Hurricane Sandy
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS) | |
![]() Hurricane Sandy at peak intensity on October 25 | |
Formed | October 22, 2012[2] |
---|---|
Dissipated | October 31, 2012[1] (extratropical after October 29) |
Highest winds | 1-minute sustained: 110 mph (175 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | 940 mbar (hPa); 27.76 inHg |
Fatalities | 165 total |
Areas affected | Greater Antilles, Bahamas, most of the eastern United States (especially the coastal Mid-Atlantic States and New England), Bermuda, eastern Canada |
Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Sandy (also referred to as Superstorm Sandy after October 29)[3][4][5][6] was a tropical cyclone that severely affected portions of the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States in late October 2012. In diameter, it was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record, with winds spanning 1,100 miles (1,800 km).[7][8] The eighteenth tropical cyclone and named storm and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Sandy is estimated in early calculations to have caused damage of at least $20 billion to $25 billion (2012 USD), which would rank it among the top five most destructive hurricanes on record.
Sandy developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22. It became a tropical depression, quickly strengthened, and was upgraded to a tropical storm six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified. On October 24, Sandy was upgraded to a hurricane, shortly before making landfall in Jamaica. Upon moving farther north, Sandy re-entered water and made its second landfall in Cuba during the early morning of October 25 as a Category 2 hurricane. During the late evening of October 25, Sandy weakened to Category 1 strength; in the early hours of October 26, it headed north through the Bahamas.[9] Sandy began to show some characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones on October 26.[10] Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm in the early morning hours of October 27, then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane later that morning. Just before 8 a.m. EDT on October 29, Sandy turned to the north-northwest and started to make its expected approach towards the U.S. coast. At 7 p.m. EDT that evening, Sandy was declared a post-tropical cyclone, while still maintaining Category 1 strength.[11] Sandy made its final landfall 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Atlantic City, New Jersey at about 8 p.m. EDT on October 29.[12]
In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected at least 24 states, from Florida to New England, with tropical storm force winds stretching far inland and mountain snows in West Virginia. The cyclone brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, flooding numerous streets, tunnels and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.[13] Extensive damage occurred in New Jersey, especially in the communities along the Jersey Shore.
Meteorological history
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sandy_2012_track.png/275px-Sandy_2012_track.png)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
![triangle](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/18px-ArrowUp.svg.png)
Hurricane Sandy developed at 1500 UTC on October 22, when the National Hurricane Center (NHC) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Eighteen to the south of Kingston, Jamaica. The system developed from an area of low pressure and had organized convection.[14] It moved slowly at first due to a ridge to the north. Low wind shear and warm waters allowed for strengthening,[14] becoming Tropical Storm Sandy late on October 22.[15] Early on October 24, an eye began developing, and it was moving steadily northward due to an approaching trough.[16] Later that day, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status about 65 mi (105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.[17] At about 1900 UTC that day, Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 80 mph (130 km/h).[18] Just offshore Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified to winds of 110 mph (175 km/h),[19] and at that intensity it made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba at 0525 UTC on October 25.[20]
After Sandy exited Cuba, the structure became disorganized,[21] and it turned to the north-northwest over the Bahamas.[22] By October 27, Sandy was no longer fully tropical, and despite strong shear, it maintained convection due to influence from an approaching trough; the same trough turned the hurricane to the northeast.[23] After briefly weakening to a tropical storm,[24] Sandy re-intensified into a hurricane,[25] and on October 28 an eye began redeveloping.[26] The storm moved around an upper-level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada, turning it to the northwest.[27] Sandy reached a secondary peak of 90 mph (150 km/h) on October 29, around which time had a wind diameter of over 1,000 nautical miles (1,150 mi, 1,850 km).[28] The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the New Jersey coast,[29] and the hurricane was no longer tropical by 2300 UTC on October 29.[30] An hour later, Sandy made landfall about 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Atlantic City,[31] with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).[32] The remnants weakened over Pennsylvania, degenerating into a remnant trough on October 31.[33]
Preparations
Caribbean
After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island.[34] Early on October 23, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch was issued.[35] At 3 p.m. UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.[36]
Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 22, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti.[37] By late October 23, it was modified to a tropical storm warning.[38] The Government of Cuba posted a hurricane watch for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23.[36] Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.[39]
