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Sai Baba of Shirdi

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"Sai Nath" redirects here. For the university, see Sai Nath University. For other uses, see Sai (disambiguation) and Nath (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Sai Baba.
Not to be confused with Sathya Sai Baba.

Sai Baba of Shirdi
Sai Baba
Photograph of Sai Baba (c. 1915)
TitleHindu Lord
Incarnation of Lord Shiva
Personal
Died
Shirdi, Bombay Presidency, India
NationalityIndian
Organization
PhilosophyBhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Karma Yoga[1]
Senior posting
Disciples
  • Mahalsapathi, Madhav Rao (shama), Nanasaheb peshway, Bayijabai, Tatya Kote Patil, Kakasaheb Dixit, Radhakrishnamaai, Hemadpant, Bhuti, Das Ganu, Lakshmi Bai, Nanavali, Upasni Maharaj, Abdul Baba, Sapatanekar, Nanasaheb Chandodkar, B.V. Narashima Swamiji
Quotation
  1. Shraddha - Saburi (faith - patience)
  2. Sab kaa malik ek he (there is only one god)

Sai Baba of Shirdi, also known as Shirdi Sai Baba was an Indian spiritual leader who is regarded by his devotees as a saint, a fakir, a satguru and an incarnation (avatar) of God. He was revered by both his Hindu and Muslim devotees during, as well as after his life.[2][3]

According to accounts from his life, he preached the importance of realization of the self, and criticized love towards perishable things. His teachings concentrate on a moral code of love, forgiveness, helping others, charity, contentment, inner peace, and devotion to the God and guru. He stressed the importance of surrender to the true Satguru, who, having trod the path to divine consciousness, will lead the disciple through the jungle of spiritual training.[4]

Sai Baba also condemned distinction based on religion or caste. It remains unclear if he was a Muslim or a Hindu. This, however, was of no consequence to Sai Baba.[5] His teaching combined elements of Hinduism and Islam: he gave the Hindu name Dwarakamayi to the mosque in which he lived,[6] practised both Hindu and Muslim rituals, taught using words and figures that drew from both traditions, and took samadhi in Shirdi. One of his well-known epigrams, 'Allah Malik' ('God is King') and 'Sabka Malik Ek' ('One God governs all'), is associated with both Hinduism and Islam. He is also known to have said 'Listen to me and your prayer shall be answered'.[4]

Background

Sai Baba was born in Pathri, district Parbhani, Maharashtra. Shri Sai Janmasthan Temple is a temple built in his birthplace.[7][8] Some people believe that he was born on September 28, 1835, though there is no definitive information to prove it

Sai Baba's real name remains unknown. The name 'Sai' was given to him when he arrived at Shirdi, a town now in the west Indian state of Maharashtra. The word 'Sai' refers to a religious mendicant[9] but can also mean'God'. In several Indian and Middle Eastern languages the term 'Baba' is an honorific signifying grandfather, father, old man or sir. Thus Sai Baba denotes holy father, saintly father or (venerable) poor old man.[5]

Some of Sai Baba's disciples became famous as spiritual figures and saints, such as Mahalsapati, a priest of the Khandoba temple in Shirdi, and Upasni Maharaj. He was revered by other saints as well, such as Saint Bidkar Maharaj, Saint Gangagir, Saint Janakidas Maharaj, and Sati Godavari Mataji.[10][11] Sai Baba referred to several saints as 'my brothers', especially the disciples of Swami Samartha of Akkalkot.[11]

Early years

Shirdi Sai Baba (right) and some of his devotees at Dwarakamai, his own Temple.
Shirdi Sai Baba with some devotees

According to the book Sai Satcharita, Sai Baba arrived at the village of Shirdi in the Ahmednagar District, British India when he was about 16 years old. He led an ascetic life, sitting motionless under a Neem tree and meditated while sitting in an Asana. The Shri Sai Satcharita recounts the reaction of the villagers:

The people of the village were wonderstruck to see such a young lad practicing hard penance, never minding the heat or cold. By day he associated with no one, by night he was afraid of nobody.[12]

His presence attracted the curiosity of the villagers, and he was regularly visited by the religiously inclined, including Mahalsapati, Appa Jogle and Kashinatha. Some considered him mad and threw stones at him.[13] Sai Baba left the village, and little is known about him after that.

