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{{Under construction}}
{{Infobox sport
{{Infobox sport
| image = MalawiFijiNetball.jpg
| image = MalawiFijiNetball.jpg
| imagesize = 225px
| imagesize = 225px
| caption = [[Malawi national netball team|Malawi]] (red) playing [[Fiji national netball team|Fiji]] (blue) at the<br>[[Netball at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Commonwealth Games]].
| caption = [[Malawi national netball team|Malawi]] (red) playing [[Fiji national netball team|Fiji]] (blue) <br>at the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]]
| union = [[International Federation of Netball Associations]]
| union = [[International Federation of Netball Associations]]
| nickname =
| nickname = Netball, Women's basketball, Nchembre mbaye
| first =
| first =
| registered = 360,000 (Australia)<ref name=DaCosta-66>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=66}}</ref><br/>120,440 (New Zealand)<ref name=Thompson-258>{{harvnb|Thompson|2006|p=258}}</ref><br/>1,300 (Northern Ireland)<ref name=Mahoney-103>{{harvnb|Mahoney|1997|p=103}}</ref><br/>10,000 (Papua New Guinea)<ref name=netball-png>{{harvnb|Netball Papua New Guinea}}</ref><br/>80,000 (Singapore)<ref name=NS-body>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2011}}</ref><br/>
| registered = 360,000 (Australia)<ref name="DaCosta-66"/><br/>1,000+ (Cook Islands)<ref name="cina-2009"/><br/>120,440 (New Zealand)<ref name="Thompson-258"/><br/>1,300 (Northern Ireland)<ref name="Mahoney-103"/><br/>10,000 (Papua New Guinea)<ref name="netball-png"/><br/>80,000 (Singapore)<ref name=NS-body/><br/>
| clubs = 11,000 (New Zealand)<ref name=Thompson-258/><br/>1,718 (Malaysia)<ref name=DaCosta-88>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=88}}</ref><br/>
| clubs = 11,000 (New Zealand)<ref name=Thompson-258/><br/>1,718 (Malaysia)<ref name="DaCosta-88"/><br/>
| contact = Limited
| contact = Limited
| team = Seven on-court players per team
| team = Seven on-court players per team
| mgender = Yes, separate competitions and mixed gender teams
| mgender = Yes, separate competitions and mixed gender teams
| category = [[Team sport]], [[Ball game|ball sport]]
| category = [[Team sport]], [[Ball game|ball sport]]
| equipment = Netball, bib
| equipment = Netball, bib
| venue = Netball court
| venue = Netball court
| olympic = No (IOC-recognised, 1995)
| olympic = No (IOC-recognised, 1995)
}}
}}
'''Netball''' is a [[Ball game|ball sport]] played between two teams of seven players. The sport shares many similarities with [[basketball]], having been derived from early versions of [[women's basketball]]. It developed as a distinct sport in the 1890s in England, from where it spread to other countries. Netball is popular in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth nations]] and is predominantly played by women.
'''Netball''' is a [[Ball game|ball sport]] played between two teams of seven players. The sport shares many similarities with [[basketball]], having been derived from early versions of [[women's basketball]]. It developed as a distinct sport in the 1890s in England, from where it spread to other countries. Netball is popular in many [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth nations]] like [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Great Britain]], [[Pacific Islands]], [[Caribbean]], [[South Africa]] and [[Malawi]]; and is predominantly played by women.


Games are played on a rectangular court divided into thirds, with a raised goal at each short end. The object of the game is for teams to score goals, by passing a ball and shooting it into the opposing team's goal. Players are assigned "positions" that define their role within the team and restrict their movement on court. During general play, a player with the ball can take no more than one step before passing it, and must pass the ball or shoot for goal within three seconds. Goals can only be scored by the assigned shooting players. Netball games are 60 minutes long, divided into 15-minute quarters, at the end of which the team with the most goals scored wins.
Games are played on a rectangular court divided into thirds, with a raised goal at each short end. The object of the game is for teams to score goals, by passing a ball and shooting it into the opposing team's goal. Players are assigned "positions" that define their role within the team and restrict their movement on court. During general play, a player with the ball can take no more than one step before passing it, and must pass the ball or shoot for goal within three seconds. Goals can only be scored by the assigned shooting players. Netball games are 60 minutes long, divided into 15-minute quarters, at the end of which the team with the most goals scored wins.
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{{Main|History of netball}}
{{Main|History of netball}}


