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Tesla Model S

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Tesla Model S
File:Model S.jpg
Overview
ManufacturerTesla Motors
Production2012–present
AssemblyFremont, California, United States (Tesla Factory)
DesignerFranz von Holzhausen
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size sports sedan
Body style4-door fastback
LayoutRear-engine, rear-wheel drive
Powertrain
Electric motorThree-phase AC induction motor

85 kW·h (Performance)
310 kW (420 hp), 443 ft⋅lb (600 N⋅m)

85 kW·h
270 kW (360 hp), 325 ft⋅lb (440 N⋅m)[1]

60 kW·h
225 kW (302 hp), 317 ft⋅lb (430 N⋅m)

40 kW·h
175 kW (235 hp), 310 ft⋅lb (420 N⋅m)
TransmissionSingle-speed fixed gear (9.73:1)
Battery85, 60, or 40 kW·h lithium ion battery[1]
Electric range85 kW·h
265 mi (426 km) (EPA)
300 mi (480 km) (Tesla Motors)

60 kW·h
208 mi (335 km) (EPA)
230 mi (370 km) (Tesla Motors)

40 kW·h
160 mi (260 km) (Tesla Motors)
Dimensions
Wheelbase116.5 in (2,959 mm)
Length195.9 in (4,976 mm)
Width77.3 in (1,963 mm)
Height56.5 in (1,435 mm)
Curb weight4,647.3 lb (2,108.0 kg)[2]

The Tesla Model S is a full-sized electric four-door sedan produced by Tesla Motors. First shown to the public at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show as a prototype, retail deliveries started in the United States in June, 2012.[3]

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) official range for the Model S Performance model equipped with a 85 kWh lithium-ion battery pack is 265 miles (426 km), topping the Tesla Roadster and making the Model S the electric car with the greatest range available in the market.[4][5][6] The EPA range for the model with the 60 kW·h battery is 208 mi (335 km).[7] EPA's energy consumption is rated at 855 kilojoules per kilometre (38 kW·h/100 mi) for a combined fuel economy of 89 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (2.64 L/100 km).[4][8] Tesla also scheduled the release of a base model with a smaller 40 kW·h battery expected to deliver a range of 160 miles (260 km) and mid-range model with a 60 kW·h battery pack, both rescheduled to begin deliveries during the first quarter of 2013.[9]

Tesla allocated the first 1,000 sedans off the production line to a Signature and Signature Performance limited edition, equipped with the 85 kW·h battery pack, and priced in the U.S. at US$95,400 and US$105,400 correspondingly, before any applicable U.S. federal and local government tax credits and incentives.[10][11] The base Model S starts at US$59,900 with a 40 kW·h battery pack up to US$79,900 with the 85 kW·h pack before any government subsidies.[4][10]

History

Model S is a high-performance, premium electric sedan that intends to compete with cars such as the BMW 5-series. This model follows Tesla Motors' business plan to expand down-market from the high performance Tesla Roadster sports car. Model S was styled by Franz von Holzhausen, who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations. The chassis, body, motor and energy storage systems are unique to Tesla Motors.[12]

Tesla Model S prototype at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show

The Tesla Model S was initially codenamed WhiteStar during research and preliminary development.[13][14] Model S was announced in a press release on June 30, 2008.[15][16] The prototype vehicle was displayed at a press conference on March 26, 2009.[17]

In February 2008 it was reported that Tesla Motors was planning to offer a range-extended version of its Model S. This version would have included a gasoline engine to extend the driving range of the vehicle,[18] but it was removed in later revisions. At the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Musk announced that Tesla was only developing all-electric cars and not hybrids.[19]

Construction of an assembly factory in Albuquerque, New Mexico (a central location for shipping) was supposed to begin in April 2007, but was cancelled.[20] A factory to be built in San Jose, California was also announced.[21][22][23] In May 2010 Tesla Motors announced it would produce the new lower-priced Model S at the former NUMMI assembly plant in Fremont, California,[24] now known as the Tesla Factory.