There are some indications that he met with many saints and fakirs, and worked as a weaver.[citation needed] He claimed to have been with the army of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[14] It is generally accepted that Sai Baba stayed in Shirdi for three years, disappeared for a year, and returned permanently around 1858, which suggests a birth year of 1838.[15]

Return to Shirdi

Sai Baba returned to Shirdi in 1858. Around this time he adopted his famous style of dressing, consisting of a knee-length one-piece Kafni robe and a cloth cap. Ramgir Bua, a devotee, testified that Sai Baba was dressed like an athlete and sported 'long hair flowing down to the end of his spine' when he arrived in Shirdi, and that he never had his head shaved. It was only after Baba forfeited a wrestling match with one Mohiddin Tamboli that he took up the kafni and cloth cap, articles of typical Sufi clothing.[16] This attire contributed to Baba's identification as a Muslim fakir and was a reason for initial indifference and hostility against him in a predominantly Hindu village.[17]

For four to five years, Baba lived under a neem tree and often wandered for long periods in the jungle around Shirdi. His manner was said to be withdrawn and uncommunicative as he undertook long periods of meditation.[18] He was eventually persuaded to take up residence in an old and dilapidated mosque and lived a solitary life there, surviving by begging for alms, and receiving itinerant Hindu or Muslim visitors. In the mosque he maintained a sacred fire which is referred to as a dhuni, from which he gave sacred ashes ('Udhi') to his guests before they left. The ash was believed to have healing and apotropaic powers. He performed the function of a local hakim and treated the sick by application of ashes. Sai Baba also delivered spiritual teachings to his visitors, recommending the reading of the Ramayan and Bhagavat Gita for Hindus and Qur'an for Muslims. He insisted on the indispensability of the unbroken remembrance of God's name (dhikr, and often expressed himself in a cryptic manner with the use of parables, symbols and allegories.[19]

After 1910, Sai Baba's fame began to spread in Mumbai.[20][21] Numerous people started visiting him, because they regarded him as a saint with the power of performing miracles or even as an avatar.[22] They built his first temple at Bhivpuri, Karjat.[23]

Teachings and practices

Shirdi Sai Baba, leaning against the wall of his masjid, with devotees

Sai Baba opposed all persecution based on religion or caste. He was an opponent of religious orthodoxy — Christian, Hindu and Muslim.[24]

Sai Baba encouraged his devotees to pray, chant God's name, and read holy scriptures. He told Muslims to study the Qur'an and Hindus to study texts such as the Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, and Yoga Vasistha.[25] He was impressed by the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita and encouraged people to follow it in their own lives.[26] He advised his devotees and followers to lead a moral life, help others, love every living being without any discrimination, and develop two important features of character: devotion to the Guru (Sraddha) and waiting cheerfully with patience and love (Saburi). He criticised atheism.[27]

In his teachings, Sai Baba emphasised the importance of performing one's duties without attachment to earthly matters and of being content regardless of the situation. In his personal practice, Sai Baba observed worship procedures belonging to Islam; he shunned any kind of regular rituals but allowed the practice of Salah, chanting of Al-Fatiha, and Qur'an readings at Muslim festival times.[28] Occasionally reciting the Al-Fatiha, Baba enjoyed listening to mawlid and qawwali accompanied with the tabla and sarangi twice daily.[29]

Sai Baba interpreted the religious texts of both Islam and Hinduism. He explained the meaning of the Hindu scriptures in the spirit of Advaita Vedanta. His philosophy also had numerous elements of bhakti. The three main Hindu spiritual paths — Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Karma Yoga — influenced his teachings.[1]

