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October 10

Prince Alfred's Visit to Hawaii in 1869

Are there any existing photographs, illustrations or depiction of any kind of Prince Alfred's visit to Hawaii (the Sandwich Islands) in 1869? I've seen a photograph or two of him Tahiti with the Brandee-Salmon family but none of his visit to Hawaii. --KAVEBEAR (talk) 05:32, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

No luck I'm afraid, but I did find The memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford,. Chapter IX, The Cruise of HMS Galatea (Ciontinued), III. Tahiti and the Sandwich Islands, HMS Galatea (1859) being the ship on which Prince Alfred toured the South Pacific. I bring this to your attention only for his Lordship's amusing account of surfing in Tahiti, which he says is "one of the most exhilarating pastimes in the world". I thought we might have more luck with The Cruise of H.M.S. Galatea, but it doesn't seem to mention the Sandwich Islands in the "contents".

BTW, Prince Alfred would have been referred to as "the Duke of Edinburgh" at that time, lest anybody else fancies a search. Alansplodge (talk) 12:32, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

This source list some watercolors done by Nicholas Chevalier: [22.] Native mode of travelling in the Sandwich Islands; the 19th of July 1869. N. Chevalier. [23.] Native female riders at Hawaii, Sandwich Islands; the 20th of July 1869. N. Chevalier. [24.] Bathing at Hilo, Sandwich Islands; the 20th of July 1869. N. Chevalier. [25.] The Island of Molokai, one of the Sandwich group; the cliffs rising abruptly 700 feet above the level of the sea; passed on the 21st of July 1869. N. Chevalier. [26.] View from the verandah of the residence prepared for, and occupied by, the Duke of Edinburgh, while staying at Honolulu; the 30th of July 1869. N. Chevalier. [27.] Waterfall near Honolulu, on the property of the late Queen Kalama; the 31st of July 1869. N. Chevalier. [28.] The Pali or precipice near Honolulu; the 31st of July 1869. N. Chevalier...Is it possible to find these?--KAVEBEAR (talk) 20:42, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

No year

This is a followup to Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Science/2015 July 1#No seasons, at which I asked if there were any locations with no real differences (other than stellar movements) in meteorological phenomena from year to year, and at which it was noted that the climate of Singapore really didn't vary significantly throughout the year.

Do we know of any primitive cultures that historically lacked a concept of a year, because they lived in locations such as Singapore in which the natural world was basically the same year-round? In the temperate zones in which I've always lived, plants other than conifer trees have an easily observed year-long cycle, but I'm not sure if this is a response to the weather or if this is something virtually all plants do — i.e. do most tropical plants have year-long life cycles, with many plants consistently lasting one year, and others consistently producing fruit once per year? Nyttend (talk) 11:26, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

You can tell the age of a tree by counting the number of annual rings in its trunk - as far as I know that's common to all trees wherever they are. Sufficient water is vital to the reproduction cycle. Singapore is on the equator but I have been in Malaysia during the monsoon season, and that's when it really rains. I doubt that any culture lacked the concept of a year, because they were agriculture based and followed the growing seasons. There are plentiful references to this in the early books of the Bible. The seasons were marked by the position of the sun or the full moon against the stars. The annual inundation of the Nile was marked by the appearance of Sirius. This was known as the "rain star" (Tir) in Persia, and one of the months was named after it. 2A02:C7F:BE2B:5600:C104:51BD:2846:2A97 (talk) 11:45, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

Tree rings are also season-based - trees grow fastest in the spring and early summer. According to our article on dendrochronology (telling age from tree rings), "The rings are more visible in temperate zones, where the seasons differ more markedly." It stands to reason that where there is little or no seasonal variation, trees always grow at roughly the same rate and you see no clear rings. Smurrayinchester 09:35, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Here, [1] it is *claimed*

“ All Indians were adults. It was impossible to establish their age precisely since they have no concept of a 'year'—only of a 'day'. ”

It should be noted that though the Waiana tribe was studied, this is *not* a work about their culture or concepts of time, it's about "adreanal rhythms".

This [2] paper about musicology of a tribe in PNG says

“ There are no seasons and hence no concept of "year" in Huli thought. ”

I don't know who the Waiana are, it seems we don't have a page or they are now known by a different name. That name only appears in our article on Uncontacted_peoples.

The refs are both paywalled but I can provide them to interested parties upon request. My WP:OR is that the second claim rests on better authority as it is more recent, and the author is at least a humanist of sorts. SemanticMantis (talk) 14:56, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

The month (cycle of the Moon) may be more significant to a primitive culture near the equator that makes it's living from hunting and fishing, versus agriculture. This is because full moonlight allows them to hunt or fish at night, to catch prey not normally available, and the cycles of the Moon are more obvious there than solar cycles. StuRat (talk) 15:02, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

As 2A02:C7F:BE2B:5600:C104:51BD:2846:2A97 mentioned, even in the tropics, the seasons do change during a year. In most places, even if the temperature does not change, the rain / dry seasons follow annual patterns (even in Singapore), and over thousands of years that is bound to be noticed by any group of people that live off agriculture or hunting-and-gathering. I think it's more plausible that their concept of long term time is different - that is, they see the annual cycle but their philosophy does not recognise a sequential concept of the year as time-marking. (It is somewhat analogous to the traditional Chinese way of marking years - which went in 60-year cycles, rather than sequentially like conventional Western year-marking.) --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 17:33, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

The dry season is caused by the Intertropical Convergence Zone moving. However, see Andagoya, Colombia. A place with hardly any seasons. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 18:28, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

When they say things like the average car in America was age 11.5 on 1/1/15?

Is the car age 0.0 on the assembly line or when the dealer gets it or when it turns from new to used when the buyer drives it off the lot? (which could be well over a year after the dealer got it). Do they ask when the event that starts the clock occurred to the day or month or just to the year? Or do they just ask what model year it is then subtract that from the current model year and average those? (if so that is probably why they chose 1/1/15 to do the survey) Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 17:57, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

Having worked in car sales in the UK I'm not familiar with the age of a car being expressed like this. It might be uniquely American. Can you provide an example of this usage in context? - Cucumber Mike (talk) 15:20, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

From a consulting firm that does an oft quoted survey

The US "Ministry" of Transportation website

New York Times

Fortune (the Fortune 500 Fortune)

Forbes (the Forbes 400 Forbes)

[3] Los Angeles Times

[4] cars.com

[5] USA Today

Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 17:55, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Thank you, and my apologies. Your question was actually clearer than I had been making it in my head.