The Model S was featured on Late Show with David Letterman in April 2009. Because the car uses no gasoline and does not produce any tailpipe emissions, it was allowed on the Late Show set and was the first fully functioning car on stage.[25]

Production

Tesla manufactures the Model S at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. For the European market, Tesla will assemble and distribute the Model S from its European Distribution Center in Tilburg, the Netherlands. Production of the European left-hand-drive versions is scheduled to start in March 2013.[26]

The Model S was officially launched at the factory on June 22, 2012. Ten customers received their cars at the event, and Tesla reaffirmed their goal to build 5,000 cars in 2012. After the first four weeks of production, Tesla announced it had manufactured their 100th production Model S, of which 74 were for customers. The other 26 were being used for test drives, displays, testing, and training.[27]

On September 13, in an interview Musk indicated the production rate was up to 80 cars per week,[28] and by November 5, Tesla announced it had reached a production rate of over 200 cars per week.[29] By the end of 2012 Tesla revised their deliveries down to 2,500 cars, with 20,000 planned for 2013.[30] On January 30, 2013, it was reported that production had reached 400 per week.[31]

Specifications

Model S chassis, on display at Santana Row in San Jose, California

Powertrain

The 2012 Tesla Model S Performance model has a 416 hp (310 kW) and 443 ft⋅lb (600 N⋅m) rear-mounted electric motor. The base model uses a 362 hp (270 kW) and 325 ft⋅lb (440 N⋅m) motor. According to Tesla Motors the electric car has a drag coefficient of Cd=0.24,[32] the lowest of any car in the market until the launch of the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class in January 2013, but the highly aerodynamic styling limits the driver's rear visibility.[1][33] Under its five-cycle testing, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency rated the 85 kWh Model S model with a combined fuel economy equivalent of 89 MPGe (2.64 L/100 km), with an equivalent 88 mpg‑US (2.7 L/100 km; 106 mpg‑imp) in city driving and 90 mpg‑US (2.6 L/100 km; 110 mpg‑imp) on highways.[4]

The following table shows the EPA's official ratings for fuel economy in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPGe) and EPA's estimated out-of-pocket fuel costs for the two versions of the Model S rated by December 2012 as displayed in the Monroney label.

2012-13 Tesla Model S fuel economy and operating costs
Model Model
year		 EPA rated
Combined
fuel economy		 EPA rated
City
fuel economy		 EPA rated
Highway
fuel economy		 Cost to drive
25 miles		 Annual
Fuel Cost(1)
(15,000 mi)
Tesla Model S
(60 kWh battery)[34]		 2013 95 MPGe
(35 kWh/100 mi)		 94 MPGe 97 MPGe $1.05 $650
Tesla Model S
(85 kWh battery)[35]		 2012-13 89 MPGe
(38 kWh/100 mi)		 88 MPGe
(38 kWh/100 mi)		 90 MPGe
(37 kWh/100 mi)		 $1.14 $700
Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. Values rounded to the nearest $50. Electricity cost of US$0.12/kWh, as of November 30, 2012). 1 gal. gasoline = 33.7 kWh.

The Model S Signature model with a 85 kWh pack rated by EPA has a top speed of 125 mph (201 km/h) and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 5.6 seconds.[4] The Model S Signature Performance model has a top speed of 130 mph (210 km/h) and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 4.4 seconds. The 60 kW·h battery model has a top speed of 120 mph (190 km/h) and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 5.9 seconds, and the base model with the 40 kW·h battery has a top speed of 110 mph (180 km/h) and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 6.5 seconds.[36]

Battery

The Model S is offered with three battery packs: a base model with a 40 kW·h battery expected to deliver a range of 160 miles (260 km); a larger battery pack option with 60 kW·h battery expected to deliver 230 miles (370 km); and a 85 kW·h battery expected to deliver 300 miles (480 km). These are Tesla Motors estimated ranges at a speed of 55 mph (89 km/h).[36] The EPA official range for the 85 kW·h battery pack model is 265 miles (426 km).[4][37] The official range for the model with the 60 kW·h battery is 208 mi (335 km).[7] Based on these ratings, it is expected that the model with the 40 kW·h battery should deliver a range of about 125 miles (201 km) under the EPA's five-cycle testing.[38]

Tesla Model S showing the front trunk where the gasoline engine would be in a typical car. Tesla Motors calls this a 'frunk'.[2]