Sai Baba encouraged charity and stressed the importance of sharing. He said: "Unless there is some relationship or connection, nobody goes anywhere. If any men or creatures come to you, do not discourteously drive them away, but receive them well and treat them with due respect. Shri Hari (God) will certainly be pleased if you give water to the thirsty, bread to the hungry, clothes to the naked, and your verandah to strangers for sitting and resting. If anybody wants any money from you and you are not inclined to give, do not give, but do not bark at him like a dog."[30]

Worship and devotees

Main article: Shirdi Sai Baba movement
Naga Sai Mandir, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

The Shirdi Sai Baba movement began in the 19th century,[31] while he was living in Shirdi. A local Khandoba priest, Mhalsapati Nagre, is believed to have been his first devotee.[32][33] In the 19th century, Sai Baba's followers were only a small group of inhabitants of Shirdi, and a few people from other parts of India.[21]

Because of Sai Baba, Shirdi has become a place of importance and is counted among the major Hindu places of pilgrimage.[34][35] The first Sai Baba temple is situated at Kudal, Sindhudurg. This temple was built in 1922. It is believed that Sai Baba gave one Rupee to Dada Madye ji with which he built the temple in Kudal. The Sai Baba Mandir in Shirdi is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day, and during religious festivals, this number can reach up to 1,000,000.[36] Shirdi Sai Baba is especially revered and worshiped in the states of Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. In August 2012, an unidentified devotee, for the first time, donated two expensive diamonds valuing ₹11.8 million at the Shirdi temple, as revealed by Saibaba trust officials.[37]

In recent years, the Shirdi Sai movement has spread to the Caribbean and to countries such as the Nepal, Canada, United States, Australia, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, United Kingdom,[38][39] Germany, France and Singapore.[40]

Notable disciples

Sai Baba left behind no spiritual heirs, appointed no disciples, and did not provide formal initiation (diksha), despite requests. Some disciples of Sai Baba achieved fame as spiritual figures, such as Upasni Maharaj of Sakori. After the demise of Sai Baba, his devotees offered the daily Aarti to Upasni Maharaj when he paid a visit to Shirdi twice within 10 years.[41]

Claimed miracles

Sai Baba's disciples and devotees claim that he performed many miracles such as bilocation, levitation, mindreading, materialisation, exorcisms, entering a state of Samādhi at will, lighting lamps with water, removing his limbs or intestines and sticking them back to his body (khandana yoga), curing the incurably sick, appearing beaten when another was beaten, preventing a mosque from falling down on people, and helping his devotees in other miraculous ways. He also gave Darshan (vision) to people in the form of Sri Rama, Krishna, Vithoba, Shiva and many other gods depending on the faith of devotees.[42][better source needed]

According to his followers, he appeared to them in their dreams and gave them advice. His devotees have documented many stories.[43]

In various religions

Sai Baba depicted on a tapestry

Hinduism

During Sai Baba's lifetime, the Hindu saint Anandanath of Yewala declared Sai Baba to be a "spiritual diamond."[44] Another saint, Gangagir, also called him a "jewel."[44] Sri Beedkar Maharaj greatly revered Sai Baba, and in 1873, when he met him he bestowed the title Jagad guru upon him.[45][46] Sai Baba was also greatly respected by Vasudevananda Saraswati (known as Tembye Swami).[47] He was also revered by a group of Shaivic yogis, known as the Nath-Panchayat.[48] He is considered an avatar of the Supreme Reality (Brahman or God), a satguru, or saint, depending on individual proclivities. This is not uncommon in Hinduism where there is no central doctrine or cosmology, but a basis in individual faith and spirituality.