[[File:Netball game, ca 1910.jpg|thumb|210px|right|School netball game in New Zealand, ca.&nbsp;1910.|alt=Young girls shooting a ball into a Wicker basketball. Image is in black and white. Girls are wearing skirt. A male, pant wearing umpire stands on the court.]]
===Origins from basketball===
[[File:Netball game, ca 1910.jpg|thumb|210px|right|School netball game in New Zealand, ca.&nbsp;1910.|alt=Young girls shooting a ball into a Wicker basketball. Image is in black and white. Girls are wearing skirt. A male, pant wearing umpire stands on the court.]]
Netball emerged from early versions of [[women's basketball]], and evolved with the increasing participation of women in sport. [[Basketball]] was invented in 1891 by [[James Naismith]], a Canadian physical education instructor working in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. His new game was played in his school's gymnasium between two teams of nine players, using an [[association football (ball)|association football]] that was shot into closed-end peach baskets.<ref name=IFNA-History>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations}}</ref> [[Senda Berenson]], a teacher at a nearby women's college, developed women's basketball the following year, with modified rules designed to accommodate social norms regarding appropriate conduct and attire for women, and contemporary notions on their limited physical capacity.<ref name=WNBA>{{harvnb|Jenkins}}</ref><ref name=GrundyShackelford>{{harvnb|Grundy|Shackelford|2007|p=13}}</ref>
Netball emerged from early versions of [[women's basketball]], and evolved with the increasing participation of women in sport. [[Basketball]] was invented in 1891 by [[James Naismith]], a Canadian physical education instructor working in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. His new game was played in his school's gymnasium between two teams of nine players, using an [[association football (ball)|association football]] that was shot into closed-end peach baskets.<ref name=IFNA-History>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations}}</ref> [[Senda Berenson]], a teacher at a nearby women's college, developed women's basketball the following year, with modified rules designed to accommodate social norms regarding appropriate conduct and attire for women, and contemporary notions on their limited physical capacity.<ref name=WNBA>{{harvnb|Jenkins}}</ref><ref name=GrundyShackelford>{{harvnb|Grundy|Shackelford|2007|p=13}}</ref>


[[File:1910 Bournville Club Netball.jpg|thumb|210px|left|English women playing netball in 1910.|alt=A group 15 women in long sleeved shirts and ankle length skirts on a grass netball court.]]Basketball spread to England within a few years of its invention. [[Martina Bergman-Österberg]] introduced one version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at her Physical Training College in London (later in Dartford). Subsequent revisions were made at the college two years later, and in 1897 rules were introduced from women's basketball in the United States. By that time, the game had moved outdoors and the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; Madame Österberg's sport had also acquired the new name "net ball".<ref name=EnglandNetball-History>{{harvnb|England Netball}}</ref> The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association (later the [[Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom]]).<ref name=Taylor>{{harvnb|Taylor|2001}}</ref> From England, netball spread to other countries in the [[British Empire]]. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in Australia around the start of the 20th century and in New Zealand from 1906,<ref name=Taylor/><ref name=NNZ-History>{{harvnb|Netball New Zealand}}</ref> while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.<ref name=JNA-History>{{harvnb|Jamaica Netball Association}}</ref>
Women's basketball spread across the United States over the next few years, with variations arising in different parts of the country. In 1893, [[Clara Gregory Baer]] introduced her own version of the sport to her female students in [[New Orleans]]. Two years later, she released the first published rules for women's basketball, which she called "[[basquette]]".<ref name=WBHOF-timeline>{{harvnb|Women's Basketball Hall of Fame}}</ref> Baer's game was substantially different to Berenson's, but was similarly designed to facilitate women's participation in sport.<ref name=Taylor>{{harvnb|Taylor|2001}}</ref> The first unified rules of women's basketball was published by Berenson in 1901, which included a number of rules from Baer's game.<ref name=Borish>{{harvnb|Borish |2000|p=63}}</ref> The rules of women's basketball eventually merged with those of the men's game, although these early versions of women's basketball gave rise to another sport: netball.<ref name=WNBA/>