In December 2012, Tesla released a software update that among other improvements, features new energy-saving "sleep" functionality. The software allows Model S owners to choose between keeping the displays and vehicle electronics instantly available each time you turn on the car, or powering off the display and vehicle electronics each time you exit through a "sleep" state. The former implies a modest increase in the time it takes the touchscreen and instrument panel to wake from this energy-saving state. Using the sleep mode can increase the Model S range up to 8 mi (13 km) per day.[39]

The lithium-ion battery consists of more than 7,000 battery cells for the 85 kW·h pack.[40] The battery pack uses Panasonic cells with nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathodes.[1] The battery pack location underneath the car into the floor, provides the Model S with a very low center of gravity.[41]

The Model S battery is guaranteed by Tesla Motors for eight years or 100,000 mi (160,000 km) for the base model with the 40 kW·h battery pack, while the base model with the 60 kW·h battery has an eight years or 125,000 mi (201,000 km) warranty. All models with the 85 kW·h battery pack are guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles.[42]

A battery replacement option may be purchased for a cost of US$8,000 for the 40kWh battery, US$10,000 for the 60kWh battery and US$12,000 for the 85kWh battery and will provide a replacement battery anytime after the 8th year of operation of the original battery.[43] The replacement battery purchase option is not currently available as an option on the Tesla purchase and configuration page (as of December 2012), but various unofficial reports from Tesla Motors Club have said that Tesla has indicated that the replacement battery option must be purchased within 30 days after delivery of the Model S, is transferable with the car if the car is sold and that US$1000 per year may be refunded to the owner for each year beyond the original 8 years that the owner continues without replacing the original battery.[citation needed]

Charging

The charger for the Tesla Model S, unlike the Tesla Roadster, is integral to the vehicle, providing 10 kW 110/240-volt charging standard. An optional US$1,500 upgrade will support 20 kW charging from a 100 Amp wall-mounted charger (High Power Wall Connector).[1] Instead of a power port that opens like a gasoline cap, like other electric cars in the market, the Model S charge port is hidden behind the left rear taillight. The port is circled in LED lights that indicate how much the battery is charged by how rapidly the lights blink.[41] Tesla uses a proprietary electrical connector or socket that is smaller than the SAE J1772 North American standard, but adapters are provided for 110 and 240 volt outlets, and for public charging stations (J1772 spec adapter). Additional adapters are available for purchase. The carmaker plans to deploy 90 kW 440 V Tesla Supercharger units between key cities to allow fast charging on road trips.[1][44]

Charging times vary depending on the battery pack's state-of-charge, its overall capacity, the available voltage, and the available circuit breaker amp rating (current). From a 110 V/12 A outlet, the range can be restored by 5 miles (8 km) for every hour of charging. From a 10 kW, NEMA 14-50 240 V/40 A outlet (like those used by RVs), the range can be restored by 31 miles (50 km) for every hour of charging. Using Tesla's 20 kW, 240 V High Power Wall Connector, the range can be restored by 62 miles (100 km) for every hour of charging if the car is configured with twin chargers (20 kW). The roadside Tesla Superchargers can charge about half the battery in 30 minutes, providing up to 150 miles (240 km) worth of range into the models configured with the 85 kWh battery packs.[44] Supercharging is included in all models with the 85 kW·h battery pack, including both Signature limited edition models, the Performance model, and the base model with 85 kW·h). Supercharging will also be included in the base model with the 60 kW·h battery for an extra cost, but it will not be available for the 40 kW·h battery model.[42][44]

Instrument Panel and Touchscreen

Tesla Model S prototype interior
Production dashboard with main dashboard digital display (left) and central 17-inch (430 mm) touchscreen control panel (right)

The primary Instrumental Panel is a 12.3-inch LCD display which indicates speed, power usage, charge level, estimated range and active gear. The gearbox can be set to Drive, Neutral, Reverse and Park. The vehicle does not have a transmission, only a single speed fixed gear with a 9.73:1 reduction ratio.