Zoroastrianism

Saibaba was revered by prominent Zoroastrians such as Nanabhoy Palkhivala, Farhaad Panthaky and Homi Bhabha, and has been cited as the Zoroastrians' most popular non-Zoroastrian religious figure.[49]

Meher Baba, who was born into a Zoroastrian family, met Sai Baba once, during World War I, in December 1915. This event is considered as the most significant in Meher Baba's life. Shri Sai Satcharita (Sai Baba's life story), makes no mention of Meher Baba but Lord Meher, the life story of Meher Baba, there are numerous references to Sai Baba.[41]

Meher Baba, who claimed he was an (the) Avatar, credited his Avataric advent to Upasni, Sai Baba, and three other Perfect Masters: Hazrat Babajan, Hazrat Tajuddin Baba, and Narayan Maharaj. He declared Sai Baba to be a Qutub-e-Irshad (the highest of the five Qutubs, a "Master of the Universe" in the spiritual hierarchy).[50] This classification of avatar and satgurus and the associated name is applied within the Meher Baba community alone.

In culture

Sacred art and architecture

There are many temples of Sai Baba in India.[51] Temples are also located in countries outside India, including the United States, Netherlands, Kenya, Benin, Cuba, Canada, Pakistan, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany and Japan.[52] Present in the mosque in Shirdi in which Sai Baba lived, is a life-size portrait of him by Shama Rao Jaykar, an artist from Mumbai. Numerous monuments and statues depicting Sai Baba which serve a religious function have been made. One of them, made of marble by a sculptor named Balaji Vasant Talim, is in the Samadhi Mandir in Shirdi where Sai Baba was buried.[53]

Film and television

Sai Baba has been the subject of several feature films in many languages produced by India's film industry.

Year Film Title role Director Language Notes
1955 Shirdi Che Sai Baba Dattopant Aangre Kumarsen Samarth Marathi Won All India Certificate of Merit at 3rd National Film Awards
1977 Shirdi Ke Sai Baba Sudhir Dalvi Ashok V. Bhushan Hindi Also featuring Manoj Kumar, Rajendra Kumar, Hema Malini, Shatrughan Sinha, Sachin, Prem Nath
1986 Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam Vijayachander K. Vasu Telugu Dubbed into Hindi as Shirdi Sai Baba Ki Kahani, into Tamil as Sri Shiridi Saibaba. Also featuring Chandra Mohan, Suthi Veerabhadra Rao, Sarath Babu, J.V. Somayajulu, Rama Prabha, Anjali Devi, Raja.
1989 Bhagavan Shri Sai Baba Sai Prakash Sai prakash Kannada Also starring Ramkumar, Brahmavar, Vijaylakshmi.
1993 Sai Baba Yashwant Dutt Babasaheb S. Fattelal Marathi Also featuring Lalita Pawar
1999 Maya / Guru Poornima / Jayasurya Sai Baba Rama Narayanan Tamil
Telugu
Kannada		 Also featuring S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
2000 Sri Sai Mahima Sai Prakash Ashok Kumar Telugu Also featuring Murali Mohan, Jaya Sudha, Sudha, P. J. Sharma
2001 Shirdi Sai Baba Sudhir Dalvi Deepak Balraj Vij Hindi Also featuring Dharmendra, Alok Nath, Rohini Hattangadi, Suresh Oberoi
2005 Ishwarya Avatar Sai Baba Mukul Nag Ramanand Sagar Hindi Composite movie drawn from Sagar's Sai Baba (TV series).
2010 Malik Ek Jackie Shroff Deepak Balraj Vij Hindi Also featuring Manoj Kumar, Divya Dutta, Rohini Hattangadi, Zarina Wahab and Anup Jalota as Das Ganu.
2010-11 Bhagwan Sri Shirdi Sai Baba[54] Surya Vasishta Bukkapatna Vasu Kannada Also featuring Ravindranath, Ravi Bhat, Venkatadri, Bhavyashree Rai, Chandrika Challakere and others. Aired on Kasturi (TV channel)
2012 Shirdi Sai Nagarjuna Akkineni K. Raghavendra Rao Telugu Released on 6 September 2012. Also featuring Srikanth (actor), Srihari, Kamalini Mukherjee, Rohini Hattangadi, Sharat Babu, Brahmanandam