Netball became a popular [[women's sport]] in countries where it was introduced, and spread rapidly through school systems.<ref name=Thompson-258>{{harvnb|Thompson|2006|p=258}}</ref><ref name=Mahoney-103>{{harvnb|Mahoney|1997|p=103}}</ref><ref name=Taylor-13>{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|p=13}}</ref><ref name=School-Sport>{{harvnb|School Sport Australia|2011}}</ref><ref name=NS-squads>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2010}}</ref><ref name=BNSC-2011>{{harvnb|BNSC|2011}}</ref><ref name="ifna-2010e"/><ref name="lanka-2010"/> School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century, and in 1924 the first national governing body was established. International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. Australia and New Zealand contested the first international game of netball in Melbourne on 20 August 1938, which the host nation won 40–11.<ref name=NNZ-History/> Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later the [[International Federation of Netball Associations]]) was formed to administer the sport worldwide.<ref name=IFNA-History/> In Australia, netball competed with women's basketball. The two sports shared a name. There was a movement during the 1950s and 1960s to change the name of the game in the country from women's basketball to netball in order to avoid confusion between the two sports.<ref name=Jack-Pollard>{{harvnb|Pollard|1968|p=59}}</ref> The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay costs involved to alter the name but this was rejected by the netball organization prior to 1968.
===Early development of netball===
Basketball spread to England within a few years of its invention. [[Martina Bergman-Österberg]] introduced one version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at her Physical Training College in London (later in Dartford). Subsequent revisions were made at the college two years later, and in 1897 rules were introduced from women's basketball in the United States. By that time, the game had moved outdoors and the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; Madame Österberg's sport had also acquired the new name "net ball".<ref name=EnglandNetball-History>{{harvnb|England Netball}}</ref> The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association (later the [[Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom]]).<ref name=Taylor/> From England, netball spread to other countries in the [[British Empire]]. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in Australia around the start of the 20th century and in New Zealand from 1906,<ref name=Taylor/><ref name=NNZ-History>{{harvnb|Netball New Zealand}}</ref> while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.<ref name=JNA-History>{{harvnb|Jamaica Netball Association}}</ref>

Netball became a popular [[women's sport]] in countries where it was introduced, and spread rapidly through school systems. School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century, and in 1924 the first national governing body was established. International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. Australia and New Zealand contested the first international game of netball in Melbourne on 20 August 1938, which the host nation won 40–11.<ref name=NNZ-History/> Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later the [[International Federation of Netball Associations]]) was formed to administer the sport worldwide.<ref name=IFNA-History/>

In Australia, netball competed with women's basketball. The two sports shared a name. There was a movement during the 1950s and 1960s to change the name of the game in the country from women's basketball to netball in order to avoid confusion between the two sports.
<ref name=Jack-Pollard>{{harvnb|Pollard|1968|p=59}}</ref> The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay costs involved to alter the name but this was rejected by the netball organization prior to 1968.
<ref name=Jack-Pollard/>
<ref name=Jack-Pollard/>


