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The Fourteen Infallibles

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 80.249.56.149 (talk) at 16:13, 14 March 2017 (I have removed the last sentence as it is completely untrue; the Shia do not believe the Imams to be superior to Prophets. The Shia Believe that the Prophets are the most superior beings of mankind. Shia do not equate Imams to Prophets and Imams do not...). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is the article about the fourteen infallibles which should not be mistaken for the The Twelve Imams.
The Fourteen Infallibles

The Fourteen Infallibles (Template:Lang-ar Ma‘sūmūn) (Template:Lang-fa Chahar'dah Ma‘sūm) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra; and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah.[1][2] Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God.[3] The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.[4] They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.[5].

Family tree

The fourteen infallibles.
Muhammad
Fātimah‘Alī
HasanHusayn
‘Alī Zaynul ‘Ābidīn
Muhammad al-Bāqir
Ja‘far as-Sādiq
Mūsā al-Kādhim
‘Alī ar-Ridhā
Muhammad al-Jawad
‘Alī al-Hadi
Hasan al-‘Askarī
Muhammad al-Mahdī

List of the Infallibles

Modern (calligraphic) depiction Name
(Full)
Kunya[a] 		Title
Arabic 		Date of birth and death Importance Cause and place of death
Place of burial[c]
Muhammad ibn Abdullah[d]
Abu al-Qasim[e][6]

Rasul Allah[f][6]

Khatam al-Anbia[g][7]

Habib[h][8]

Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[6] 		Considered by Muslims to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind. According to Muslims, God revealed to him the Quran, which is God's word and the greatest miracle.[6] Fell ill and died in Medina.[6]

Buried in Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula.[6]

Fatimah[i]

Umm Abiha[j][11]

Sayyidat al-Nisā[k][12]

al-Zahra[l][13]

Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[16] 		Her father Muhammad called her "a part of me".[13] She is also regarded as "the mother of the Imams".[17][18] According to most Shias, Fatimah suffered a fatal injury while defending Ali against the first Sunni caliph.[19]

The exact location of her grave is unknown but is believed to be in Medina.[12]

Ali ibn Abu Talib[m]
Abu al-Hasan[n][20]

Amir al-Mu'minin[o][21]

  • 600 – 661[21]
  • 22 or 16 BH – 40 AH [22]
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[21] 		For all Shia, the son-in-law of Muhammad is the first Shia Imam[23] and the rightful successor of Muhammad.[24] For Sunnis, he is the fourth successor.[15] He holds an important position in almost all Sufi orders, which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[21] Assassinated in Kufa, Iraq, by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite who slashed his head with a poisoned sword while he was praying.[21]
Buried in Najaf, Iraq.[15]
Hasan ibn Ali[p]
Abu Muhammad[q][20]

Al-Mūjtabā[r][25]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[26] 		The eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad, through his mother, Fatimah, Hasan succeeded his father Ali as the caliph in Kufa; but after a seven-month reign he relinquished control of Iraq following a peace treaty with Muawiya I.[26] According to Twelver Shia belief, he was poisoned fatally by his wife in Medina by order of Caliph Muawiya.[27]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[26]
Husayn ibn Ali[s]
Abu Abdillah[t][28]

Sayyid ash-Shuhada[u][29]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[31] 		Grandson of Muhammad and his younger brother of Hasan, Husayn rejected the legitimacy of Caliph Yazid I, the son of Muawiyah. As a result, he and his family were killed in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces.[15] Ever since the battle, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom has been at the core of Shia rituals and identity.[31] Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala[31]
Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala, Iraq.[31]
Ali ibn Husayn[v]
Abu Muhammad[w][32]
Al-Sajjad[x][33]

Zayn al-'Abidin[y][34]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[34] 		The author of the prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya,[33] ("The Scripture of Al-Sajjad", "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet").[35] According to most Shia scholars, Zayn al-'Abidin was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina.[35]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[33]
Muhammad ibn Ali[z]
Abu Ja'far[aa][28][36]
 Baqir al-Ulum[ab][36]
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[36] 		Sunni and Shia sources consider Al-Baqir an early and pre-eminent legal scholar who was revered for having educated many students.[33][36] According to some Shia scholars, he was fatally poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina by order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[33]
Ja'far ibn Muhammad[ac]
Abu Abdillah[ad][33]
 As-Sadiq[ae][37]
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[38] 		As-Sadiq established the Ja'fari school of jurisprudence and developed the theology of the Twelvers.[33] He taught many scholars in different fields, including Abu Hanifah[33] and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[38] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Medina by order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[38]
Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[33]
Musa ibn Ja'far[af]
Abu al-Hasan I[ag][39]