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Rigopoulos, Antonio (1993). The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. SUNY. pp. 261–352. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  2. ^ "Life of Shirdi Saibaba - Life Story of Saibaba of Shirdi - Shirdi Sai Baba Biography". www.shirdi.org.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  3. ^ "Shri Sai Satcharitra in English - Publications". shrisaibabasansthan.org.in. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  4. ^ a b Sri Sai Satcharitra
  5. ^ a b Rigopoulos, Antonio (1993). The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. SUNY. p. 3. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  6. ^ Hoiberg, Dale; I. Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  7. ^ "Sai Baba was not a Muslim but a Brahmin, penalise those who insult him: Temple trust to HC". The Indian Express. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  8. ^ http://parbhani.nic.in/htmldocs/religeous.html
  9. ^ http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:5269.platts
  10. ^ Ruhela, S. P. (ed), Truth in Controversies about Sri Shirdi Sai Baba, Faridabad, Indian Publishers Distributors, 2000. ISBN 81-7341-121-2
  11. ^ a b Dabholkar, Govind Raghunath, Shri Sai Satcharita: the life and teachings of Shirdi Sai Baba (1999)
  12. ^ Rigopoulos, Antonio (1993). The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. SUNY. p. 46. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  13. ^ Parthasarathy, Rangaswami (1997). God Who Walked on Earth: The Life and Times of Shirdi Sai Baba. Sterling Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 81-207-1809-7.
  14. ^ To Balakrishna Upasani Shastri, "I was at the battle in which the Rani of Jhansi took part. I was then in the army." Quoted in Narasimhaswami, B.V. (1986). Sri Sai Baba's Charters & Sayings. All-India Sai Samaj, Madras. p. 209.
  15. ^ Rigopoulos, Antonio (1993). The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. SUNY. p. 45. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  16. ^ Warren, Marianne (1997). Unravelling the Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism. Sterling Publishers. p. 104. ISBN 81-207-2147-0.
  17. ^ Rigopoulos, Antonio. The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  18. ^ Warren, Marianne (1997). Unravelling the Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism. Sterling Publishers. p. 45. ISBN 81-207-2147-0.
  19. ^ Rigopoulos, Antonio (1993). The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. SUNY. p. 86. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  20. ^ Nanda, A. R. (8 April 2011). The Eternal Sai Phenomenon. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9788120790247.
  21. ^ a b "Worship & Devotes". www.shreeomsainath.com. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  22. ^ Warren, Marianne (1997). Unravelling the Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism. Sterling Publishers. pp. 340–341. ISBN 81-207-2147-0.
  23. ^ Sai Ananta – Kaka Saheb Dixit Trust of Shri Sai Baba at http://www.saiananta.com
  24. ^ Rigopoulos, Antonio (1993). The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. SUNY. p. 139. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  25. ^ Dabholkar/Gunaji Shri Sai Satcharita/Shri Sai Satcharitra chapter 27.
  26. ^ "Shri Sai Satcharitra". Saibaba.org. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  27. ^ Dabholkar/Gunaji Shri Sai Satcharita/Shri Sai Satcharitra chapter 3 [1]
  28. ^ Warren, Marianne (1999). Unravelling The Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism. Sterling Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  29. ^ Warren, Marianne (1999). Unravelling The Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism. Sterling Publishers. p. 30. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  30. ^ Dabholkar (alias Hemadpant) Shri Sai Satcharita Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Shirdi, (translated from Marathi into English by Nagesh V. Gunaji in 1944) available online or downloadable or on Kindle.
  31. ^ Rigopoulos, Antonio (1993). The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi. SUNY. p. 3. ISBN 0-7914-1268-7.
  32. ^ "Holy Shirdi |Mhalsapati's House". holyshirdi.saibaba.com. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  33. ^ "Shirdi Sai Baba Foundation". www.ssbf.co.in. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  34. ^ Mhatre, Shridhar. "Amazing Maharashtra: SHIRDI SAIBABA TEMPLE". Amazing Maharashtra. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  35. ^ "Top 30 Famous Temples in India: Tour My India". Tour My India. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  36. ^ "shirdi". 23 April 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  37. ^ "Unknown person donates diamonds worth Rs 1.18 crore (approximately $240,000) at Shirdi". 1 August 2012.
  38. ^ http://www.rammandirleicester.org.uk/19.html
  39. ^ http://www.shirdisai.org.uk/
  40. ^ Brady R., Coward H. G., Hinnels J. H. The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States, p. 93 [2]
  41. ^ a b sandman (20 January 2009). "Who is Sai Baba' guru? Zarzari Zar Baksh who lived at Khuldabad, says Meher Baba". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  42. ^ Mukund Raj (1 November 2010). "Shri Sai Baba Shirdi Home Page". Saibaba.org. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  43. ^ Ruhela, Sri Shirdi Sai Baba – the universal master pp. 141–154
  44. ^ a b "Who is Shirdi Sai Baba". Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
  45. ^ "A Short Biography of Shree Sadguru Beedkar Maharaj". Retrieved 29 October 2007.
  46. ^ "Beedkar Maharaj". Sai Vichaar, Oct 06, 2005, volume 8, issue 2001. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
  47. ^ Dabholkar/Gunaji Shri Sai Satcharita/Shri Sai Satcharitra chapter 50 [3]
  48. ^ Ruhela Sri Shirdi Sai Baba – the universal master p. 27
  49. ^ Hinnels J. R. Zoroastrians Diaspora: religion and migration p. 109
  50. ^ Kalchuri, Bhau: Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, The Biography of the Avatar of the Age, Meher Baba, Manifestation, Inc. 1986. p. 64
  51. ^ Srinivas Sathya Sai Baba movement
  52. ^ "Directory of Shri Shirdi Saibaba temples around the world". Omsrisai.net. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  53. ^ Ruhela Sri Shirdi Sai Baba – The Universal Master
  54. ^ "Official Page of Bhagwan Sri Shirdi Sai Baba on Facebook".

