1865

This article is about the year 1865. For other uses, see 1865 (disambiguation).

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Decades:	1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s
Years:	1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868

1865 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1865 MDCCCLXV
Ab urbe condita	2618
Armenian calendar	1314 ԹՎ ՌՅԺԴ
Assyrian calendar	6615
Baháʼí calendar	21–22
Balinese saka calendar	1786–1787
Bengali calendar	1272
Berber calendar	2815
British Regnal year	28 Vict. 1 – 29 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2409
Burmese calendar	1227
Byzantine calendar	7373–7374
Chinese calendar	甲子年 (Wood Rat) 4562 or 4355     — to — 乙丑年 (Wood Ox) 4563 or 4356
Coptic calendar	1581–1582
Discordian calendar	3031
Ethiopian calendar	1857–1858
Hebrew calendar	5625–5626
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1921–1922
- Shaka Samvat	1786–1787
- Kali Yuga	4965–4966
Holocene calendar	11865
Igbo calendar	865–866
Iranian calendar	1243–1244
Islamic calendar	1281–1282
Japanese calendar	Genji 2 / Keiō 1 (慶応元年)
Javanese calendar	1793–1794
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4198
Minguo calendar	47 before ROC 民前47年
Nanakshahi calendar	397
Thai solar calendar	2407–2408
Tibetan calendar	阳木鼠年 (male Wood-Rat) 1991 or 1610 or 838     — to — 阴木牛年 (female Wood-Ox) 1992 or 1611 or 839

Year 1865 (MDCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day behind Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

January 15: Union captures Fort Fisher.

• January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near Wall Street in New York City.
• January 13 – American Civil War: The Second Battle of Fort Fisher begins when United States forces launch a major amphibious assault against the Confederate stronghold of Fort Fisher, North Carolina.
• January 15 – American Civil War: United States forces capture Fort Fisher.
• January 31
  • Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (conditional prohibition of slavery and involuntary servitude) passes narrowly in the House of Representatives.
  • American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.
• February – American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces.
• February 3 – Leaders from Union and Confederacy discuss peace terms at the Hampton Roads Conference.
• February 22 – Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.
• February 21 – John Deere received a patent for ploughs.
• March 3 – The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands.
• March 4 – Lincoln inaugurated for a second term; Andrew Johnson becomes Vice President.
• March 4 – Washington College and Jefferson College are merged to form Washington & Jefferson College.
• March 13 – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America agrees to the use of African American troops.
• March 18 – American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.
• March 19 – American Civil War: The Battle of Bentonville begins; by the end of the battle on March 21 the Confederate forces retreat from Four Oaks, North Carolina.
• March 25
  • The "Claywater Meteorite" explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin; fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg are recovered.
  • American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Stedman from the Union. Lee's army suffers heavy casualties during the battle of Fort Stedman—about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. Confederate positions are weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat is only a matter of time.

April–June

April 2: Jefferson Davis.

April 9: Appomattox Court House.

• April 1 – American Civil War – Battle of Five Forks: In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
• April 2 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis and most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, which is taken by Union troops the next day.
• April 6 – German chemicals producer Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF) is founded in Mannheim.
• April 9 – American Civil War: Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union Army General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War.
• April 14 (Good Friday)
  • Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is shot while attending an evening performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. The President lapses into a coma after doctors move him to a bed in a house across the street.
  • United States Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home by Lewis Powell.
• April 15 – Inauguration of Andrew Johnson: President Lincoln dies early this morning from his gunshot wound and Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the United States.
• April 18 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive in Charlotte with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers.
• April 21 – German Chemicals producer BASF moves its headquarters and factories from Mannheim to the Hemshof District of Ludwigshafen.
• April 26
  • American Civil War: Confederate States Army General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders to Union Army Major General William Tecumseh Sherman at Durham Station, North Carolina.
  • Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth in a Virginia barn, and cavalryman Boston Corbett shoots the assassin dead.
• April 27
  • The steamboat SS Sultana, carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,700, most of whom are Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.
  • Governor of New York Reuben Fenton signs a bill formally creating Cornell University in the United States.