So, as to the main question, when does the car start aging, the standard date to count from in the UK (and I'd imagine elsewhere too) is the date of first registration. That is the date on which the dealership selling the car provides details of the car and its new owner to the registration authority (the DVLA in the UK) and would normally be a couple of days to a week before the customer drives their new car away. Sometimes the dealer will pre-register a vehicle before they have a customer lined up. In this case a customer buying the 'new' car will get one that could be 6 months old and have had one previous owner (usually the dealership, the manufacturer or some associated company (I used to work for a company that registered vehicles in the name of a 'shell company' that didn't exist other than on paper in order to have cars registered in its name)). The benefit to the dealer of doing this is that they can a) spread out the work of registering vehicles throughout the year, rather than having a rush at traditional busy times (such as, in the UK, March 1st and September 1st, when new registration numbers are released), and b) it allows them to hit sales targets - if the dealer needs an extra 10 sales by the end of the month to hit the target given to them by the manufacturer then it will be cost-effective to take a small hit on the value of each of those vehicles in order to make what might be a 6-figure sum in bonuses from the manufacturer.

I wasn't able to find a methodology for the survey you quoted (and which all the following articles seemed to be using for their information), so I couldn't tell you exactly how they count the age of vehicles, but I suspect that yes, they are counting from the exact date of first registration. This would normally be 1-6 months after the car rolls off the assembly line (depending on how long it takes to transport), and in the case of pre-registered cars, as above, might be 2 days to 6 months before the customer drives away. - Cucumber Mike (talk) 06:24, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Thanks. The new car TV ads were selling 2008s after the 2009s came out for ages. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 18:52, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

My mechanic says a car starts "aging" when it is being used for the purpose it was designed for. So a car starts aging when it is purchased by a buyer who intends to use it for the purpose it was designed for. IE an ordinary person and not a car dealer. 175.45.116.99 (talk) 01:56, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

But that doesn't make sense. Let's say there is a brand new 2010 car. It sits on the car dealership lot for many years and no one buys it. Now, in 2016, I see the car and I buy it. I just bought a 6-year-old car. According to your mechanic, the car never "aged". So, I bought a brand-new 0-year-old car. That does not make sense. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 03:17, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

[Banned user's contribution deleted]

Yes, it's all semantics. In my case (above), the car was six-years-old. It was simply never driven for six years. Semantics. So, it is an undriven six-year-old car. When actuary tables, insurance premiums, Kelley Blue Book values, etc., are calculated, the car will be considered to be six-years-old, because it was built in 2010. All of those institutions (actuary tables, insurance premiums, Kelley Blue Book values, etc.) do not care if the car was driven or not driven for six years. They simply care that the car was built six years ago. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 15:05, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Markets are efficient. A car was bought new. It was taken home and never left the garage. After the owner died, many decades later, his wife put it up for auction. It was an unusual model and she got a fortune for it. If its value had been assessed on the same basis as that of others cars of that age which had been in normal use she would have only got a few pounds for it, if that. 2A02:C7F:A14:AA00:B9C1:49D7:605B:A265 (talk) 11:47, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

October 11

List of dance moves

Last night, I went dancing at a nightclub. I'm wondering if there's a list of dance moves that I can use to impress other people the next time I go out partyingUncle dan is home (talk) 01:32, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

http://findyourinnergeek.ca/2016/04/dance-moves-party-songs-know-2016/ --Jayron32 01:49, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Here's [6] some cool moves, using a form of dance notation. SemanticMantis (talk) 13:50, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

The competitors of the Gutenberg Bible: scribal bibles

It is easy to find images of what a typical page of the Gutenberg 42-line Bible (B42) looked/looks like: File:Gutenberg bible Old Testament Epistle of St Jerome.jpg. But what about bibles (or other books) that were being produced by other methods (by scribes, or by woodblock printing) at the same time (15th century Europe)? Are there any references online to what they looked like? Shreevatsa (talk) 03:33, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Giant Bible of Mainz

Commons has many images of 15th century manuscripts including several Bibles (commons:Category:15th-century illuminated manuscripts). Wikipedia has category:15th-century biblical manuscripts. The Giant Bible of Mainz was probably created near in time and location to Gutenburg's press.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Rmhermen (talk • contribs)

Thank you! My searching skills were poor today. Thank you very much for these pointers. Shreevatsa (talk) 05:46, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Recommend a book for spiritual succour - meaning of life needed

I have a friend going through some tough times, and it is clear that he is searching for answers to the big questions. He has begun looking through the internet for things and has begun dallying in the conspiracy websites. He has begun talking about how the Egyptian pharoahs may have been gods from somewhere in Orion's Belt, for instance, due to the placement of the pyramids.

Before he goes off the deep end and starts believing in a flat earth, I am looking for recommendations on popular science books that have a spiritual bent to them - basically a book grounded in facts and observable reality that also could lend a hand to someone looking for wider meaning. To me, scientific reasoning is the meaning in and of itself, but it isn't that way to everyone.

Failing that, really good books for the layman on anthropology, timelines of ancient history, language development, that kind of thing. Thanks FreeMorpheme (talk) 20:18, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Stephen Jay Gould's popular science books do not shy away from spirituality. Without prescribing or proscribing any specific strain of spirituality, they do argue for a human need for spiritual direction and guidance as well as scientific understanding. Rocks of Ages is probably his best known, but his other works in the area, such as The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox. --Jayron32 20:22, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

It's not very good as anthropology by modern standards, and the complete text does get a little turgid at times, but I can still recommend The Golden Bough as an antidote to unreflective spiritual mushiness. Tevildo (talk) 21:01, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Not addressing exactly the same side of the request, here is an interesting complement to the usual view our culture(s) builds it/themselve(s) of the Pharaos' own. --Askedonty (talk) 05:04, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

This is about conspiracy theories: [7]. For loose networks of unorthodox religious ideas: New Age. For a relationship between science and meaning in life: Non-overlapping magisteria. A different take on meaning in life: Absurdism. Each article has a different bibliography. Tgeorgescu (talk) 02:55, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