The secondary infotainment control touchscreen is a 17" multi-touch panel divided into 4 areas. A top line displays status symbols and provides shortcuts to Charging, HomeLink, Driver Profiles, vehicle information (software version and the VIN), and Bluetooth. The second line provides access to several Apps including Media, Nav (driven by Google Maps), Energy, Web, Camera, and Phone. The central main viewing area changes depending on the app chosen and typically displays two apps at a time, divided into an upper and lower area, although most apps can be expanded to take up the entire main viewing area. The bottom area provides access to Controls (which allows you to access various controls and settings for the vehicle (such as doors, locks, lights, etc.) as well as Climate controls and a secondary volume control for the passenger (primary media volume is provided for the driver in the steering wheel).

Both the instrument cluster and the center infotainment panel are driven by their own separate NVIDIA Tegra 3D Visual Computing Module (VCM).[45] Tesla was the first company to ship this technology although Audi has announced is also using this technology in the 2013 model year in Europe and expects to bring it to North America in 2014.[46] The Tegra system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrates eight specialized processors, including a multi-core ARM CPU, a GPU, and dedicated audio, video, and image processors. Nvidia claims it consumes 50 times less energy than the typical CPU.[47]

The Tegra VCM's can be rebooted individually through the steering wheel. Holding both the left and right upper control buttons on the steering wheel down concurrently for 15 seconds reboots the instrument cluster. Holding both the left and right scroll/click wheels down concurrently for 15 seconds reboots the center infotainment panel.

Options

Standard Performance
40 kW·h 60 kW·h 85 kW·h
Range 160 mi (258 km)
(Tesla Motors)		 230 mi (370 km)
(Tesla Motors)
208 mi (335 km)
(EPA)		 300 mi (480 km)
(Tesla Motors)
265 mi (426 km)
(EPA)
Max. power 175 kW (235 hp)
@ 4000-10,300 rpm		 225 kW (302 hp)
@ 5000-8000 rpm		 270 kW (362 hp)
@ 6000-9500 rpm		 310 kW (416 hp)
@ 5000-8600 rpm
Max. torque 310 lb·ft (420 N·m)
@ 0-4000 rpm		 317 lb·ft (430 N·m)
@ 0-5000 rpm		 325 lb·ft (440 N·m)
@ 0-5800 rpm		 443 lb·ft (600 N·m)
@ 0-5100 rpm
0-60 mph
(0–97 km/h) 		6.5 sec 5.9 sec 5.6 sec 4.4 sec
Top speed 110 mph
(177 km/h)		 120 mph
(193 km/h)		 125 mph
(201 km/h)		 130 mph
(210 km/h)
Supercharging Not available Optional ($2000) Included

Supercharger network

The Tesla obelisk is used to identify the Supercharger network sites in California.

Tesla Motors is building a network of 480-volt fast charging stations, named Superchargers, developed to allow the Model S sedans to make long distance trips, and planned to be available in high traffic corridors across the continental United States. The company also plans to deploy Superchargers in Europe and Asia in the second half of 2013. The first Supercharger corridor in the U.S. opened access for free to its Model S owners in October 2012, and this corridor includes six stations placed along routes connecting San Francisco, Lake Tahoe, Los Angeles and Las Vegas.[48][49] A second corridor was opened in December 2012, connecting Washington, D.C. to Boston, and includes two stations located in highway rest areas in Delaware and Connecticut.[50]

The Supercharger is a proprietary DC rapid-charging station that provides almost 100 kW of power, allowing the electric car to replenish an 85 kwh battery in about one hour, or give it an additional 150 mi (240 km) of range in about 30 minutes. The electricity used by the Supercharger in the West Cost corridor comes from a solar carport system provided by SolarCity, and eventually, all of the Supercharger stations will be supplied by solar power. The Tesla Supercharger network is exclusive to appropriately equipped Model S sedans, which were engineered to accept Tesla's specific form of rapid electricity transfer. Supercharging hardware is standard on Model S vehicles equipped with an 85 kWh battery and optional on Model S vehicles equipped with a 60 kWh battery. The Tesla Roadster is not equipped to charge from the Superchargers, but according to the carmaker, all future Tesla models will be able to supercharge.[48][49][50] According to Elon Musk, “...we expect all of the United States to be covered by the end of next year” and he also said that Tesla owners’ use of the network would be free forever.[51]