April 14: Lincoln shot.

April 27: SS Sultana sinks.

• May 1 – The Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed; the Paraguayan War has already begun.
• May 4 – American Civil War: Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama, effectively ending all Confederate resistance east of the Mississippi River.
• May 5
  • In North Bend, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati), the first train robbery in the United States takes place.
  • Jefferson Davis meets with his Confederate Cabinet (14 officials) for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, and the Confederate Government is officially dissolved.
• May 10 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by the Union Army near Irwinville, Georgia.
• May 13 – American Civil War – Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war ends with a Confederate victory.
• May 17
  • International Telegraph Union founded.
  • French missionary Father Armand David first observes Père David's deer in Peking, China.
• May 23 – Grand Review of the Armies: Union Army troops parade down Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.) to celebrate the end of the American Civil War.
• May 25 – Mobile magazine explosion: 300 are killed in Mobile, Alabama when an ordnance depot explodes.
• May 29 – American Civil War: President of the United States Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation of general amnesty for most citizens of the former Confederacy.
• June 2 – American Civil War: Confederate forces west of the Mississippi River under General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, becoming the last to do so.
• June 11 – Battle of Riachuelo: The Brazilian Navy squadron defeats the Paraguayan Navy.

July 2: Salvation Army.

• June 19 – American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation (an event celebrated in modern times each year as Juneteenth).
• June 23 – American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory, Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant Rebel army.
• June 25 – James Hudson Taylor founds the China Inland Mission at Brighton, England.

July–September

File:Alice in Wonderland.jpg

July 4: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

• July – The Christian Mission, later renamed the Salvation Army, is founded in Whitechapel, London by William and Catherine Booth.
• July 4 – Lewis Carroll publishes his children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in England (first trade editions in December).
• July 5
  • The U.S. Secret Service is founded.
  • The first speed limit is introduced in Britain: 2 mph (3.2 km/h) in town and 4 mph (6.4 km/h) in the country.
• July 7 – Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial are hanged, including David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Payne and Mary Surratt. Her son, John Surratt, escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately to Egypt.
• July 14 – First ascent of the Matterhorn: The summit of the Matterhorn in the Alps is reached for the first time, by a party of seven led by the Englishman Edward Whymper; four die in a fall during the descent.

July 14: Matterhorn climbed.

July 30: Steamer Brother Jonathan sinks.

• July 21 – In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots Dave Tutt dead in what is regarded as the first true western showdown.
• July 27 – Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.
• July 30 – The steamer Brother Jonathan sinks off the California coast, killing 225.
• July 31 – The first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Australia.
• August 16 – The Dominican Republic regains independence from Spain
• August 25 – The Shergotty meteorite Mars meteorite falls in Sherghati, Gaya, Bihar, India.
• September 26 – Champ Ferguson becomes the first person (and one of only two) to be convicted of war crimes for actions taken during the American Civil War, found guilty by a U.S. Army tribunal on 23 charges arising from the murder of 53 people. He is hanged on October 20, two days after the conviction of Henry Wirz for war crimes.

October–December

• October 11 – Paul Bogle leads hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.
• October 25
  • Florida drafts its constitution in Tallahassee.
  • The paddlewheel steamer SS Republic sinks off the Georgia coast, with a cargo of $400,000 in coins.
• November 6 – American Civil War. Surrender to the British at Liverpool of the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah (Captain James Waddell), last significant organized Confederate unit.
• November 10 – Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the only American Civil War soldier to be executed for war crimes.
• November 26 – Battle of Papudo: The Spanish ship Covadonga is captured by the Chileans and the Peruvians, north of Valparaíso, Chile.
• December 10 – Léopold II becomes King of the Belgians.
• December 11 – The U.S. Congress creates the House Appropriations Committee and the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of the Committee on Ways and Means.
• December 18 – Secretary Seward declares Thirteenth Amendment ratified by three-quarters of the states (including those in secession); slavery legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.
• December 21 – The Kappa Alpha Order is founded at Washington College, Lexington, Virginia.
• December 24 – Jonathan Shank and Barry Ownby form the Ku Klux Klan in the American South, to resist Reconstruction and intimidate "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags", as well as to repress the freedpeople.

