets et al. (2004)
  18. ^ a b Rosser et al. (2000)
  19. ^ Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 24 December 2008; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249.
  20. ^ Pericic et al. (2005)
  21. ^ Earliest Known Nuclear Family Found; Died in Massacre?, Carolyn Barry, The National Geographic, 17 November 2008
  22. ^ Ancient DNA, strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age, Wolfgang Haak et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, November 25, 2008, vol. 105, no. 47
  23. ^ The Ysearch number for the Eulau remains is 2C46S.
  24. ^ Irish Heritage DNA Project, R1 and R1a
  25. ^ Passarino et al. (2002)
  26. ^ Capelli et al. (2003)
  27. ^ Garvey, D. "Y Haplogroup R1a1". Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  28. ^ a b Sharma et al. (2009)
  29. ^ Anatole A. Klyosov (2009) DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidences Written in Y-Chromosome. II. Walking the Map
  30. ^ Passarino et al. (2001)
  31. ^ Wells (2002)
  32. ^ M. Gimbutas, in Indo-European and Indo-Europeans, G. Cardona, H. M. Hoenigswald, A. M. Senn, Eds. (Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1970),pp. 155-195.
  33. ^ http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2733/version/1
  34. ^ Keyser; et al. (2009), Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  35. ^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1691686 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. ^ Schilz, F., Molekulargenetische Verwandtschaftsanalysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lichtensteinhöhle, Dissertation, Göttingen (2006)
  37. ^ Haak, W. et al, Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, published online before print (November 17, 2008)
  38. ^ Bouakaze C., et al, First successful assay of Y-SNP typing by SNaPshot minisequencing on ancient DNA, International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 121, no. 6 (2007), pp. 493-9
  39. ^ Luca et al. (2006)
  40. ^ Rebala K et al. (2007), Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin, Journal of Human Genetics, 52:406-14
  41. ^ a b c Sengupta et al. (2005)
  42. ^ a b Sahoo et al. (2006)
  43. ^ The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, 2004, (p.152,Oppenheimer)
  44. ^ Saha et al. (2005)
  45. ^ Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Kivisild T. et al., Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India, Bioessays (Jan 2007)
  46. ^ The Norse Code
  47. ^ DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots, The Scotsman, 26 Apr 2006
  48. ^ Famous DNA
  49. ^ [1], ISOGG

References

Projects

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