October 12

Cholera in Haiti

I read that lots of people have been drinking bad water since the hurricane. Why don't they boil it first? There's lots of wood debris everywhere. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 09:41, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Questions that begin "Why don't..." are almost impossible to find good reliable source references for. However, if you want to learn more about some of the causes of Cholera outbreaks in Haiti, This article seems to be useful. --Jayron32 11:56, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Thanks, . The "can" in the phrase "[...25 to 50 percent of cases can be fatal..." is a bit confusing. Anyhow, they said boil water for one minute. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 04:13, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

• Education seems to play a big role - following the 2010 epidemic, many patients told researchers hadn't been aware that they should boil water. Smurrayinchester 12:16, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Not to mention the practicalities of boiling all your water and keeping hands and utensils clean, while living in a makeshift shack with a large family. Not so easy even if you understand the issues. Alansplodge (talk) 12:34, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Hi Alansplodge. Good point about hands and utensils. But isn't drinking litres of bad water the main cause? Certainly food touching dirty hands and plates isn't good, but those are small amount. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 04:13, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

The main cause, but can be transmitted through food too. [8] Alansplodge (talk) 08:29, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Smurrayinchester, education indeed, it seems: "...residents of Santo Domingo showed that 89% had received cholera prevention messages..." Well, that's Dominican Republic. I think they are more advanced than Haiti, no? Anyhow, surely education is cheap to distribute -- easier than medicine anyway. They could drop flyers from planes that simply say "Boil water before drinking it or you will get sick." They could have made an effort to get that info to people during the years before the hurricane. It seems to me that all those cholera cases didn't need to happen. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 04:13, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Ever tried to light damp wood? Also I doubt many of the dwellings of Haiti's poor have well-engineered fire pits and good ventilation, which means fires are dangerous. And finally, boiling will kill pathogens, but it won't remove other pollutants which can make water "bad". --47.138.165.200 (talk) 21:53, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Damp wood? I saw lots of bright sunshine and debris. A couple of hours in the sun and loads of it would be dry, certainly. And after a hurricane, it is not other pollutants that make people sick, right? We're not talking about heavy metals. This is about bugs. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 04:13, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

See also UNESCO fights cholera in Haiti with educational cartoons. Alansplodge (talk) 08:29, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Good idea. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 23:47, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Thanks all for the responses. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 23:47, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

I'm sure it was asked in good faith, but this question has elements of victim blaming that should be at least mentioned. Disaster relief is a complicated mess and an operational nightmare for even experts to deal with, let alone the poor sods who've just had their lives torn apart. Taking the victims to task because they didn't boil their water by burning the remains of their wrecked houses is, to say the least, a bit callous. Matt Deres (talk) 13:52, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Do we have an article covering a potential transition to a cashless society?

There is quite a bit of media coverage about the possibility/potential/process for modern societies to transition to a cashless society (eg based on electronic only money, or with legal tender limited to some small amount), and significant views on it. But if we have an article covering this, I can't find it. I've looked at:

• Digital economy - more about the economy that exists in the digital world rather than the implications of a "real-world" digital economy" or transition
• Cashless society
• Legal tender

Any help appreciated! FT2 ^{(Talk | email)} 14:46, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

I realize that cheques are not cash, but there is some stuff on this general subject at Cheque#Declining use. --Viennese Waltz 14:50, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

• You're going to do best by following ideas from, electronic money, digital currency and the like. From my quick research "cashless economy" leads to two very divergent (technologically speaking) places: one based on electronic storage of value (either denominated in modern fiat currency like the dollar, or in cryptocurrency like the bitcoin) and the other direction based on studies of barter society. Another good place to look is at Money supply. --Jayron32 17:54, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Cashless society sounds to me like a suitable topic for an article. Some of the information scattered about in other articles could perhaps be folded into it. Note that today most money is already electronic. Bank accounts are entries in bank computers. Cash only represents a small fraction of the global money supply. --47.138.165.200 (talk) 21:47, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

I think we should have coverage of this. Even the article cash doesn't say anything about it. Larry Summers has been agitating to get rid of cash, ban the US $100 bill, etc. Articles about electronic or digital currency aren't the right place. If not a new article, then I'd add info directly to the cash article. 50.0.205.96 (talk) 00:51, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

US representatives to the UN in Geneva

According to our article, Pamela Hamamoto is the 18th and current Permanent Representative (Ambassador) of the United States of America to the United Nations and other international organizations in Geneva, assuming this office in May 2014. Apparently, the 17th Permanent Representative was Warren W. Tichenor. But the article on Tichenor says that he left office in January 2009. So who held this office between 2009 and 2014? --Viennese Waltz 16:08, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations says it was Betty E. King. However, both articles say that Ms King (number 18 by my count) is the current incumbent, so need a bit of updating if anybody is bored. Alansplodge (talk) 17:25, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

I've changed the former article's mention of Betty King from "incumbent" to "?", since the reference for her being the incumbent was from 2011. Loraof (talk) 01:19, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Thanks, I found a biog on the US Mission to Geneva website which gives "late 2013" as her termination date, so I've added that in pending something better. I've also added Hamamoto to the list using the same website. Alansplodge (talk) 20:00, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

D'oh! Forgot to change the image at the top of the article - now done, Ms King is now history. Alansplodge (talk) 20:06, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Btw there seems to be some confusion between Permanent Representatives and Ambassadors. List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations lists Samantha Power, but she is United States Ambassador to the United Nations, while the Permanent Representative to the United Nations is Pamela Hamamoto. This needs to be sorted out for consistency. Brandmeister^talk 21:13, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

That's because there are multiple Permanent Representatives/Ambassadors to the UN. Colloquially, the "Ambassador to the UN" is the one that represents the country in the General Assembly and the Security Council, and THAT is who Samantha Powers is, i.e. she represents the U.S. in New York. Pamela Hamamoto is the Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations. So to simplify, Samantha Powers is the New York-based UN Ambassador, Pamela Hamamoto is a Geneva-based UN Ambassador. There are also others in other cities that host UN missions, i.e. I found David J. Lane (ambassador) who was until recently based in Rome. Also Keith Harper (lawyer), who is the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council also based in Geneva. --Jayron32 02:45, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Thanks for sorting that out, Alansplodge. The only slight wrinkle now concerns the numbering. Hamamoto is clearly the 18th Ambassador (see this official source), but there are 19 names on the list at Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations. I suspect that James B Foley (a redlink) doesn't count as he was only the Representative ad interim. That would make Warren W. Tichenor the 16th, although our article on him lists him (unsourced) as the 17th, and King the 17th. Unless anyone objects, I will make those changes to the articles for King and Tichenor. --Viennese Waltz 08:04, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Makes perfect sense to me. Alansplodge (talk) 14:26, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

October 13

8 million pound sterlin bond from the united kingdom in the 1920's.