The Government of the Bahamas, at 1500 UTC on October 23, issued a tropical storm watch for several Bahamian islands, including the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island.[36] Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence.[39] By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[40]
Bermuda
At 11:15 a.m. EDT (1515 UTC) on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda, reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the wide-reaching impacts.[41]
United States
Much of the East Coast of the United States in the Mid-Atlantic and New England states had a good chance of receiving gale-force winds, flooding, heavy rain and possibly snow early in the week of October 28 from an unusual hybrid of Hurricane Sandy and a winter storm producing a Fujiwhara effect.[42] Government weather forecasters said there is a 90% chance (the chance having increased from 60% on October 24), that the East Coast will be impacted by the storm. Some media outlets began referring to the expected combination of the tropical system and storm front under the nickname "Frankenstorm."[43] As coverage continued, many outlets began eschewing this term in favor of "superstorm",[44] with CNN in particular declaring an embargo on the use of the term "Frankenstorm" in its reporting, citing sensitivity concerns.[45] Utilities and governments along the East Coast are attempting to head off long-term power failures as a result of Sandy. Power companies from the Southeast to New England are alerting independent contractors to be ready to assist to fix storm damaged equipment quickly and are asking employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University, using a computer model built on power outage data from previous hurricanes, conservatively forecast that 10 million customers along the Eastern Seaboard will lose power from Sandy.[46] In New Jersey, where the storm is expected to come ashore, Jersey Central Power & Light has told employees to be prepared for extended shifts.[47]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/President_Barack_Obama_receiving_update_to_Hurricane_Sandy.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama_receiving_update_to_Hurricane_Sandy.jpg)
Through regional offices in Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) will continuously monitor Sandy and will remain in close coordination with state and tribal emergency management partners in Florida and the potentially affected Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and New England states.[48] President Obama signed emergency declarations on October 28 for several states expected to be impacted by Sandy, allowing them to request federal aid and make additional preparations in advance of the storm.[49]
Amtrak canceled some services through October 29 in preparation for the storm.[50]
Flight cancellations and alerts for travel on the U.S. East Coast are in place and more may be added should the storm stay on its predicted path towards the Mid-Atlantic and the New England areas.[51] Over 5,000 commercial airline flights scheduled for October 28 and October 29 were cancelled by the afternoon of October 28.[52]
The National Guard and U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states on alert for possible duty in response to the preparations and aftermath of Sandy.[53]
Florida
Sandy brought tropical-storm force winds and rain to South Florida on October 25–27,[54][55] causing schools to close in Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties.[56] Schools on the Treasure Coast also announced closures for October 26, in anticipation of Sandy.[57] Storm surge from Sandy also caused flooding and beach erosion along coastal areas in the South Florida.[58]
North Carolina
On October 26, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 eastern counties in anticipation of Hurricane Sandy, taking effect October 27.[59] By Monday, October 29, the state of emergency was extended to 24 counties in western North Carolina, with up to a foot of snow attributed to Sandy anticipated in higher elevations. The National Park Service closed at least five sections of the Blue Ridge Parkway.[60]
Virginia
The U.S. Navy sent more than twenty seven ships and forces to sea from Norfolk Naval Base, for their protection.[61] Governor Bob McDonnell authorized the National Guard to activate 630 personnel ahead of the storm.[62] Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney cancelled campaign appearances scheduled for October 28 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and New Hampshire October 30 because of Sandy. Vice President Joe Biden cancelled his appearance on October 27 in Virginia Beach and an October 29 campaign event in New Hampshire.[63] President Barack Obama canceled a campaign stop with former President Bill Clinton in Virginia scheduled for October 29, as well as a trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, the next day because of the impending storm, and said he will remain in Washington D.C.[64]
Washington, D.C.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Unknown_soldier_during_Sandy.jpg/220px-Unknown_soldier_during_Sandy.jpg)
On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency.[65] That same day the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia also declared a state of emergency in preparation of the approaching storm.[61] The United States Office of Personnel Management announced federal offices in the Washington, D.C. area would be closed to the public on October 29 and 30.[66] In addition, Washington D.C. Metro service, both rail and bus, was canceled on October 29 due to expected high winds, the likelihood of widespread power outages, and the closing of the federal government.[67] President Obama declared a state of emergency for the District of Columbia.[68] The Smithsonian Institution closed for the day of October 29.[69]