Al-Kazim[ah][40]

Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[40] 		Al-Kazim was leader of the Shia community during the schism between the Ismaili and other branches of Islam after the death of the previous Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.[41] He established a network of agents who collected the khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. He holds a high position in the Mahdavia, the members of which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[42] According to Shia belief, he was imprisoned and fatally poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.[43]
Buried in the Kazimayn shrine, Baghdad, Iraq[33][40]
Ali ibn Musa[ai]
Abu al-Hasan II[aj][39] 		Ar-Rida[ak][40]
Medina,
Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[44] 		Made crown prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Ar-Rida was known for his discussions and debates with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[45] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Mashad, Iran, by order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun.[45]
Buried in the Imam Reza shrine, Mashad, Iran[45]
Muhammad ibn Ali[al]
Abu Ja'far[am][28]

Al-Taqi[an][45]

Al-Jawad[ao][46]

Medina,
Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[46] 		Al-Jawad was known for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate.[47] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned by his wife, the daughter of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim.[46]
Buried in the Kazmain shrine, Baghdad, Iraq.[45]
Ali ibn Muhammad[ap]
Abu al-Hasan III[aq][48] 		Al-Hadi[ar][49]

Al-Naqi[as][45]

Surayya, a village near Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[48] 		Al-Naqi taught religious sciences until 243/857.[45] He strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions and in turn received financial contributions from the faithful, from the khums and religious vows.[48] According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Samarra, Iraq, by order of caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[46]
Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[45]
Hasan ibn Ali[at]
Abu Muhammad[au] [50]
 Al-Askari[av][51]
Medina,
Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[51] 		Like his father, Al-Askari was placed under house arrest, which would last most of his life, by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tamid, .[52] During this time, repression of the Shia communities was great because of their growing size and power.[53] According to Shia belief, Al-Askari was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq.[54]
Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[45]
Muhammad ibn al-Hasan[aw]
Abu al-Qasim[ax][29]
 Mahdi[ay][az][55]

Hidden Imam[ba][56]

Al-Hujjah[bb][29][57]

Sahib al-Zaman[bc][50]

Sahibu'l-Amr[bd][50]

Al-Qa'im[be][29]

Baqiyyat Allah[bf][29]

Samarra, Iraq[59] 		According to Twelver Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah is a historical person, the current Imam, and the promised Mahdi—a messianic figure who will return with Jesus Christ. He will re-establish the rightful governance of Islam, filling the earth with justice and peace.[60] According to Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah has been living in the Occultation since 874 CE, and will continue living as long as God wills.[58]

See also

Part of a series on Shia Islam
Twelver Shi'ism
The Fourteen Infallibles
The Twelve Imams
Principles
Other beliefs
Practices
Other practices
Holy cities
Groups
Other related sects and groups
Scholarship
Hadith collections
Sources of ijtihad and jurisprudence
Related topics
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Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ A kunya (Template:Lang-ar, kunyah) is a teknonym in Arabic names, the name of an adult derived from his or her eldest child.
  2. ^ The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar
  3. ^ Except the Twelfth Imam
  4. ^ محمد بن عبدالله
  5. ^ أبو القاسم
  6. ^ the Messenger of God (Template:Lang-fa)
  7. ^ The Seal of the Prophets (Template:Lang-fa)
  8. ^ The Beloved (Template:Lang-fa)
  9. ^ فاطمة
  10. ^ The Mother for Her Father (Template:Lang-fa)
  11. ^ The master of all women (Template:Lang-fa)
  12. ^ The Shining (Template:Lang-fa)
  13. ^ علي بن أبي طالب
  14. ^ أبو الحسن
  15. ^ The Commander of the Faithful (Template:Lang-fa)
  16. ^ حسن بن علي
  17. ^ أبو محمد
  18. ^ The Chosen (Template:Lang-fa)
  19. ^ حسین بن علي
  20. ^ أبو عبدالله
  21. ^ Master of the Martyrs (Template:Lang-fa)
  22. ^ علي بن الحسین
  23. ^ أبو محمد
  24. ^ السجّاد
  25. ^ the Ornament of the Worshipers (Template:Lang-fa)
  26. ^ محمد بن علي
  27. ^ أبو جعفر
  28. ^ The Revealer of Knowledge (Template:Lang-fa)
  29. ^ جعفر بن محمد
  30. ^ أبو عبدالله
  31. ^ The Honest (Template:Lang-fa)
  32. ^ موسی بن جعفر
  33. ^ أبو الحسن الاول
  34. ^ The Calm One (Template:Lang-fa)
  35. ^ علي بن موسی
  36. ^ أبو الحسن الثانی
  37. ^ The Pleasing One (Template:Lang-fa)
  38. ^ محمد بن علي
  39. ^ أبو جعفر
  40. ^ The God-Fearing (Template:Lang-fa)
  41. ^ الجواد
  42. ^ علي بن محمد
  43. ^ أبو الحسن الثالث
  44. ^ هادی
  45. ^ The Pure (Template:Lang-fa)
  46. ^ الحسن بن علي
  47. ^ أبو محمد
  48. ^ The Citizen of a Garrison Town (Template:Lang-fa)
  49. ^ محمد بن الحسن
  50. ^ أبو القاسم
  51. ^ المهدی
  52. ^ The Guided One or The Guide (Template:Lang-fa)
  53. ^ (Template:Lang-fa)
  54. ^ The Proof (Template:Lang-fa)
  55. ^ The Lord of Our Times (Template:Lang-fa)
  56. ^ The one vested with Divine authority (Template:Lang-fa)
  57. ^ The Resurrector (Template:Lang-fa)
  58. ^ God's Remainder (Template:Lang-fa)