Francis Galton.

Date unknown

• Gregor Mendel formulates his theories of Mendelian inheritance in Moravia; they are mainly ignored for years.
• A forest fire near Silverton, Oregon destroys about one million acres (4,000 km²) of timber.
• The National Temperance Society and Publishing House is founded by James Black in the U.S.
• Francis Galton, polymath inventor of the weather map and the silent dog whistle, introduces eugenics.

Births

January–June

• January 5 – Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (d. 1920)
• January 9 – Leo Ditrichstein, Austrian born stage actor and playwright (d. 1928)
• January 10 – Mary Ingalls, blind older sister of American author Laura Ingalls Wilder (d. 1928)
• January 19 – Valentin Serov, Russian painter, mainly of portraits (d. 1911)
• January 27 – Nikolai Pokrovsky, Russian politician and last foreign minister of the Russian Empire (d. 1930)
• January 28
  • Lala Lajpat Rai "The Lion of Punjab", a leader of the Indian independence movement (d. 1928)
  • Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland (d. 1952)
• February 9 – Beatrice Stella Tanner, later Mrs. Patrick Campbell, English theatre actress & producer (d. 1940)
• February 28 – Alexander Henderson, American businessman (d. 1925)
• February 12 – Kazimierz Tetmajer, Polish writer (d. 1940)
• February 17 – Ernst Troeltsch, German theologian (d. 1923).
• February 19 – Sven Hedin, Swedish scientist and explorer (d. 1952)
• February 21 – John Haden Badley, English author and educator (d. 1967)
• February 28 – Wilfred Grenfell, English medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador (d. 1940)
• March 10 – Tan Sitong, Chinese reformist leader (d. 1898)
• March 15 – Edith Maude Eaton, English-born writer (d. 1914)
• March 19 – William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist (d. 1937)
• April 1 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1929)
• April 9
  • Laurence Hope, English poetess (d. 1904)
  • Erich Ludendorff, German general (d. 1937)
  • Charles Proteus Steinmetz, German-American engineer and electrician (d. 1923)
• April 14 – Alfred Hoare Powell, English Arts and Crafts architect, and designer and painter of pottery (d. 1960)
• April 28
  • Vital Brazil, Brazilian physician and immunologist (d. 1950)
  • Charles W. Woodworth, American entomologist (d. 1940)
• May 2 – Clyde Fitch, American dramatist (d. 1909)
• May 3 – Henry Francis Bryan, governor of American Samoa (d. 1944)
• May 25
  • John Mott, American YMCA leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
  • Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
• May 26 – Robert W. Chambers, American artist (d. 1933)
• June 2 – George Lohmann, English cricketer (d. 1901)
• June 3 – King George V (d. 1936)
• June 9 – Albéric Magnard, French composer (d. 1914)
• June 9 – Carl Nielsen, Danish composer (d. 1931)
• June 13 – William Butler Yeats, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1939)
• June 19 – May Whitty, British stage & screen actress (d. 1948)
• June 26 – Bernard Berenson, American art historian (d. 1959)

July–December

October 15: Charles W. Clark.