===The global game===
In 1963, the first international tournament was held in [[Eastbourne, England]]. Originally called the World Tournament, it eventually became known as the [[Netball World Championships]]. It has been held every four years since, most recently in 2007. The World Youth Netball Championships started in [[Canberra]] in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, netball became an Olympic-recognised sport, allowing its inclusion in future games. Three years later it debuted at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name=IFNA-History/> Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, primarily contested between second- and third-tier netball nations. These include the [[Nations Cup (netball)|Nations Cup]] and the [[Asian Netball Championship]].<ref name=lanka-2010>{{harvnb|Sri Lanka Netball|2010}}</ref>
In 1963, the first international tournament was held in [[Eastbourne, England]]. Originally called the World Tournament, it eventually became known as the [[Netball World Championships]]. It has been held every four years since, most recently in 2007. The World Youth Netball Championships started in [[Canberra]] in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, netball became an Olympic-recognised sport, allowing its inclusion in future games. Three years later it debuted at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name=IFNA-History/> Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, primarily contested between second- and third-tier netball nations. These include the [[Nations Cup (netball)|Nations Cup]] and the [[Asian Netball Championship]].<ref name=lanka-2010>{{harvnb|Sri Lanka Netball|2010}}</ref>

School leagues and national club competitions have existed in countries such as England, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica since the early 20th century. However, franchise-based netball leagues only emerged in the late 1990s. The most prominent of these competitions is the [[ANZ Championship]] in Australia and New Zealand, and the [[Netball Superleague]] in the United Kingdom. These competitions sought to increase the profile of the sport in their respective countries, which despite widespread local-level participation remains largely amateur. In 2008, efforts were started to include netball in the [[Olympic Games]] from as early as 2012.<ref name=BBCSport>{{harvnb|BBC Sport|2008}}</ref> A new format of the game, called [[Fastnet (netball)|fastnet]], was also announced in December that year, one that featured shorter matches with modified rules designed to make the game more appealing to spectators and television audiences.<ref name=NZB>{{harvnb|Newstalk ZB|2008}}</ref>


==Description and rules==
==Description and rules==
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The objective of a game of netball is for players to pass the ball to a teammate within the opposition's goal circle and score goals, which the opposing team will attempt to prevent. The team with the most goals at the end of a game is the winner.
The objective of a game of netball is for players to pass the ball to a teammate within the opposition's goal circle and score goals, which the opposing team will attempt to prevent. The team with the most goals at the end of a game is the winner.


===Court and its dimensions===
===Court and dimensions===
[[Image:Netball-edit2.svg|thumb|300px|A netball court is divided into thirds.]]
[[Image:Netball-edit2.svg|thumb|300px|A netball court is divided into thirds.]]
[[Image:Netball Court.JPG|thumb|300px|A netball court.]]
[[Image:Netball Court.JPG|thumb|300px|A netball court.]]
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===Ball===
===Ball===
The ball is made of leather, rubber or similar material, measures {{convert|680|mm}} to {{convert|710|mm}} in circumference and weighs {{convert|397|g}} to {{convert|454|g}}.<ref name=Netball-book>{{harvnb|Murrary||2008|p=186}}</ref><ref name=Davis-6>{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=6}}</ref> For IFNA sanctioned competitions, [[Gilbert (sports equipment)|Gilbert]] is the official supplier of netball balls.<ref name=Netball-book/>
The ball is made of leather, rubber or similar material, measures {{convert|680|mm}} to {{convert|710|mm}} in circumference and weighs {{convert|397|g}} to {{convert|454|g}}.<ref name=Netball-book>{{harvnb|Murrary||2008|p=186}}</ref><ref name=Davis-6>{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=6}}</ref> For IFNA sanctioned competitions, [[Gilbert (sports equipment)|Gilbert]] is the official supplier of netball balls.<ref name=Netball-book/>