Why is australia still paying interest on a bond borrowed from the united kingdom in the 1920's — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.41.33.57 (talk) 00:24, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

The article Perpetuity may be relevant. Loraof (talk) 01:06, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

In 2014 UK was still paying interest on bonds issued in 1720: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/28/world/that-debt-from-1720-britains-payment-is-coming.html?_r=1 --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 10:40, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Although we (the UK) finally paid off our 1918 war debt to the US in 2015. This map shows that Australia is not doing badly with regards to national debt, whereas the USA is up there with Portugal, Greece and Sudan. Alansplodge (talk) 13:29, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Orders Franz Joseph, Isabella the Catholic, Rising Sun, Chrysanthemum

Are there reliable sources for the awards of the Order of Franz Joseph, Order of Isabella the Catholic, Order of the Rising Sun, Order of the Chrysanthemum in the 19th century? I mainly need these sources to know if they were awarded to Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani or her husband John Owen Dominis. All part of a larger discussion. Possibly some more official record of the awards of these honors which doesn't mention both individual but only mentions the awardee because at this point it is hard to distinguish when both individual are listed in the same few sentences especially if you have two editors disagreeing on punctation meaning. --KAVEBEAR (talk) 03:52, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Not an answer, but to eliminate an obvious source, the list of conferrals of honours on foreigners on the Japanese foreign ministry's website only goes back to 2005: http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/protocol/jokun.html#happyo --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 15:54, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

The ja.wiki article on the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (:ja:大勲位菊花大綬章) has an unreferenced footnote that mentions Liliuokalani. My Japanese is very poor but I think it says she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown instead - the system was changed a bit later to differentiate between heads of states with female titles (e.g. Queen) and those with male titles (e.g. President). --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 09:37, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Why would a farmer move from Minnesota to Arizona?

Why would a ruined farmer and his family move from Minnesota to Arizona? Would that be considered an understandable or dumb move?

Some context:

That's in a Raymond Carver short story, but it's realistic fiction. In the story, that family has no apparent reason to go down there. (They lost their Minnesota farm to overspending and bankruptcy, then moved to Arizona. They rent a motel room in a small town where they know nobody. Everybody warned the man he won't find no farming job, and he stays unemployed. His wife becomes a waitress.)

So I'm just trying to understand what the reader was supposed to make of such move. Is Arizona supposed to be dirt-cheap living? Is this supposed to be a smart or understandable move for them? Or is it supposed to paint them as dumb or lost? Thanks, 62.147.27.240 (talk) 13:53, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

When was the story set? Politico-economic context. 14:06, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

They have a K-Mart and a Denny's, so I'd say 1970s or early 1980s (story published 1983). 62.147.27.240 (talk) 14:44, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

• See The Grapes of Wrath. Just swap Minnesota for Oklahoma and Arizona for California. People in economic hardship make moves out of desperation. It doesn't always work out for the best. In both fiction and real life. --Jayron32 16:17, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

See Sun Belt; starting from the late 1970s, there was significant internal migration in the U.S. from the "Rust belt" and upper Midwest to the Southwest, which was then seen as a land of greater economic opportunity. However, Carver is known for depicting characters who are economic "losers", so the fact that the former farmer can't find meaningful employment in Arizona is at least thematically consistent. Obviously, the character would have had to move into another field of employment in Arizona, but the state's economy was relatively booming in those days, so that would not have been far-fetched. --Xuxl (talk) 17:08, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

If you are going to sit around and do nothing, you might as well do it somewhere warmer. Wymspen (talk) 17:09, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Jayron32, moving to California would make sense for a farmer; moving to Arizona, maybe less so? Hence my question. Wymspen, for doing nothing in a warmer climate, wouldn't going to California's beaches be a better move than Arizona's deserts?

Xuxl, that makes more sense to me. I was unclear about what Carver expected us to think of his main character, that is:

• (a) Maybe Carver reckoned that Arizona would have the cheapest rents for this guy to survive with his family, and wanted us to see that move as desperate but "the least worst" in his situation?
• (b) Maybe Carver considered dumb a farmer moving to Arizona's deserts (rather than some farming place in California), and wanted us to see him as a loser, as you point out.

Thinking about it, in the story: (1) He was a decent farmer until he bought a racing horse and started gambling on her, losing all races then the farm. (2) He moves to Arizona. (3) He tries to impress his neighbors and ends up hitting his head. (4) After ER, he's changed and a little simple. -- I mean, if Carver intended it as a pattern of "dumb and dumber" loser, then point 2 would also have to be intended as a dumb move for him, right? 62.147.26.108 (talk) 19:33, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Why Jamaica still retains the monarchy

Having browsed Monarchy of Jamaica I still don't understand. Independence of Jamaica says that "On 19 July 1962, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Jamaica Independence Act, granting independence as of 6 August. On that day, the Union Jack was ceremoniously lowered and replaced by the Jamaican flag throughout the country". So why Elizabeth II and Governor-General are still there? Thanks. --93.174.25.12 (talk) 20:53, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

The same is true of Canada, Australia and god Wikipedia knows how many other Commonwealth countries. Clarityfiend (talk) 21:49, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Here we go. Commonwealth realm says she's still the constitutional monarch of 16 countries. Clarityfiend (talk) 21:52, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Ah thanks. This implies that as long as they stay in the Commonwealth, they would have constitutional monarchy and only upon withdrawal there would be total self-governance. --93.174.25.12 (talk) 22:01, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

That's not quite correct. The Commonwealth is a community of 53 completely independent and sovereign nations. Some, like India and Pakistan, have elected to replace the British monarch with their own President as head of state. Others, like the ones mentioned above, decided to keep the Queen, but she is merely a figurehead, a ceremonial monarch with no actual executive power. The government of each country is completely independent. Rojomoke (talk) 23:24, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