References

  1. ^ Dabashi 2006, p. 463
  2. ^ Corbin 1993, p. 48
  3. ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 98
  4. ^ Donaldson 1933, p. 326
  5. ^ Ansariyan 2007, p. 89
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Nasr 2006
  7. ^ Mir 1987, p. 171
  8. ^ Nasr 2013, p. 61
  9. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 131
  10. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 134
  11. ^ Walbridge 2001, p. 103
  12. ^ a b Klemm 2014
  13. ^ a b c Chittick 1980, p. 136
  14. ^ Qurashī 2007, p. 38
  15. ^ a b c d e f Chittick 1980, p. 137
  16. ^ Dungersi 1994, p. 4
  17. ^ Hughes 2013, p. 258
  18. ^ Rayshahri 2008, p. 68
  19. ^ Lammens 2012
  20. ^ a b Rizvi 1988, p. 48
  21. ^ a b c d e Nasr 2007
  22. ^ Ahmed 2005, p. 234
  23. ^ Poonawala 1985
  24. ^ Mashita 2002, p. 69
  25. ^ Corbin 1993, p. 50
  26. ^ a b c d Madelung 2003
  27. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 173
  28. ^ a b c Rizvi 1988, p. 49
  29. ^ a b c d e Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
  30. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
  31. ^ a b c d Madelung 2004
  32. ^ Qurashī 2007, p. 17
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Chittick 1980, p. 138
  34. ^ a b c d Madelung 1985
  35. ^ a b c d Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 178–179
  36. ^ a b c d e f Madelung 1988
  37. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 15
  38. ^ a b c Tabatabaei 1975, p. 180
  39. ^ a b Madelung 1985b
  40. ^ a b c d Tabatabaei 1975, p. 181
  41. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 68
  42. ^ Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
  43. ^ Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
  44. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 182–183
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chittick 1980, p. 139
  46. ^ a b c d e Tabatabaei 1975, p. 183
  47. ^ Qurashī 2005
  48. ^ a b c d e Madelung 1985a
  49. ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 16
  50. ^ a b c Rizvi 1988, p. 50
  51. ^ a b c d Halm 1987
  52. ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 188
  53. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 184
  54. ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 196
  55. ^ Amir-Moezzi 2007
  56. ^ Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
  57. ^ Nasr 2013, p. 161
  58. ^ a b c Tabatabaei 1975, p. 186
  59. ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
  60. ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214

Sources

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  • Klemm (2014). "Fāṭima bt. Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam 3. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lammens (2012). "Fatima". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Madelung, Wilferd (1985). "'Ali b. Al-Hosayn". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Madelung, Wilferd (1985a). "'Ali Al-Hadi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Madelung, Wilferd (1985b). "ʿAli Al-Reza". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-09. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Madelung, Wilferd (1988). "Baqer, Abu Ja'far Mohammad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-08. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Madelung, Wilferd (2004). "Ḥosayn B.ʿAli. Life and Significance in Shi'ism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865772-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Books
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