Maryland
On October 27, Smith Island residents were evacuated with the assistance of the Maryland Natural Resources Police, Dorchester County opened two shelters for those in flood prone areas, and Ocean City initiated Phase I of their Emergency Operations Plan.[70][71][72] Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. is putting workers on standby and making plans to bring in crews from other states.[47] On October 28, President Obama declared an emergency in Maryland and signed an order authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency to aid in disaster relief efforts.[73] Also, numerous areas were ordered to be evacuated including part of Ocean City, Worcester County, Wicomico County, and Somerset County.[74][75] As of October 27, 2012, there are serious possibilities that more than a hundred million tons of dirty sediment mixed with tree limbs and debris floating behind Conowingo Dam may be eventually poured into the Chesapeake Bay, posing a potential environmental threat.[76] The Maryland Transportation Authority canceled all service for October 29 and possibly October 30. The cancellations apply to buses, light rail, Amtrak and MARC train service.[77] On October 29, six shelters opened in Baltimore and early voting was cancelled for the day.[69] Maryland Insurance Commissioner Therese M. Goldsmith activated an emergency regulation requiring pharmacies to refill prescriptions regardless of their last refill date.[78] On October 29, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was closed midday. I-95 over the Susquehanna River will be closed as well.[79]
Delaware
On October 28, Governor Jack Markell declared a state of emergency, with coastal areas of Sussex County evacuated. Delaware Route 1 through Delaware Seashore State Park was closed due to flooding.[80] Delaware roads will be closed to the public after 5 a.m., except for emergency and essential personnel.[81] Tolls on I-95 and Delaware Route 1 in the state have been waived.[82]
New Jersey
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NJ_National_Guard_Prepares_for_Hurricane_Sandy.jpg/220px-NJ_National_Guard_Prepares_for_Hurricane_Sandy.jpg)
In Cape May County, New Jersey, officials advised residents on barrier islands to evacuate on October 26, becoming a mandatory evacuation on October 28. There was also a voluntary evacuation for Mantoloking, Bay Head, Barnegat Light, Beach Haven, Harvey Cedars, Long Beach, Ship Bottom, and Stafford in Ocean County.[83][84][85] Jersey Central Power & Light has told employees to be prepared for extended shifts. Most schools, colleges and universities were closed October 29 and at least 509 out of 580 school districts were closed October 30.[47][86] Governor Chris Christie issued mandatory evacuations for all barrier islands from Sandy Hook to Cape May, along with the closure of all Atlantic City casinos. Tolls were suspended on the northbound Garden State Parkway and the westbound Atlantic City Expressway starting at 6 a.m. on October 28.[87] President Obama signed an emergency declaration for New Jersey. The declaration allows the state to request federal funding and other assistance for actions taken prior to Sandy's landfall.[88] On October 28, Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer ordered an evacuation of all basement and street level residential units, due to possible flooding.[89] On October 29, a mandatory evacuation was put in effect for all residents in Logan Township.[90] On October 29, Sandy made landfall near Atlantic City.[91]
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter asked residents in low-lying areas and neighborhoods prone to flooding to leave their home by 2 p.m. EDT October 28 and move to safer ground.[92] The Philadelphia International Airport suspended all flight operations for October 29.[93] On October 29, Philadelphia shut down its mass transit system.[69] On October 28, Harrisburg Mayor Linda D. Thompson declared a state of disaster emergency for the city to go into effect at 5 a.m. October 29. Electric utilities in the state are bringing in crews and equipment from other states like New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma, to assist with restoration efforts.[94]
New York
On October 28, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. He also asked for a pre-disaster declaration to better access federal assistance.[96] Nassau County Executive Ed Mangano ordered voluntary evacuations of the South Shore storm surge area, which includes the area south of Sunrise Highway and north of Route 25A and in elevations 15 feet above sea level or less on the North Shore.[97] Shelters were opened at Nassau Community College, Levittown Memorial High School, Locust Valley High School and SUNY Old Westbury. In Suffolk County, mandatory evacuations were ordered for residents of Fire Island and in surge zone areas in Babylon, Islip, Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southampton and Southold. Shelters were opened at Hampton Bays High School, Sachem East High School, and the Brentwood High School Sonderling Building.[98] Most all schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29, including Nassau Community College, Molloy College, Hofstra University and Adelphi University.[99] On October 28, President Obama signed an emergency declaration for the state of New York.[100] The Metro-North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road suspended service beginning 7 p.m. October 27 through October 29 and possibly October 30.[101] The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed October 29 at 4 p.m. EDT due to wind conditions.[102]
New York City