She's separately the head of state of those 16 countries, so she is Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, etc., independently of her role as Queen of the UKGBNI. So, those 16 countries are all independent, and all happen to have the same person as their equivalent of the President in India (for example). She, or actually the Governor General in each country, does technically, abstractly, theoretically have executive power, but it would be, ah, rather problematic if she actually tried to exercise it. Adam Bishop (talk) 23:29, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Indeed, AFAIK, the last time the Governor General did anything meaningful in ANY Commonwealth nation, was over 40 years ago, and IIRC, It didn't go over so well... --Jayron32 01:41, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Michaëlle Jean came close, but in the end only dallied for a few hours to 'send a message' rather than exercising her powers. Matt Deres (talk) 13:58, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

(ec) No, this is doubly wrong. First, while Elizabeth is the head of the Commonwealth of Nations, more than two thirds of Commonwealth nations have heads of state different from her - indeed several are republics. And secondly, the Queen is not governing - she reigns. The fact that she is a nominal head of state of e.g. Canada does not mean that it is not fully self-governed. Keep in mind that the Queen is not the Queen of England in Canada - she is the Queen of Canada, who just also happens to be the Queen of England. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 23:32, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

She's also not the Queen of England anywhere on earth, even in England. She's the Queen of the United Kingdom. The last Queen of England died in 1714, having relinquished said title in 1707. --Jayron32 01:41, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Yes, you are of course right. I award you 5 pendant points! --Stephan Schulz (talk) 07:20, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

While most Commonwealth countries these days are republics, some are monarchies with monarchs who are not Elizabeth - Tonga and Malaysia, for example. -- Arwel Parry (talk) 23:38, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

A few further clarifications:

• See personal union for the concept of the same person having separate positions as the monarch of multiple countries.
• Under the Statute of Westminster, and I presume similar arrangements made later with other countries, this personal-union status will carry forward to QUeen Elizabeth II's heirs as long as the monarchy continues in these countries, because they all have the same law on succession to the throne and have agreed not to change it separately. It has only been changed once since the Statute of Westminster was passed, and all 16 countries had to enact the change separately.
• Elizabeth II's status as "head of the Commonwealth" is separate again. Apparently this position is not hereditary though it may be expected that it will go to Elizabeth II's successor.
• Elizabeth II's position as "a ceremonial monarch with no actual executive power" applies in the UK just the same as in the other realms.
• As to the original question of "why", I think the answer must simply be that in these countries there was no strong desire to change things.

--69.159.61.230 (talk) 05:35, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

The Statute of Westminster applies in each of the "original" realms either because they gave consent beforehand or ratified it afterwards (in some countries, such as Australia, this took many years). The newer realms obtained the same status via the laws passed for their independence - e.g. in Jamaica via the UK statute that gave effect to Jamaican independence. The point of the Statute of Westminster is that each realm is sovereign with a separate crown, and the monarch is advised by his or her local ministers in respect of each realm. It does not as such deal with the rules of succession or the procedure for changing the rules of succession. The principle that all of the realms must agree for the rules of succession to be changed is instead a convention, although it is recorded in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster, which helped to solidify it. Our article Perth Agreement has a good summary of the background and how the different realms chose to interpret the principle in the process of implementing the agreed change to the rules of succession. --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 09:48, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

But the short answer to "why Jamaica still retains the monarchy?" is that they wanted to. Alansplodge (talk) 11:06, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Well, yeah, but that's a tautological answer. These sorts of questions are asking "Why would they want to?" I'm not saying that such questions aren't basically impossible for the ref desks to answer (justifying the mindset of non-sentient abstract concepts like "nation states" are futile, first because no one here can read minds, and secondly because only people have minds, not abstract concepts). --Jayron32 18:24, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

"they wanted to" retain in 1962; in 2016 they just haven't got around to changing it yet. More information at Republicanism in Jamaica. I sympathise with 93.174.25.12's confusion; the monarchy articles in {{Commonwealth realms}} have a lot of repetitious Bagehot boilerplate about fount of justice and suchlike and little about what it all means to the average subject-in-the-street. jnestorius^(talk) 23:18, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

My intention was to clarify that colonies were not coerced into Commonwealth Realm status as a condition of independence, they could just as well have chosen to be a republic, as many colonies did. Alansplodge (talk) 10:16, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

My intention was not to contradict you but to prevent your comment being misinterpreted in a broader sense than you intended. The article I linked expands on the points you make. Incidentally I don't think any country gained independence as a Commonwealth republic until after Jamaica's independence; I believe the first was Zambia in 1964. Not saying it was not possible in 1962, just that it had never actually happened. The closest were Cyprus, became a republic in 1960 and rejoined the Commonwealth in 1961; and Malaya, became a non-realm monarchy in 1957. jnestorius^(talk) 16:16, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

I take your points, although Burma became independent as a republic in 1948, but was something of a special case. Uganda became independent as a Commonwealth Realm but became a republic in 1963. However, we end generally in happy agreement. Alansplodge (talk) 16:50, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

October 14

Meaning of BYAWATHA

What is the meaning of the word BYAWATHA. It is the name of a house in Balgowlah NSW Australia and also a region in Victoria? HJSY (talk) 00:41, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Sadly, the Tourism Board for the relevant region doesn't include the name in the relevant page on its website (which is here). It will probably need a direct enquiry to the Board itself, or perhaps to a nearby University's Linguistics Department, which the OP might find an interesting excercise. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.197.27.88 (talk) 14:22, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

damnation in Judaism

Is there damnation in Judaism? The article on damnation talks about it according to Christianity and Islam, but doesn't mention about it according to Judaism — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uncle dan is home (talk • contribs) 02:51, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Speaking of Ancient Judaism, it did not have a viewpoint on the afterlife, it had viewpoints (plural), see e.g. [9]. Tgeorgescu (talk) 03:08, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Afterlife#Judaism has some information. Whether or not there is damnation in Judaism really comes down to which period of Jewish theology you're asking about. If you mean modern Judaism, you can find some who believe in reincarnation, some who believe that God will just not resurrect the wicked in Olam Haba (the world to come), and some who believe that the only difference between heaven and "hell" is closeness or distance to God (otherwise, the same place).

