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Rotenone

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Rotenone
Names
IUPAC names
(2R,6aS,12aS)-1,2,6,6a,12,12a-
hexahydro-2-isopropenyl-8,9-
dimethoxychromeno[3,4-b]
furo(2,3-h)chromen-6-one
Other names
Tubatoxin, Paraderil
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ECHA InfoCard 100.001.365 Edit this at Wikidata
MeSH Rotenone
  • InChI=1/C23H22O6/c1-11(2)16-8-14-15(28-16)6-5-12-22(24)21-13-7-18(25-3)19(26-4)9-17(13)27-10-20(21)29-23(12)14/h5-7,9,16,20-21H,1,8,10H2,2-4H3/t16-,20-,21+/m1/s1
  • CC(=C)[C@H]1CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2O[C@@H]4COC5=CC(=C(C=C5[C@@H]4C3=O)OC)OC
Properties
C23H22O6
Molar mass 394.41
Appearance Colorless to red
Density 1.27 g/cm3 @ 20°C
Melting point 165-166°C
Boiling point 210-220°C at 0.5 mmHg
Solubility Soluble in ether and acetone, slightly soluble in ethanol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Rotenone is an odorless chemical that is used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide. It occurs naturally in the roots and stems of several plants such as the jicama vine plant.

History

Emmanuel Geoffroy first isolated rotenone from a specimen of Robinia nicou, now called Lonchocarpus nicou, while traveling in French Guiana.[1] He wrote about this research in his thesis, published posthumously in 1895 after his death from a parasitic disease.[2] Researchers later determined that the substance which Geoffroy termed nicouline was identically rotenone.

Uses

Rotenone is used in solution as a pesticide and insecticide.

It is commonly used in powdered or emulsified liquid form in fisheries management to remove unwanted fish species,[3] such as the eradication of exotic fish from non-native habitats. People catch fish by extracting rotenone from plants and releasing it into water. Poisoned fish come to the surface and are easily caught. This method was first practiced by various indigenous tribes[4] who smashed the roots. Fish caught this way can be eaten because rotenone is very poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract of humans, whereas it is lethal to fish because it readily enters the blood stream of the fish through the gills.

Small-scale sampling with rotenone is used by fish researchers studying the biodiversity of marine fishes to collect cryptic, or hidden, fishes, which represent an important component of shoreline fish communities. Rotenone is the most effective tool available because only small quantities are necessary. It has only minor and transient environmental side-effects.[5]

Rotenone is also used in powdered form to reduce parasitic mites on chickens and other fowl. In the United States and in Canada, all uses of rotenone except as a piscicide (fish killer) are being phased out.[6][7]

Method of action

Rotenone works by interfering with the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Specifically, it inhibits the transfer of electrons from iron-sulfur centers in complex I to ubiquinone. This prevents NADH from being converted into usable cellular energy (ATP).

Presence in plants

Rotenone is produced by extraction from the roots and stems of several tropical and subtropical plant species, especially those belonging to the genus Lonchocarpus or Derris.

Some of the plants containing rotenone:

Toxicity

Rotenone is classified by the World Health Organization as moderately hazardous.[11] It is mildly toxic to humans and other mammals, but extremely toxic to insects and aquatic life including fish. This higher toxicity in fish and insects is due to the fact that the lipophilic rotenone is easily taken up through the gills or trachea, but not as easily through the skin or through the gastrointestinal tract.