On October 26 Mayor Michael Bloomberg originally told reporters that the city had begun taking precautions but that at that time there was no call for mandatory evacuations and no plans to suspend the city's mass transit or cancel school. But on October 28 Governor Cuomo ordered the MTA including the subway closed, and in a press conference immediately after Cuomo's announcement, Mayor Bloomberg ordered public schools closed on October 29.[103] He also ordered mandatory evacuations for Zone A on Manhattan, which is the southern tip of the island as well as the Rockaways peninsula, a low-lying area of Queens.[104] On October 28, officials activated the city's coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit during Hurricane Irene in August 2011. More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city.[96]
The MTA announced that all subway, bus and commuter rail service would be suspended, beginning at 7 p.m. EDT on October 28 and expected to be unavailable through at least October 30.[105] All PATH train service and stations were shutdown at 12:01 a.m. October 29.[103] 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city. All bus carriers at the Port Authority Bus Terminal closed at 3 a.m. October 29[106] U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29 and October 30.[107] All state courts were closed on October 29, except for arraignments and emergency applications. NYU Langone Medical Center cancelled all surgeries and medical procedures, except for emergency procedures.[106] Major carriers canceled all flights into and out of JFK, LaGuardia and Newark-Liberty airports. Broadway cancelled all October 28 evening and October 29 performances.[101] Grand Central Terminal, Central Park and Battery Park were closed on October 29. The Holland Tunnel and the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel closed at 2 p.m. EDT on October 29. The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed later on that day.[108][109]
New England
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flooding_in_Marblehead_Massachusetts_caused_by_Hurricane_Sandy.jpg/220px-Flooding_in_Marblehead_Massachusetts_caused_by_Hurricane_Sandy.jpg)
Connecticut Governor Dan Malloy partially activated the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26[110] and signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day.[111] On October 28, President Obama approved Connecticut's request for an emergency declaration, and hundreds of National Guard personnel were deployed.[112] On October 29, Governor Malloy ordered road closures for all state highways.[113] Numerous mandatory and partial evacuations were issued in cities across Connecticut.[114] Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick ordered state offices to be closed October 29 and recommended schools and private businesses close. On October 28, President Obama issued a Pre-Landfall Emergency Declaration for Massachusetts. Several shelters were opened, and many schools were closed.[115][116] On October 28, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin, New Hampshire Governor John Lynch, and Maine's Governor Paul LePage declared states of emergency.[69][117][118]
Appalachia and the Midwest
Great Lakes region
Flood warnings have been issued in Chicago for Lake Michigan. Wave heights are expected to reach 18 to 23 feet along the Cook County shoreline and could top 25 feet in northwest Indiana.[119]
The National Weather Service issued a storm warning for Lake Huron on October 29 that called for wave heights of 26 feet, and possibly as high as 38 feet. Lake Michigan waves were expected to reach 19 feet, with a potential of 33 feet on October 30. Michigan is being impacted by a winter storm system coming in from the west, mixing with cold air streams from the Arctic and colliding with Hurricane Sandy.[120] The forecasts slowed shipping traffic on the Great Lakes, as some vessels sought shelter away from the peak winds, while those more prepared for extreme weather (especially salties, or sea-going vessels) continued toward their destinations on the lakes.[121][122] 120,000 were without power in southeast Michigan the morning of the October 30, with winds gusting to 50 mph.[123][124] Detroit-based DTE Energy says it has released 100 contract line workers to assist utilities along the eastern U.S. with storm response. Also CMS Energy Corp.'s Consumers Energy unit says the storm has also effected 1,200 of its 1.8 million Michigan customers.[125] Consumers Energy says it has released more than a dozen employees and 120 contract employees to assist in the eastern U.S.[126] Due to the widespread power outages, numerous schools had to close due to not having power, most being located in St. Clair County and areas along Lake Huron north of Metro Detroit. Wave heights on Lake Huron were reported to have reached 23 feet on the south side of the lake. Heights of 24 to 35 feet are predicted.[125]
Gale warnings were issued for Lake Michigan and Green Bay in Wisconsin until the morning of October 31, and waves of 33 feet in Milwaukee and 20 feet in Sheboygan are predicted for October 30. The village of Pleasant Prairie urged a voluntary evacuation of its lakefront area.[127]
Appalachian Mountains region
Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland. Snow and icy roads also were reported south of Columbus.[128] As far as the state's western edge, areas were under a wind advisory.[129] All departing flights at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport were canceled until October 30 at 3 pm.[130] Gusts at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport were reported at 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).[131] Hundreds of school districts cancelled or delayed school across the state with at least 250,000 homes and businesses without power.[128] Damage was reported across the state including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame which lost parts of its siding.[131] Several roads in Cleveland were closed including Interstate 90 westbound due to waves from Lake Erie crashing on the road.[132][133]