If you're asking about Second Temple Judaism (from which Christianity and Rabbinical Judaism split off), the most common view was that everyone who died went to Sheol (even Abraham and Moses) but that particularly nice people might be neighbors and even best buds with Abraham, and that on judgement day God will resurrect at least the righteous. As that link discusses, some pseudepigraphical literature (no longer accepted by mainstream Judaism) further suggested that some evil people God will resurrect on judgement day to send to Gehenna (an idea that survived in the Christian Bible but was not so popular in Judaism), and that there are some people so evil that God isn't going to bother bringing them back at all.

Some later Rabbinical and Kabbalistic literature mentions Gehenna, when ideas of Gilgul also start to be more openly articulated. Between modern and Second Temple Judaism, it depends on which rabbi you ask.

Overall, while there appears to be room for belief in damnation in Judaism, it's certainly not a key doctrine or even a coherent one. Ian.thomson (talk) 08:26, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Reform Judaism doesn't really have a concept of damnation, or "Hell" in the way that many other religions/sects do. SemanticMantis (talk) 14:15, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Bob Dylan's Nobel Prize for Literature

Dylan's music is certainly the music of my generation. But I'm not familiar enough with all of it to fully appreciate how it represents Nobel-worthy literature. I'm sure it does. I'd like to study it a little bit. I don't normally ask questions to Wikipedia that are more about opinions than 'facts' - but here I'd like to know what people think are the essential Dylan songs with poetic lyrics that illustrate his art as literature. Of course, the award recognizes his entire canon, but if there is consensus on 6-10 songs, I'll then look them up, read the lyrics, listen to the songs with the lyrics, and I'll know him better. Anyone who offers a short list, with or without comment on 'why' this or that song - thanks for your kind contribution. Congrats Bob Dylan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.210.155.173 (talk) 09:08, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Good question. I'd go with Love Minus Zero/No Limit (lyrics), Desolation Row (lyrics), Like a Rolling Stone (lyrics) and "Jokerman" (lyrics) for starters. --Viennese Waltz 09:25, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

You'll also find journalists and critics on this very topic. For example: "Our Favorite Dylan Lyrics" (The New Yorker), "The most powerful and poignant lyrics from the Nobel Prize for Literature winner" (The Independent), "Are these the lyrics that won Bob Dylan a Nobel prize?" (The Guardian), ... ---Sluzzelin talk 09:33, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Oh yes, I forgot about Mr. Tambourine Man (lyrics). That would certainly be considered one of his best. --Viennese Waltz 09:39, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Subterranean Homesick Blues is a good example of lyrics as poetry - the "video" even features Allen Ginsburg cameos. Rmhermen (talk) 13:02, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Even if we restrict ourselves to Dylan's "classic" period (say up to the mid 1970s), though, his lyrics are all over the map. Some songs like those mentioned, as well as Tombstone Blues or Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues are very poetic in nature; others like Lay Lady Lay are fairly straightforward pop songs. There's a wide range to choose from. Here is one recent review of Dylan's best lyrics by The New Yorker, and Here is one by the BBC. --Jayron32 13:11, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

In fact, here are now two recent reviews of Dylan's best lyrics by The New Yorker :-) ---Sluzzelin talk 13:13, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Just as I was reviewing these myself, I note how many of these lists of his best lyrics show up on the album Highway 61 Revisited. There are a few earlier protest songs that a few people in those lists name. But the bulk of them, including "Like a Rolling Stone", "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry", "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues", "Desolation Row", are ALL from Highway 61 Revisited. --Jayron32 13:19, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Don't overlook Blood on the Tracks, by common consent Dylan's best album since the '60s. Pretty much every tune on that album has the kind of lyrics that would have made the Nobel committee sit up and take notice. --Viennese Waltz 13:33, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Margaret Atwood was interviewed on the BBC yesterday, and her view is that the Dylan prize is a protest against the turn to the right in the US Presidential Election. [10] If so, I'm not sure that the intended target is likely to take the hint. Alansplodge (talk) 13:37, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

This seems to be the most appropriate response. Tevildo (talk) 18:18, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

On the day of the Nobel announcement, our sister-site Wikiquote chose lyrics from The Times They Are a-Changin' for their main page:

Come gather ’round people
Wherever you roam
And admit that the waters
Around you have grown.
And accept it that soon
You’ll be drenched to the bone.
If your time to you is worth savin’
Then you better start swimmin’ or you’ll sink like a stone
For the times they are a-changin’.

And that seems a reasonable enough choice. Matt Deres (talk) 12:36, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Transit routes from West Berlin to West Germany

West Berlin#Road traffic explains the special transit routes used by West Germans driving between West Berlin and West Germany: "The transit routes were also used for East German domestic traffic. This meant that transit passengers could potentially meet with East Germans and East Berliners at restaurants at motorway rest stops. Since such meetings were deemed illegal by the East German government, border guards would calculate the travel duration from the time of entry and exit of the transit route. Excessive time spent for transit travel could arouse their suspicion and prompt questioning or additional checking by the border guards. Western coaches could stop only at dedicated service areas, since the East German government was concerned that East Germans might potentially use coaches to escape into the West."

Are there any documented cases of East Germans escaping (or attempting to escape) to the West via these transit routes, perhaps by stowing away in a car boot or coach? --Viennese Waltz 09:34, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

A brief Google search hasn't brought anything up, but don't forget that vehicles would have to pass through Checkpoint Alpha to get into West Germany, or Checkpoint Bravo to pass into West Berlin, so hiding inside a vehicle would be liable to discovery. One woman hid inside a stuffed cow inside a lorry, but was discovered at Checkpoint Bravo (presumably heading west). [11] Another man hid his mother in the boot of his Austin-Healey open-top sports car, and having previously removed his windscreen, was able to drive under the barrier at Checkpoint Charlie. [12] However, neither of these escapes started in the road corridor, which you were asking about. Alansplodge (talk) 11:33, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

It's worth googling the name Kay-Uwe Mierendorff. Helping people escape via Transitstrecke was good business for him for a while. He also hired drivers as escape helpers. In one report I found, the driver was to pick up the fugitives at "Kilometerstein 144.2" between Lauenburg and Berlin (and stow them away in the sealed van). I found little in English, but here are two Spiegel articles from 1978 and 2015. I'm certain there are more and later examples, but I remember having read about Mierendorff (sometimes portrayed as heroic, sometimes as someone who merely exploited people desperate enough to pay him a lot of money for their escape). ---Sluzzelin talk 18:48, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

de:Hartmut Richter is also known for helping 33 people escape via the transit route. --Pp.paul.4 (talk) 23:27, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Excellent, Ppp! Thanks to that link I finally found Kay Mierendorff (without "Uwe") in the category de:Kategorie:Fluchthelfer (Deutsche Teilung) (unfortunately no corresponding category here). Maybe there are more examples via transit route in that category. ---Sluzzelin talk 23:33, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