===Playing time===
===Playing time===
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===Scoring goals===
===Scoring goals===
Each goal scored is worth only one point.<ref name=USANA-2010a/> By the combination of the above, only the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter are able to score goals directly,<ref name=USANA-2010a/> and this may only be done from the inside of the semi-circle. The job of the Goal Defence and Goal Keeper is to block the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter from shooting; however, they must be three feet or more away from the landing foot of the shooter, otherwise it is called an obstruction. In this, the Goal Keeper or Goal Defence must stand by the shooter's side for a penalty pass or shot and are now not allowed to block. A ball that passes through the hoop, but has been thrown either from outside the circle or by a player not the GA or GS, is deemed a "no goal". Furthermore, a shooter (GA or GS) may not shoot for a goal if a "free pass" has been awarded for an infringement such as stepping, offside, or using the post.<ref name=Shakespear-xix>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xix}}</ref>
By the combination of the above, only the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter are able to score goals directly,<ref name=USANA-2010a>{{harvnb|United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc.|2010a}}</ref> and this may only be done from the inside of the semi-circle. The job of the Goal Defence and Goal Keeper is to block the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter from shooting; however, they must be three feet or more away from the landing foot of the shooter, otherwise it is called an obstruction. In this, the Goal Keeper or Goal Defence must stand by the shooter's side for a penalty pass or shot and are now not allowed to block. A ball that passes through the hoop, but has been thrown either from outside the circle or by a player not the GA or GS, is deemed a "no goal". Furthermore, a shooter (GA or GS) may not shoot for a goal if a "free pass" has been awarded for an infringement such as stepping, offside, or using the post.<ref name=Shakespear-xix>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xix}}</ref>


If a player misses and the ball does not touch the rim or any part of the post, the player cannot catch it otherwise it is called replay. This results in a free pass to the other team.<ref name=Shakespear-xix/>
If a player misses and the ball does not touch the rim or any part of the post, the player cannot catch it otherwise it is called replay. This results in a free pass to the other team.<ref name=Shakespear-xix/>
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===Stepping, footwork, and passing===
===Stepping, footwork, and passing===
Netball rules do not permit players to let their landing foot touch the ground again if it is lifted at all while in possession of the ball, so players can take 1.5 steps while holding the ball. Pivoting does not count as a step.<ref name=Netball-book /> Players are entitled to balance on the other foot if the landing foot is lifted. Consequently, the only way to move the ball towards the goal is to throw the ball to a team-mate. The ball can be held by a player for less than three seconds at any time.<ref name=Netball-book /> A player may tap or deflect the ball let it bounce and then take possession and throw it. The player cannot catch the ball with both hands, drop it and pick it up again; this is called a replayed ball. The duration before it is called a drop is determined by the umpire. These rules, combined with the restrictions on where one player of a particular position can move, ensure that everyone on the team is regularly involved in play.<ref name=Shakespear-15>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=15-19}}</ref>
Netball rules do not permit players to let their landing foot touch the ground again if it is lifted at all while in possession of the ball, so players can take 1.5 steps while holding the ball. Pivoting does not count as a step.<ref name=Netball-book /> Players are entitled to balance on the other foot if the landing foot is lifted. Consequently, the only way to move the ball towards the goal is to throw the ball to a team-mate. The ball can be held by a player for less than three seconds at any time.<ref name=Netball-book /> A player may tap or deflect the ball let it bounce and then take possession and throw it. The player cannot catch the ball with both hands, drop it and pick it up again; this is called a replayed ball. The duration before it is called a drop is determined by the umpire. These rules, combined with the restrictions on where one player of a particular position can move, ensure that everyone on the team is regularly involved in play.<ref name=Shakespear-15>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|pp=15–19}}</ref>


===Contact and obstruction===
===Contact and obstruction===
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==Variants==
==Variants==

===Indoor netball===
===Indoor netball===
{{main|Indoor netball}}
{{main|Indoor netball}}
Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net.<ref name=Alswang-2>{{harvnb|Alswang|2003|p=2}}</ref> The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, reducing the number of playing stoppages.<ref name=Alswang-2/> This gives indoor netball a faster pace than netball.<ref name=Alswang-2/>
Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, reducing the number of playing stoppages. This gives indoor netball a faster pace than netball.<ref name=Alswang-2>{{harvnb|Alswang|2003|p=2}}</ref>

This version of the game is played with six players: two attackers, two centre players and two defenders. The attacking and defending players can each go in one half of the court including the goal circle, while the centre players can play in the whole court except the goal circle. A unique feature of this form of the game is that players can shoot from outside the goal circle for a two-point goal, while shots taken inside the goal circle still earn one point.<ref name=Planet-Sport>{{harvnb|Planet Sport}}</ref>