West Virginia Governor Earl Ray Tomblin declared a state of emergency ahead of storm on October 29.[134] Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9m) of snow forecast for mountainous areas of the state.[135]
Canada
The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first preliminary statement on Hurricane Sandy on October 25 from Southern Ontario to the Canadian Maritimes,[136] with the potential for rain and snow.[137] On October 29, Environment Canada issued severe wind warnings for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley corridor, from Southwestern Ontario as far as Quebec City.[138] On October 30, Environment Canada issued storm surge warnings along the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.[139] Rainfall warnings were issued for the Charlevoix region in Quebec, as well as for Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Yarmouth County, Shelburne County, and Queens County in Nova Scotia, as 50 to 70 millimetres of rain can be expected.[140][141][142] Freezing rain warnings were issued for parts of Northern Ontario.[143]
Impact
Country | Fatalities | Missing | Damage (in USD) | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
74 | 1 | $55 billion (estimated) | [144][145][146] |
![]() |
54 | 20 | Unknown | [147] |
![]() |
11 | 0 | $80 million | [144][148] |
![]() |
2 | 0 | $300 million (estimated) | [144][149] |
![]() |
2 | 0 | Unknown | [150][151] |
![]() |
2 | 0 | Unknown | [144] |
![]() |
1 | 0 | $16.5 million | [144] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | Unknown | [144] |
Total | 146 | 21 | $55.4 billion (estimated) |
At least 146 people have been confirmed killed across the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and the Bahamas, as a result of the storm.[144][152] [147][150][153]
Caribbean
Sandy was the first hurricane to directly hit Jamaica since Hurricane Gilbert, 24 years prior. Trees and power lines were snapped and shanty houses were heavily damaged, both from the winds and flooding rains. More than 100 fishermen were stranded in outlying Pedro Cays off Jamaica's southern coast.[154] Stones falling from a hillside crushed one man to death as he tried to get into his house in a rural village near Kingston.[155] The country's sole electricity provider, the Jamaica Public Service Company, reported that 70 percent of its customers were without power. More than 1,000 people went to shelters. Jamaican authorities closed the island's international airports, and police ordered 48-hour curfews in major towns to keep people off the streets and deter looting.[156] Most buildings in the eastern portion of the island lost their roofs.[157] Damage totaled $16.5 million throughout the country.[144]
In Haiti, which was still recovering from both the 2010 earthquake and the ongoing cholera outbreak, at least 52 people have died,[158] and an estimated 200,000 were left homeless as of late Monday October 29, as a result of four days of ongoing rain from Hurricane Sandy.[159] Heavy damage occurred in Port-Salut after rivers overflowed their banks.[160] In the capital of Port-au-Prince, streets were flooded by the heavy rains, and it was reported that "the whole south of the country is underwater".[161] Most of the tents and buildings in the city's sprawling refugee camps and the Cité Soleil neighborhood were flooded or leaking, a repeat of what happened earlier in the year during the passage of Hurricane Isaac.[157] Crops were also wiped out by the storm and the country would be making an appeal for emergency aid.[162] In neighboring Dominican Republic, two people were killed and 30,000 people evacuated.[144] An employee of CNN estimated 70% of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded.[163] One person was killed in Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico after being swept away by a swollen river.[144]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Hurricane_Sandy_hits_Guantanamo_Bay_%28Image_1_of_3%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Hurricane_Sandy_hits_Guantanamo_Bay_%28Image_1_of_3%29.jpg)
At least 55,000 people were evacuated before Hurricane Sandy's arrival.[164] While moving ashore, the storm produced waves up to 29 feet (9 meters) and a 6 foot (2 meter) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding.[165] There was widespread damage, particularly to Santiago de Cuba where 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roof.[148] Electricity and water services were knocked out, and most of the trees in the city were damaged. Total losses throughout Santiago de Cuba province reached CUP2.1 billion (US$80 million).[148] Sandy killed 11 people in the country – nine in Santiago de Cuba Province and two in Guantánamo Province; most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses.[166][167] This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005, when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people.[168]
Bahamas
A NOAA automated station at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama Island reported sustained winds of 49 mph (74 km/h) and a wind gust of 63 mph (102 km/h).[169] One person died from falling off his roof while attempting to fix a window shutter in the Lyford Cay area on New Providence. Another died in the Queen's Cove area on Grand Bahama Island where he drowned after the sea surge trapped him in his apartment.[144] Portions of the Bahamas lost power or cellular service, including an islandwide power outage on Bimini. Five homes were severely damaged near Williams's Town.[170]
United States
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hurricane_Sandy_New_Jersey_Pier.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Sandy_New_Jersey_Pier.jpg)
Over twenty states were in one way or another affected by Sandy in the United States. The hurricane caused billions of dollars in damage in the United States, destroyed thousands of homes, left millions without electric service, and killed dozens.