La Vandeana

How come La Vandeana is a song in Italian? 2A02:587:2901:9200:DCBC:3B83:525D:F9BB (talk) 14:48, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Because it is used by a a far-right, anti-liberal group in Italy; the song commemorates an event in which anti-liberal groups in The Vendee rose up against the leftist Jacobins during the French Revolution. --Jayron32 17:19, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Rationale for West Berlin

West Berlin notes that the Potsdam Agreement created the plan for dividing Berlin into sectors similar to the division of the country as a whole, but neither that article nor Potsdam Agreement specifies the rationale. Why was it deemed important to divide the capital into sectors, instead of merely leaving all of it in the Soviet sector of Germany as a whole, just like every other city in that part of the country? Nyttend (talk) 22:55, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

The Potsdam Agreement created the legal framework, but the actual plan was set by the 1944 London Protocol. That article is a minimal stub, unfortunately. The German version of the article goes into much greater detail, but still doesn't explain why the Western Allies wanted a piece of Berlin that I can tell. Someguy1221 (talk) 23:08, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

It's worth thinking about "Four Powers" too, and why there were four. With four of them, Berlin, as we saw it develop, tends to emerge quite naturally. But why four? Why include France, but not Poland? Why not include other occupied countries? Why not even Italy (by 1944)? In particular, why did negotiations between the three major powers wielding military power cede some ground to France, but not Poland? Was this (sheer OR) because the Soviets wouldn't give an inch to Poland, but knew that France was outside their grasp? Otherwise there's little moral authority for treating those two so differently. Andy Dingley (talk) 23:20, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

You appear to be asking for a logical explanation. Politics’s does not follow a logical path but is rather a battle between the strongest competing alphas. One only has to look across to the other side of the pond at to see this in action as the US election time draws near. --Aspro (talk) 23:59, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

The division was similar for Vienna, but even more complicated, for there were five sectors in Vienna. --Pp.paul.4 (talk) 23:36, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Five sectors, but still the same four powers (they shared the centre). Andy Dingley (talk) 23:46, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

(edit conflict) I think the issue over the the division of Germany into West and East as a semi-permanent state of being was never the initial goal of the Potsdam Conference, as noted both Germany and Berlin were each divided into four districts so that each of the major allied powers was granted a sector to manage until such time as a responsible German government could be established. As noted at Allied-occupied Germany in the section titled "Governance and the emergence of two German states "The original Allied plan to govern Germany as a single unit through the Allied Control Council broke down in 1946–1947 due to growing tensions between the Allies, with Britain and the US wishing cooperation, France obstructing any collaboration in order to unwind Germany into many independent states, and the Soviet Union unilaterally implementing from early on elements of its political-economic system". Basically, the "Two Germanies" situation was not the plan at either Yalta or Potsdam; but after a year or two of peace, it became clear that a unified Germany was not in the works. West Berlin was thus not a well thought out plan, but an accident of history born out by the refusal of the parties involved to stick to the original plans. There is no rationale because it was not planned to be (thus, there is no rational explanation for it except "it just sorta worked out that way".) --Jayron32 23:50, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Another (edit conflict): Zhukov by Otto Preston Chaney (p. 307) says that the 1944 London Protocol had agreed on Germany being divided into three zones, (US, British and Soviet) with a jointly administered Berlin as a fourth zone. At the Yalta Conference, it was agreed that France be given a fourth zone with Berlin as a fifth. There was Soviet suspicion that the Germans might open the way for the Western Allies to take Berlin before the Soviets arrived, or that a US airborne force might take the city in a surprise attack. At any rate, it seems that everybody thought that one power being in control of the capital would be a bad thing. Following the German surrender, there was an attempt at unified governance through the Allied Control Council, but the Soviets were reluctant participants and finally walked out in March 1948. Alansplodge (talk) 23:52, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

• Also, regarding Poland, see Yalta_Conference#Poland_and_the_Eastern_Bloc and Operation Unthinkable. The mistreatment of Poland during the peace that ended WWII was one of the great disappointments of Churchill's career, and he basically acknowledged they got fucked. The best deal Poland got was the so-called Recovered Territories, mostly Germanic lands granted to Poland which acted as a sort of consolation prize for losing the lands of the Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. --Jayron32 23:57, 14 October 2016 (UTC)
  • Churchill put it a bit more eloquently, as you would imagine. He wrote in 1946: "The fate of Poland seems to be an unending tragedy, and we, who went to war, all ill-prepared, on her behalf, watch with sorrow the strange outcome of our endeavours." --69.159.61.230 (talk) 05:30, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

October 15

Hitler and socialism

In a recent discussion it was argued that Hitler's Nazi party was a party of the left, because he described it as "socialist". Socialism has certain defining characteristics: in the Daily Telegraph of 16 January 2016 Gaby Wood reports that Wolfgang

Suschitzky was born in 1912, and grew up in a working-class district of Vienna, where his father and uncle had opened the first specialist bookshop. "They were very much ahead of their time", he says. "Standing up for women's rights-the same salary for the same job, which still isn't here completely."

Gaby records that Suschitzky's sister Edith was arrested in May 1933 when leaving a Vienna bookshop used by the communist party, of which she was a known member. The family home was searched and a press for printing communist party material and a part-finished translation of a biography of Lenin were found.

1933 was the year Hitler took power in Germany and there was an exodus of left - wing activists. Kim Philby, who met Edith in Vienna that year, married her friend Litzi Friedmann and took her to safety in London. He said he had got six friends to safety in Czechoslovakia after hiding them in sewers. Edith married Alex Tudor - Hart, a Cambridge contemporary of Philby. Wolfgang, who was Jewish, also escaped to London with his Dutch future wife.

In 1951 MI5 raided Edith's home and interrogated her on suspicion of Tudor - Hart being the Soviet agent who had recruited Philby. They then tapped her telephone to see if she would warn Philby. Anthony Blunt implicated her in his 1964 confession.