The lowest lethal dose for a child is 143 mg/kg. Human deaths attributed to Rotenone are rare because its irritating action causes vomiting.[12] Deliberate ingestion of rotenone can be fatal.[13]

The compound breaks down when exposed to sunlight and usually has a short lifetime of six days in the environment.[14] In water rotenone may last six months.[citation needed]

Rotenone is classified by the USDA National Organic Program as a nonsynthetic and was allowed to be used to grow "organic" produce until 2005 when it was removed from the list of approved substances due to concerns about its safety.[15]

Parkinson's disease

In 2000 it was reported that injecting rotenone into rats causes symptoms of Parkinson's disease to develop. Rotenone was continuously applied over a period of five weeks, mixed with DMSO and PEG to enhance tissue penetration, and injected into the jugular vein.[16]

The study does not directly suggest that rotenone exposure is responsible for Parkinson's disease in humans but is consistent with the belief that chronic exposure to environmental toxins increases the likelihood of the disease.[17]

In addition, studies with primary cultures of rat neurons and microglia have shown low doses of rotenone (below 10 nM) to induce oxidative damage and death of dopaminergic neurons[18] and it is these neurons in the substantia nigra that die in Parkinson's disease.

It had been known earlier that the neurotoxin MPTP causes Parkinson's symptomatology (in humans and other primates, though not in rats) by interfering with Complex I in the electron transport chain and killing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, further studies involving MPTP have failed to show development of Lewy bodies, a key component to Parkinson's pathology. Therefore, the mechanism behind MPTP as it relates to Parkinson's Disease is not fully understood.[19] Because of these developments, rotenone was investigated as a possible Parkinson-causing agent. Both MPTP and rotenone are lipophilic and can cross the blood-brain barrier.

See also

References

  1. ^ Ambrose, Anthony M. (1936). "Toxicological study of Derris". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 28 (7): 815–821. doi:10.1021/ie50319a017. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Useful tropical plants". ASNOM. 2008-01-02. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  3. ^ Peter Fimrite (2007-10-02). "Lake poisoning seems to have worked to kill invasive pike". San Francisco Chronicle.
  4. ^ National Toxicology Program - Rotenone at ntp.niehs.nih.gov
  5. ^ Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF. (2008). "Rotenone: an essential but demonized tool for assessing marine fish diversity". Bioscience.58:165-170.
  6. ^ Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Rotenone, EPA 738-R-07-005, March 2007, United States Environmental Protection Agency
  7. ^ Re-evaluation Note: Rotenone (REV2008-01, 29 January 2008), Consumer Product Safety, Health Canada
  8. ^ a b Fang N, Casida J (1999). "Cubé resin insecticide: identification and biological activity of 29 rotenoid constituents". J Agric Food Chem. 47 (5): 2130–6. doi:10.1021/jf981188x. PMID 10552508.
  9. ^ Coates Palgrave, Keith (2002). Trees of Southern Africa. Struik.
  10. ^ Nellis, David N. (1994). Seashore plants of South Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press. 160 p.
  11. ^ IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety; United Nations Environment Programme; International Labour Organization; World Health Organization. (2007). The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard. World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-154663-8. Retrieved 2007-12-02.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Factsheet - Rotenone
  13. ^ Wood D, Alsahaf H, Streete P, Dargan P, Jones A (2005). "Fatality after deliberate ingestion of the pesticide rotenone: a case report". Crit Care. 9 (3): R280–4. doi:10.1186/cc3528. PMID 15987402.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Vitax Safety Data Sheet for Derris dust, revised October 1998
  15. ^ Rotenone. Resource Guide for Organic and Disease Management. Cornell University.
  16. ^ Caboni P, Sherer T, Zhang N, Taylor G, Na H, Greenamyre J, Casida J (2004). "Rotenone, deguelin, their metabolites, and the rat model of Parkinson's disease". Chem Res Toxicol. 17 (11): 1540–8. doi:10.1021/tx049867r. PMID 15540952.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Summary of the article by Dr. Greenamyre on pesticides and Parkinson's Disease at ninds.nih.gov
  18. ^ Gao HM, Liu B, Hong JS (16 July 2003). "Critical role for microglial NADPH oxidase in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (15): 6181–7. PMID 12867501.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Neurotransmitters and Disorders of the Basal Ganglia -- Basic Neurochemistry -- NCBI Bookshelf, American Society for Neurochemistry

External links


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