Two different forms of the game are played. In the 7-a-side version, seven players per team play with rules similar to netball. However, a game comprises 15-minute halves with a three-minute break in between. This version is played in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and England; the sport is often referred to as "action netball" in the latter two countries.<ref name=INA>{{harvnb|Indoor Netball Australia|2003}}</ref><ref name=NZISa>{{harvnb|New Zealand Indoor Netball|2008}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Alswang|2003}}</ref><ref name=AN-England>{{harvnb|Action Indoor Sports (England)}}</ref> A 6-a-side version of the sport is also played in New Zealand, with six-player teams comprising two attackers, two centre players and two defenders. The attacking and defending players can each go in one half of the court including the goal circle, while the centre players can play in the whole court except the goal circle. A unique feature of this form of the game is that players can shoot from outside the goal circle for a two-point goal, while shots taken inside the goal circle still earn one point.<ref name=NZIS>{{harvnb|New Zealand Indoor Netball|2009}}</ref><ref name=Planet-Sport>{{harvnb|Planet Sport}}</ref>
Action netball is the name of the South African variant of indoor netball.<ref name=Alswang-2/> The rules are the same as traditional netball, except the court is surrounded by nets.<ref name=Alswang-2/> The ball is always considered in play.<ref name=Alswang-2/> The game normally uses a size 5 netball, measuring between {{convert|690|mm}} and {{convert|910|mm}} in circumference and weighing between {{convert|400|g}} and {{convert|450|mm}}.<ref name=Alswang-2/> The game has two 15 minute halves, with a three minute break at halftime.<ref name=Alswang-3>{{harvnb|Alswang|2003|p=3}}</ref> There are seven players on the court, and each team may have a maximum of three players on the bench. A minimum of five players must be on the court at any time. On a mixed team, there is a maximum of three males and four females allowed on the court. A team may make a maximum of three substitutions per game.<ref name=Alswang-3/>


===Fastnet===
===Fastnet===
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* '''Substitutions''': As in basketball,<ref name=Roar>{{harvnb|Medhurst|2009}}</ref> teams will be allowed to use rolling substitutions, with no stoppages in play per substitution and with unlimited substitutions per quarter. Standard international rules only allow substitutions either between quarters or when a player is injured.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Substitutions''': As in basketball,<ref name=Roar>{{harvnb|Medhurst|2009}}</ref> teams will be allowed to use rolling substitutions, with no stoppages in play per substitution and with unlimited substitutions per quarter. Standard international rules only allow substitutions either between quarters or when a player is injured.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Power plays''': Each team can separately nominate one "power play" quarter, in which each goal scored by that team counts for double points. This is somewhat similar to [[Powerplay (cricket)|powerplays]] in [[One Day International]] and Twenty20 cricket,<ref name=Roar/> although it is not a feature of standard netball.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Power plays''': Each team can separately nominate one "power play" quarter, in which each goal scored by that team counts for double points. This is somewhat similar to [[Powerplay (cricket)|powerplays]] in [[One Day International]] and Twenty20 cricket,<ref name=Roar/> although it is not a feature of standard netball.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Two-point shots''': Similar to [[three-point field goal]]s in basketball and two-point goals in six-a-side [[indoor netball]], the goal shooter (GS) and goal attack (GA) may shoot goals from outside the shooting circle. These goals count for two points; in a power-play quarter, they would count for four points. Umpires raise one arm for a single-point goal and two arms for a two-point goal. In standard netball rules, goals can only be shot from within the shooting circle and count for one point only..<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Two-point shots''': Similar to [[three-point field goal]]s in basketball and two-point goals in six-a-side [[indoor netball]], the goal shooter (GS) and goal attack (GA) may shoot goals from outside the shooting circle. These goals count for two points; in a power-play quarter, they would count for four points. Umpires raise one arm for a single-point goal and two arms for a two-point goal. In standard netball rules, goals can only be shot from within the shooting circle and count for one point only.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Centre passes''': After each goal, the team that conceded the goal takes the next centre pass; teams alternate taking the first centre pass of each quarter. Under normal rules, a coin toss determines the first centre pass of the match, after which centre passes alternate between the two teams.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Centre passes''': After each goal, the team that conceded the goal takes the next centre pass; teams alternate taking the first centre pass of each quarter. Under normal rules, a coin toss determines the first centre pass of the match, after which centre passes alternate between the two teams.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Tied scores''': Ties will be decided by penalty shoot-outs, similar to those in [[association football]].<ref name=SMH>{{harvnb|Warren|2008}}</ref> Often in competitive netball, tied games simply continue until one team wins in extra time, or else subsequently achieves a two-goal advantage.<ref name=wns-rules/>
* '''Tied scores''': Ties will be decided by penalty shoot-outs, similar to those in [[association football]].<ref name=SMH>{{harvnb|Warren|2008}}</ref> Often in competitive netball, tied games simply continue until one team wins in extra time, or else subsequently achieves a two-goal advantage.<ref name=wns-rules/>
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'''High Five Netball''' ensures that children gain experience at all positions on the court, and to understand the physical and tactical skills necessary to play seven to a side netball. Like [[Netta]], it is aimed 9 to 11 year-old girls.<ref name=BBCSA>{{harvnb|BBC Sport Academy}}</ref>
'''High Five Netball''' ensures that children gain experience at all positions on the court, and to understand the physical and tactical skills necessary to play seven to a side netball. Like [[Netta]], it is aimed 9 to 11 year-old girls.<ref name=BBCSA>{{harvnb|BBC Sport Academy}}</ref>