What percentage of commentators consider Hitler's National Socialists to be a party of the left? 2A02:C7F:A14:AA00:B9C1:49D7:605B:A265 (talk) 11:12, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Serious academic ones: about 0% (within the margin of error - see [13]). Whacky right-wingers who like to dissociate themselves from the Nazis and like to associate them with the left: a few, but not, I think, remotely a majority even in that august circle. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 13:32, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

FYI Edith Tudor Hart. Carbon Caryatid (talk) 14:24, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

And by the way those hyphens (left-wing, Tudor-Hart) shouldn't be spaced! —Tamfang (talk) 17:27, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

• Note that the Telegraph is a very right wing paper (known widely as the 'Torygraph'), so take anything they write about left wing politics with a substantial amount of salt. Fgf10 (talk) 16:16, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Nazism by Neil Gregor (pp. 66-68) argues that Nazi ideology, especially before 1933, was anti-capitalist and anti-bourgeois, also anti-hierarchical and anti-conservative. Once in power, they gained support from big business by suppressing the trades union movement, rearmament and state spending on infrastructure projects, but Nazi policy was never dictated by the needs of industrialists or bankers. So although clearly of the right, their aims were poles apart from the objectives of traditional conservatives (such as Daily Telegraph readers): namely the preservation of the existing social hierarchy and the primacy of business interests. Alansplodge (talk) 16:29, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Hillary Clinton and the Merrick Garland supreme court nomination

Has Hillary Clinton expressed any plans or views as the nomination of Merrick Garland to the Supreme court? Has she said whether, if she wins the Presidency, she intends to stick with the nomination? Surely some media interviewer would have asked her the question at some stage, given that the issue will inevitably end up in her presidency's lap (barring an unlikely Trump victory, or the almost equally unlikely event of congress actually acting on Obama's nomination of Garland)?

If she's been silent or noncommittal on the issue, have any analysts of note expressed any opinions as to whether she will once again nominate Garland, or will she nominate someone else? And if the answer is the latter, whom do they think are the most likely candidates? 110.140.69.137 (talk) 15:11, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

The speculation in the press (I heard an NPR discussion to this effect) has been that Obama nominated him because he is somewhat moderate, and in this way he hoped to get a hearing. Hillary, on the other hand, could elect somebody more liberal, with the confidence that Republicans, even if they still have a majority, won't block a nominee for another 4 or perhaps 8 years. Republicans might see this coming if Hillary wins, and quickly approve Garland before Hillary gets in. However, if they don't do this and do refuse to consider any Hillary nominee, we could have a Constitutional crisis, where neither party will consider a nominee from the other party, so that no Supreme Court judges can be replaced until Congress and the President are of the same party. I suppose the Court could continue to function until it drops to 1 justice, but not with 0 (however, it seems to function better with an odd number of Justices, as then there can't be any ties). StuRat (talk) 16:27, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Per Title 28 of the United States Code, a quorum of 6 is required for the US Supreme Court to hear a case. -- ToE 17:24, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Interesting. I wonder if Congress and the President would strike that down, in the event that they couldn't agree on replacements. Or you could have the bizarre situation where it is struck down by the Supreme court as unconstitutional, if it has the effect of dissolving the Court. StuRat (talk) 17:32, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Mike Lee explains why the GOP will block Garland even if Clinton wins ^{WaPo, 13 Oct. 2016}

Clinton has carefully avoided committing to renominate Garland, and it seems likely that she would appoint someone who is younger and has a more progressive track record. Indeed, many activists on the left would go apoplectic if she stuck with the chief judge from the D.C. Circuit. There is a widespread feeling on the left that Obama squandered a big political opportunity by going with someone who he thought could get confirmed in the lame-duck session.

Not mentioned in that article is that the Republicans might be more inclined to approve Garland if the Democrats also win control of the Senate, as now seems somewhat more likely than not. Here is FiveThirtyEight's senate control forecast. -- ToE 20:40, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Archibald Forbes decorations

Archibald Forbes

Can anyone identify the decorations worn by Archibald Forbes, the war correspondent, in this picture of him? Thanks, DuncanHill (talk) 20:26, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Top row is allegedly Order of St. Stanislas from Russia; the Iron Cross 2nd Class for Non-Combatants; the civil class of the Pour Le Mérite; and the French Legion of Honor. [14] --Tagishsimon (talk) 21:32, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

And others have walked this way before: Archibald Forbes: Medal ID Exercise and this article. With some judgement, that might account for 12 or so of them. It would be interesting to complete the matrix on this page ... and I note that the forum age seems to disagree with the cigarette card page. --Tagishsimon (talk) 21:36, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

What is the name of this kind of fallacy?

What is the name of the fallacy type that works like this:
Thing A has characteristic B
PS: More than one stuff stuff can share same word/name, and so some words can have multiple meanings. B is one example of that and the definition used for B was C.
Thing D apply to everything that has characteristic B.
PS:Now, the definition of B on this new case is E.
So D must apply to A.
201.18.142.36 (talk) 21:21, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Equivocation is the technical term. The example from our article is:

A feather is light.

What is light cannot be dark.

Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.

Tevildo (talk) 21:33, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

(ec)Your question is a bit hard to parse for me. The general scheme $B(a)\wedge \forall X:(B(X)\Rightarrow D(X))\vdash D(a)$ is sound - indeed, the classical example for this syllogism is "All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal". Do you want to suggest that the "B" is different in both cases? As in "All stars are giant balls of hydrogen. Patrick Steward is a star. Therefore Patrick Steward is a giant ball of hydrogen"? --Stephan Schulz (talk) 21:59, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Joint dormitories for men and women in army

Not long ago I heard that a certain army, possibly the Belgian Armed Forces, once faced issues of sexual harassment of female soldiers and decided to resolve them by increasing the social interaction between males and females, particularly by creating joint dormitories, and that it worked. I'd like to check this claim and see how specifically it was implemented but I couldn't find any reference in Google. Has anyone here ever heard of it? Thanks, 84.108.121.108 (talk) 21:24, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Virgin Mary Parades

• http://specphotos.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Festival-of-the-Virgin-Mary3031.jpg

How do people call the parade platform and statute of Virgin Mary? -- Toytoy (talk) 22:20, 15 October 2016 (UTC)