Due to flooding and other storm-related problems, Amtrak cancelled all Acela Express, Northeast Regional, Keystone Service and Shuttle services on October 29 and 30.[171][172] More than 13,000 flights were canceled across the U.S. on October 29, and more than 3,500 were called off October 30.[173]
As of early morning on November 1, nearly 6 million homes and businesses in at least 15 states and Washington, D.C., remain without power — down from October 30th's 8.5 million.[174]
Storm damage was projected at $30 billion to $50 billion, meaning it could prove to be one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.[175][176] Over 60[177] deaths were reported along the east coast of the U.S.[153]
The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq reopened on October 31 after a two-day closure for storm.[178]
More than 1,500 FEMA personnel are along the East Coast working to support disaster preparedness and response operations, including search and rescue, situational awareness, communications and logistical support. In addition, 28 teams comprised of 294 FEMA Corps members are pre-staged to support Sandy responders. Three federal urban search and rescue task forces are positioned in the Mid-Atlantic and ready to deploy as needed.[179]
Southeast
Florida
High winds and waves washed sand onto coastal roads in southeastern Florida. The storm left power outages across the region, which left many traffic lights out of order.[180] The Coast Guard rescued two sea men in Volusia County off New Smyrna Beach on the morning of October 26.[181] Brevard County and Volusia County Schools cancelled all extracurricular activities for October 26, including football.[182] In east-central Florida, damage was minor, though the storm left about 1,000 people without power.[183] Airlines at Miami International Airport canceled more than 20 flights to or from Jamaica or the Bahamas, while some airlines flying from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport cancelled a total of 13 flights to the islands.[61]
North Carolina
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/121029-G-ZZ999-002_-_Coast_Guard_rescues_crewmembers_aboard_HMS.jpg/220px-121029-G-ZZ999-002_-_Coast_Guard_rescues_crewmembers_aboard_HMS.jpg)
North Carolina was spared from major damage through the late evening hours of October 28, though winds, rain, and inland snow could affect the state through October 30. Ocracoke and Highway 12 on Hatteras Island were flooded with up to 2 feet (0.6 m) of water, closing part of the highway, while 20 people on a fishing trip were stranded on Portsmouth Island.[184] On October 29, the Coast Guard responded to a distress call from the Bounty, which was built for the 1962 movie Mutiny on the Bounty. It was taking on water about 90 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras. Sixteen people were on board.[185] The Coast Guard said the 16 people abandoned ship and got into two lifeboats, wearing survival suits and life jackets.[186] The ship sank after the crew got off. As of mid-morning on October 29, the Coast Guard rescued 14. Another crew member was found hours later but was unresponsive and died later on. The only one still missing was the captain.[175][187] Governor Bev Perdue declared a state of emergency in 24 western counties due to snow and strong winds.[188]
Virginia
On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.[135] Gov Bob McDonnell said on October 30 that Virginia was "spared a significant event," but cited concerns about rivers cresting as flood waters go into the major arteries. Virginia was awarded a federal disaster declaration, with Gov McDonnell saying he was "delighted" that President Barack Obama and FEMA were on it immediately. At Sandy's peak, 200,000 customers were without power, and in Northern Virginia where most of the outages occurred 92,000 customers were still without power on 30 October; the local utility intended to restore full service by 1 November.[189]
Mid-Atlantic
Washington, D.C.