Bibliography

  • Arulneyam, Durai, The Gospel of Shri Shirdi Sai Baba. A Holy Spiritual Path, New Delhi, Sterling, 2008. ISBN 978-81-207-3997-0
  • Babuji, Sri Sainathuni Sarath, 'Arati Sai Baba, The Psalm Book of Shirdi Aratis, Saipatham Publications, 1996 available online
  • Kamath, M. V. & Kher, V. B., Sai Baba of Shirdi: A Unique Saint, India: Jaico Publishing House (1997). ISBN 81-7224-030-9
  • Osborne, Arthur, The Incredible Sai Baba. The Life and Miracles of a Modern-day Saint, Hyderabad, Orient Longman, 1957. ISBN 81-250-0084-4
  • Panday, Balkrishna, Sai Baba’s 261 Leelas. A Treasure House of Miracles, New Delhi, Sterling, 2004. ISBN 81-207-2727-4
  • Parthasarathy, Rangaswami, God Who Walked on Earth. The Life and Times of Shirdi Sai Baba, New Delhi, Sterling, 1996. ISBN 81-207-1809-7.
  • Rao, Sham P. P., Five Contemporary Gurus in the Shirdi (Sai Baba) Tradition, Bangalore: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, 1972. LCCN 75-905429.
  • Venkataraman, Krishnaswamy, Shirdi Stories, Srishti Publishers, New Delhi, 2002. ISBN 81-87075-84-8
  • White, Charles S. J., The Sai Baba Movement: Approaches to the Study of India Saints in Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Aug. 1972), pp. 863–878
  • White Charles S. J., The Sai Baba Movement: Study of a Unique Contemporary Moral and Spiritual Movement, New Delhi, Arnold-Heinemann, 1985.
  • Williams, Alison, Experiencing Sai Baba’s Shirdi. A Guide, revised edition, Shirdi, Saipatham Publications. 2004 ISBN 81-88560-00-6 available online
  • Walshe-Ryan, Lorraine, I am always with you, Reprint 2008, New Delhi, Sterling Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978-81-207-3192-9.
  • Guruji Vij Rajesh, Service to Living beings is service to god Jai Sai Naam (1995) India
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