• July 13 – Gérard Encausse, French occultist (d. 1916)
• July 23 – Max Heindel, Danish-born Christian occultist, astrologer, and mystic (d. 1919)
• July 26 – Philipp Scheidemann, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1939)
• August 2
  • Irving Babbitt, American literary critic (d. 1933)
  • John Radecki, Australian stained glass artist (d. 1955)
• August 10 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (d. 1936)
• August 15 – Usui Mikao, Japanese founder of Reiki (d. 1926)
• August 20 – Bernard Tancred, South African cricketer (d. 1911)
• August 24 – King Ferdinand of Romania (d. 1927)
• August 27
  • James Henry Breasted, American Egyptologist (d. 1935)
  • Charles G. Dawes, Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1951)
• September 11 – Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (d. 1929)
• September 24 – Mollie McConnell, American actress (d. 1920)
• September 26 – Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford, English aviatrix and ornithologist (d. 1937)
• October 1 – Paul Dukas, French composer (d. 1935)
• October 12 – Arthur Harden, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
• October 15 – Charles W. Clark, American baritone (d. 1925)
• October 17 – James Rudolph Garfield, U.S. politician (d. 1950)
• October 22 – Raymond Hitchcock, American actor (d. 1929)
• October 26 – Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (d. 1912)
• October 27 – Tinsley Lindley, English footballer (d. 1940)
• November 2
  • Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States (d. 1923)
  • Paul Olaf Bodding, Norwegian missionary to India and creator of Santali Latin alphabet (d. 1938)
• December 8 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (d. 1957)
• December 16 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet (d. 1918)
• December 19 – Minnie Maddern Fiske, American stage actress (d. 1932)
• December 20 – Elsie de Wolfe, American socialite and interior decorator (d. 1950)
• December 25 – Evangeline Booth, 4th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1950)
• December 25 – Fay Templeton, Broadway musical comedy star (d. 1939)
• December 28 – Félix Vallotton, Swiss painter and printmaker (d. 1925)
• December 30 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)

Deaths

January–June

• January 19 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French philosopher and anarchist (b. 1809)
• January 28 – Felice Romani, poet and librettist (b. 1788)
• February 6 – Isabella Beeton, British cook and expert on household management (b. 1836)
• March 1 – Anna Pavlovna of Russia, queen consort of the Netherlands (b. 1795)
• March 20 – Yamanami Keisuke, samurai (b. 1833)
• March 30 – Oleksandr Dukhnovych, priest, writer and social activist (b. 1803
• April 1
  • John Milton, Governor of Florida (b. 1807)
  • Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano (b. 1798)
• April 2 – A. P. Hill, American Confederate general (b. 1825)
• April 13 – Achille Valenciennes, French zoologist (b. 1794)
• April 15 – Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (b. 1809)
• April 18 – Léon Jean Marie Dufour, French medical doctor and naturalist (b. 1780)
• April 24 – Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia (b. 1843)
• April 26 – John Wilkes Booth, American actor and assassin of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1838)
• April 28 – Sir Samuel Cunard, Canadian business man & founder of the Cunard Line (b. 1787)

July–December

• July 6 – Sophie of Sweden, Grand Duchess of Baden (b. 1801)
• July 7 – The Lincoln assassination conspirators (executed)
  • Lewis Powell (b. 1844)
  • David Herold (b. 1842)
  • George Atzerodt (b. 1835)
  • Mary Surratt (b. 1823)
• July 25 – James Barry, British military surgeon (b. 1795)
• August 4 – Percival Drayton, United States Navy officer (b. 1812)
• August 12 – William Jackson Hooker, English botanist (b. 1785)
• August 27 – Thomas Chandler Haliburton, Canadian author (b. 1796)
• September 2 – William Rowan Hamilton, Irish mathematician (b. 1805)
• October 16 – Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (b. 1781)
• October 18 – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1784)
• November 10 – Henry Wirz, Confederate military officer and prisoner-of-war camp commander (executed) (b. 1823)
• November 12 – Elizabeth Gaskell, British novelist and biographer (b. 1810)
• November 28 – William Machin Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (b. 1789)
• December 6 – Sebastián Iradier, Spanish composer (b. 1809)
• December 10 – Léopold I of Belgium (b. 1790)
• December 14 – Johan Georg Forchhammer, geologist (b. 1794)
• December 17 – Luigi Ciacchi, Italian cardinal (b. 1788)