The Supreme Court will not convene on Tuesday, October 30.[190] For the second day in a row, the United States Government Office of Personnel Management closed federal offices in the Washington D.C. area to the public, also on October 30. Schools will be closed for a second day October 30.[191] The Chesapeake Bay Bridge, which had been closed because of Sandy's high winds, reopened the morning of October 30. MARC train and Virginia Railway Express are not running October 30, but on that day Metro rail and bus service will begin at 2 p.m., with all lines operating on a Sunday schedule until the system closes.[192]
Maryland
At least 100 feet of a fishing pier at the beach resort of Ocean City was destroyed. Gov. Martin O'Malley said the pier is "half-gone."[193] Due to high winds, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was closed, and subsequently opened. The Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge on I-95 across the Susquehanna River was closed; it was unclear whether this is the first time the Tydings Bridge has been closed.[194] Due to flooding, the Mayor of the City of Salisbury instituted a Civil Emergency and instituted a curfew beginning at 7pm on October 29 through 10am October 30.[195] I-68 in far western Maryland and northern West Virginia closed due to impassable roads from heavy snow. Multiple vehicles are stranded on the interstate and the National Guard was sent out to help.[196] Workers in Howard County, Maryland tried to stop a sewage overflow caused by a power outage October 30. Raw sewage spilled at a rate of 2 million gallons per hour. It was unclear how much sewage had flowed into the Little Patuxent River.[197]
Delaware
Rainfall at Rehoboth Beach totaled 6.53 inches inches by early afternoon, with nearly 7 inches at Indian River Inlet and more than 4 inches in Dover and Bear. At 4 p.m., Delmarva Power reported on its website that more than 13,900 customers in Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore had lost electric service as high winds brought down trees and power lines. About 3,500 of those are in New Castle County, 2,900 in Sussex and more than a hundred in Kent County. The Delaware Electric Cooperative reported more than 1,800 customers out in Kent and Sussex, with the longest outage nearly 6 hours. The Delaware Memorial Bridge speed limit was reduced to 25 mph and the two outer lanes in each direction were closed. Officials plan to close the span entirely if sustained winds exceed 50 mph. President Obama declared Delaware a federal disaster area, providing money and agencies for disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. Delaware Route 1 is now closed by flooding from Dewey Beach to Fenwick Island. Water a foot or two deep is reported in Dewey. A wind gust of 64 mph was measured at Lewes just before 2:30 p.m.[198]
New Jersey
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hurricane_Sandy_damage_Atlantic_City_US_40-US_322.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Sandy_damage_Atlantic_City_US_40-US_322.jpg)
A 50-foot piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away. Half the city of Hoboken flooded; the city of 50,000 had to evacuate two of its fire stations and the city's Mayor asked for National Guard help.[175] In the early morning of October 30, authorities in Bergen County, New Jersey, evacuated residents after a berm overflowed and flooded several communities. Police Chief of Staff Jeanne Baratta said there were up to 5 feet of water in the streets of Moonachie and Little Ferry. The state Office of Emergency Management said rescues were undertaken in Carlstadt.[199] Baratta said the three towns had been "devastated" by the flood of water.[200]
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter said the city will have no mass transit operations on any lines October 30.[179] All major highways in and around the city of Philadelphia were closed on October 29 during the Hurricane, including Interstate 95, the Blue Route portion of Interstate 476, the Vine Street Expressway, Schuylkill Expressway (I-76), and U.S. Route 1.[201] The highways reopened at 4 a.m. on October 30.[201] The Delaware River Port Authority also closed its major crossings over the Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey due to high winds, including the Commodore Barry Bridge, the Walt Whitman Bridge, the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Betsy Ross Bridge.[201] More than 1.2 million were left without power as a result of the storm.
New York
Governor Cuomo has called up another 1,000 National Guard members to help in the state. One of the units at Indian Point nuclear power plant (Unit #3) was shut down around 10:45 p.m. October 29, because of external electrical grid issues according to plat operator Entergy.[202] Storm impacts in Upstate New York were much more limited than in New York City; there was some flooding and a few downed trees, but many fewer than during the Western and Northern NY Ice Storm of March 3–4, 1991.[203] Rochester area utilities reported slightly fewer than 19,000 customers without power, in seven counties.[204]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sandy_Poweroutage_1.jpg/200px-Sandy_Poweroutage_1.jpg)
Mayor Bloomberg announced New York City public schools will be closed Tuesday, October 30 and Wednesday October 31.[205] CUNY and NYU have cancelled all classes and campus activities for October 30.[206] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days, the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985.[207] It was also the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888.[208]
The East River over flowed its banks, flooding large sections of Lower Manhattan. Battery Park had a water surge of 13.88 ft.[209] Seven subway tunnels under the East River were flooded as of October 30.[210] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority said early on October 30, that the destruction caused by the storm was the worst disaster in the 108 year history of the New York City subway system.[211] Sea water flooded the Ground Zero construction site.[212]