Vehicle warranty and maintenance

The new vehicle limited warranty is 4 years or 50,000 mi (80,000 km), whichever comes first.[52] The warranty covers all wear and tear parts such as wipers and brake pads (excluding tires.)[53] The warranty is also unique in that it will be forfeited if annual (or 12,500 mi (20,100 km)) inspections are not performed by a Tesla certified technician or if the vehicle is taken to an independent shop for service or repairs.[54] In North America, the cost of the inspection is $600; a prepaid four-inspection plan is available.[53]

Sales and markets

Tesla Motors reported 520 reservations for the Model S during the first week after the carmaker began accepting deposits online and at showrooms in California on March 26, 2009.[55] The very first Model S was reserved for Tesla investor Steve Jurvetson. Tesla required a US$5,000 deposit for a regular Model S and a US$40,000 deposit for the Signature Series Model S.[56] By mid December 2010, Tesla announced that the reservation count had passed 3,000,[57] 6,500 by November 2011,[58] and 13,200 by September 2012.[59][60]

Model S first retail deliveries ceremony at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, held on June 22, 2012.

The special edition Model S Signature model was sold out even before deliveries began in June 2012, and according to Tesla Motors the electric sedan is sold out through 2012. A car ordered in May 2012 would be delivered in early to mid 2013.[61][62] By August 2012 the carmaker was manufacturing 3 to 4 cars a day[27] and production capacity was ramped up to 200 units a week by early November 2012, and expects to achieve the target rate of 400 cars per week or 20,000 per year by December 2012.[63][64] Tesla Motors initially expected to sell at least 5,000 units in 2012 and set a sales target of 20,000 units for 2013.[59][65]

Deliveries of the models with 40 kW·h and 60 kW·h battery packs were initially slated for November and December 2012 respectively. In December 2012, Tesla announced that production of the 60 kW·h battery model was rescheduled to begin in January 2013, with deliveries in the United States beginning by January-early February 2013. Production of the 40 kW·h battery model is slated to begin in March with deliveries scheduled for March-early April 2013.[9]

United States

The first delivery took place on June 1, 2012, to the first person to place an order, Tesla investor Steve Jurvetson.[66] Deliveries for retail customers in the United States started on June 22, at a special event held at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California.[3] By September 2012, 359 units had been produced with 253 of those delivered to retail customers.[64] As of 30 November 2012, approximately 1,500 units had been delivered.[67]

The first 1,000 production units correspond to the Signature and Signature Performance limited edition equipped with a 85 kW·h battery pack. The Model S Signature model starts at US$95,400 and the Signature Performance at US$105,400.[10] The base Model S with the 40 kW·h battery pack starts at US$57,400, the model with the 60 kW·h pack increases US$10,000 and the base model with the 85 kW·h pack increases another US$10,000. These prices are before any applicable U.S. federal and local government tax credits and incentives.[42]

On November 29, 2012, Tesla announced an all model price increase of US$2,500 for new reservations, starting January 1, 2013. The company also released pricing for a replacement battery pack pre-paid option. The price of a 40 kWh pack is US$8,000, the price of a 60 kWh pack is US$10,000 , and the 85 kWh pack costs US$12,000.[68]

Other markets

Retail deliveries are scheduled to begin in Europe during the first half of 2013, followed by the right-hand-drive model destined for the UK and Asia by mid-2013.[69][70]

Europe

Tesla will offer only the 60 kWh and 85 kWh battery models in the European market. U.S. and European standard equipment and options packages are the same. In most countries where the Model S will be sold base prices for the 60 kWh start at €72,600 (around US$95,800), and €83,150 (about US$109,700) for the 85 kWh battery car. The 85 kWh Performance, Signature, and Signature Performance trim levels are listed at €97,550 (around US$128,700), €101,400 (about US$133,800), and €110,950 (around US$146,400) respectively. European prices are higher compared to U.S. prices. Tesla explained that exchange rates, the value added tax (VAT), plus a slight price increase to account for transport costs, import duties and other costs relevant to individual European countries explains the large price difference between European and U.S. pricing. Tesla will also offer deductions of €1,700 (around US$2,250) to buyers who already hold a Model S reservation in Europe, or plan to do so by the end of December. Buyers will need to finalize their order within four weeks of receiving their "Invitation to Configure" from Tesla. Deliveries of the Model S Signature models are scheduled to start late in the second quarter, and non-Signature car deliveries will begin in the third quarter of 2013.[71][72]

Recognition

See also

References

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