There are five positions and the players must swap around these positions during the game, allowing them to try out every position.<ref name=egh5n-2010>{{harvnb|East Grinstead High Fives Netball|2010}}</ref> The game is played over four quarters, with each quarter lasting six minutes.<ref name=BBCSA /><ref name=egh5n-2010/> When a player is not on the court, they are expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper.<ref name=BBCSA /> The game uses a size 4 ball.<ref name=egh5n-2010/>
There are five positions and the players must swap around these positions during the game, allowing them to try out every position.<ref name=egh5n-2010>{{harvnb|East Grinstead High Fives Netball|2010}}</ref> The game is played over four quarters, with each quarter lasting six minutes.<ref name=BBCSA /><ref name=egh5n-2010/> When a player is not on the court, they are expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper.<ref name=BBCSA /> The game uses a size 4 ball.<ref name=egh5n-2010/>


High Five Netball has been heavily promoted by the [[All England Netball Association]].<ref name=BBCSA />
High Five Netball has been heavily promoted by the [[All England Netball Association]].<ref name=BBCSA />


==Netball around the world==
==Worldwide popularity==
Netball is a popular participant sport, particularly in countries of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] such as [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]], [[Malawi]], [[Jamaica]], [[Zambia]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Thompson-258"/> Over 20 million people play netball in between 40<ref name=Bottenburg-10>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=10}}</ref> and 70 countries.<ref name=USANA-2010a>{{harvnb|United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc.|2010a}}</ref> It is the sixty-second most popular participation sport in the world, behind luge and ahead of curling.<ref name=Bottenburg-10>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=10}}</ref> Netball is commonly played by Commonwealth children during their years at school.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> IFNA member nations are divided into five regional groups: Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.<ref name=Shakespear-xii>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xii}}</ref>
Netball is a popular participant sport, particularly in countries of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] such as [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]], [[Malawi]], [[Jamaica]], [[Zambia]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Thompson-258"/> Over 20 million people play netball in over 70 countries, according to the IFNA.<ref name=IFNA-about>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations (About IFNA)}}</ref> Netball is commonly played by Commonwealth children during their years at school.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> IFNA member nations are divided into five regional groups: Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.<ref name=Shakespear-xii>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xii}}</ref>