New England
Wind gusts to 83 mph were recorded on outer Cape Cod and Buzzards Bay.[213] Over 385,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts, and roads and buildings were flooded.[214] Over 100,000 customers lost power in Rhode Island.[215] Most of the damage was along the coastline, where some communities were flooded.[216] Mount Washington, New Hampshire saw the strongest measured wind gust from the storm at 140 mph.[217] Over 200,000 customers lost power in the state.[218][219][220]
Other areas
West Virginia
The highest snowfall totals from Sandy so far are reports of 28 inches (as of 11 PM on October 30) at Davis, West Virginia and at Flat Top, West Virginia.[221] On October 30, President Obama approved a state of emergency declaration for the state.[222] John Rose, Sr., the Republican candidate for the state's 47th district in the state legislature, was killed in the aftermath of the storm by a falling tree limb broken off by the heavy snowfall.[223]
Ohio
On October 30, at least 247,000 in northeast Ohio were without power, mostly in the Cleveland area. Many schools were closed or delayed as the hurricane brought high winds and the season's first snow to some parts of the state overnight.[224]
Michigan
DTE Energy said that more than 120,000 customers lost power, and Consumers Energy reported the same for 1,200 of its customers. The National Weather Service said that waves up to 23 feet high were reported on southern Lake Huron.[225]
Kentucky
The most impacted area was the Eastern region of the state where as much as eight inches of snow fell as Sandy merged with an artic cold front.[citation needed]
Bermuda
Owing to the sheer size of the storm, Sandy also impacted Bermuda with high winds and heavy rains. On October 28, an F1 tornado touched down in Sandys Parish, damaging homes and businesses.[226] During a three-day span, the storm produced 0.98 in (25 mm) of rain at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The strongest winds were recorded on October 29: sustained winds reached 37 mph (60 km/h) and gusts peaked at 58 mph (93 km/h).[227]
Canada
The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at 105 km/h (63 mph). A 121 km/h (72 mph) gust was measured on top of the Bluewater Bridge.[228] One woman was killed after being hit by a piece of flying debris in Toronto.[150] At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power as of the morning of October 30,[229] and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power.[230] Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm, with nearly 40,000 of those in the Laurentides region of the province, as well as more than 4,000 customers in the Eastern Townships and 1,700 customers in Montreal.[231] Hundreds of flights were canceled.[232] Around 14,000 customers in Nova Scotia lost power during the height of the storm.[233]
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)
- 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane
- 1938 New England hurricane, major hurricane that affected the Northeast
- 1991 Perfect Storm, similar storm in the eastern United States
- December 1992 nor'easter, severe flood event in New York City
- 1993 Storm of the Century, storm with similar effects
- 2011 Halloween nor'easter, affected the Northeast exactly one year before Sandy
- Hurricane Gilbert, last hurricane to make landfall in Jamaica.
- Hurricane Gloria, brought sustained hurricane force winds to Long Island
- Hurricane Hazel, another complicated trough interaction storm in eastern North America
- Hurricane Irene, last hurricane to hit the Mid-Atlantic states and New England
- Hurricane Paloma, similar late season intense storm in Cuba
- List of New Jersey hurricanes
- List of New York hurricanes
- Superstorm
References
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AT 0500 AM EDT...0900 UTC...THERE WAS NO DISCERNIBLE SURFACE CIRCULATION FOR THE REMNANTS OF SANDY. SANDY HAS WEAKENED INTO A SURFACE TROUGH OF LOW PRESSURE OVER WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
- ^ "TROPICAL DEPRESSION EIGHTEEN DISCUSSION NUMBER 1". Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
SATELLITE IMAGES AND SURFACE OBSERVATIONS INDICATE THAT THE LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM OVER THE SOUTHWESTERN CARIBBEAN SEA HAS ACQUIRED SUFFICIENT ORGANIZATION TO BE CLASSIFIED AS A TROPICAL DEPRESSION. THE EXACT CENTER IS STILL A LITTLE DIFFICULT TO PINPOINT...BUT THE SYSTEM HAS CLOSED SURFACE CIRCULATION...AND CONVECTIVE BANDING HAS INCREASED MARKEDLY SINCE OVERNIGHT. REFINEMENTS TO THE POSITION COULD BE REQUIRED LATER TODAY ONCE THE AIR FORCE HURRICANE HUNTER PLANE INVESTIGATES THE SYSTEM.
{{cite web}}
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{{cite report}}
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite news}}
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
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External links
- Archived information on Hurricane Sandy from the National Hurricane Center
- Radar loop of Hurricane Sandy making landfall
- Satellite imagery and data of Hurricane Sandy from NASA
- Airport closures and status in the Northeastern United States from the FAA
- Hurricane Sandy preparation and response updates from FEMA
- Google Crisis Map for Hurricane Sandy
- CrisisWiki: 2012 Hurricane Sandy
- Hurricane information and live coverage from The Weather Channel from Weather Underground
- 7 Great Places Online To Track Hurricane Sandy - Forbes
- Superstorm Sandy at The Weather Channel
- Hurricane Sandy: Guidelines for Providing Assistance by American Radio Relay League
- Hurricane Sandy
- 2012 Atlantic hurricane season
- Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes
- 2012 in the Bahamas
- 2012 in Bermuda
- 2012 in Connecticut
- 2012 in Cuba
- 2012 in Delaware
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