School leagues and national club competitions have existed in countries such as England, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica since the early 20th century. However, franchise-based netball leagues only emerged in the late 1990s. The most prominent of these competitions is the [[ANZ Championship]] in Australia and New Zealand, and the [[Netball Superleague]] in the United Kingdom. These competitions sought to increase the profile of the sport in their respective countries, which despite widespread local-level participation remains largely amateur.<ref name=BBCSport>{{harvnb|BBC Sport|2008}}</ref> A new format of the game, called [[Fastnet (netball)|fastnet]], was also announced in December that year, one that featured shorter matches with modified rules designed to make the game more appealing to spectators and television audiences.<ref name=NZB>{{harvnb|Newstalk ZB|2008}}</ref>


===Oceania===
===Oceania===
{{see also|ANZ Championship}}
{{see also|ANZ Championship|Netball in Australia|netball in New Zealand}}
In Australia and New Zealand, netball is one of the most popular sports played by women.<ref name="Davis-5"/><ref>{{harvnb|Australian Bureau of Statistics||2006}}}</ref><ref name=jock>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011}}</ref> It is played by amateurs, semi-professionals and professionals. The [[ANZ Championship]] is a [[Trans-Tasman]] semi-professional competition that has been broadcast on television in both New Zealand and Australia since 2008.<ref name=anzchamps>{{harvnb|ANZ Championship|2010}}</ref> It is the elite competition in the region and contested between five teams each from Australia and New Zealand. It began in April 2008, succeeding Australia's [[Commonwealth Bank Trophy]] and New Zealand's [[National Bank Cup]] as the highest level of competitive netball in those countries.<ref name=NetAus2396>{{harvnb|Netball Australia|2007}}</ref> The 2010 champions were the [[Adelaide Thunderbirds]].<ref name=anz-2010a>{{harvnb|ANZ Championship|2010a}}</ref>
In Australia and New Zealand, netball is one of the most popular sports played by women.<ref name="Davis-5"/><ref name=abos>{{harvnb|Australian Bureau of Statistics|2006}}}</ref><ref name=jock>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011}}</ref> It is played by amateurs, semi-professionals and professionals. The [[ANZ Championship]] is a [[Trans-Tasman]] semi-professional competition that has been broadcast on television in both New Zealand and Australia since 2008.<ref name=anzchamps>{{harvnb|ANZ Championship|2010}}</ref> It is the elite competition in the region and contested between five teams each from Australia and New Zealand. It began in April 2008, succeeding Australia's [[Commonwealth Bank Trophy]] and New Zealand's [[National Bank Cup]] as the highest level of competitive netball in those countries.<ref name=NetAus2396>{{harvnb|Netball Australia|2007}}</ref> The 2010 champions were the [[Adelaide Thunderbirds]].<ref name=anz-2010a>{{harvnb|ANZ Championship|2010a}}</ref>


Netball is popular in Oceania, with its growth partly responsible because of New Zealand encouraging the game and providing money for the training of coaches, umpires and other netball development needs.<ref name=Lal-258>{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=458}}</ref> Netball is one of the sports at the [[Pacific Games]], a multi-sport event, much like the Olympics, with participation exclusively from countries around the South Pacific that is held every four years.<ref name=mackinnon-51>{{harvnb|MacKinnon|2009|p=51}}</ref> This is an includes nations such as [[Niue]],the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]] and [[Vanautu]], where netball has a large amount of grassroots support. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> At [[Gay Games VI]], several Oceania based teams competed including a transgendered netball from Tonga.<ref name=Symons-122 />
Netball is popular in Oceania, with its growth partly responsible because of New Zealand encouraging the game and providing money for the training of coaches, umpires and other netball development needs.<ref name=Lal-258>{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=458}}</ref> Netball is one of the sports at the [[Pacific Games]], a multi-sport event, much like the Olympics, with participation exclusively from countries around the South Pacific that is held every four years.<ref name=mackinnon-51>{{harvnb|MacKinnon|2009|p=51}}</ref> This is an includes nations such as [[Niue]],the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]] and [[Vanautu]], where netball has a large amount of grassroots support. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> The popularity of netball is growing amongst men on the island countries in Oceania, because sport is an important way of villages keeping in touch with each other.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> At [[Gay Games VI]], several Oceania based teams competed including a transgendered netball from Tonga.<ref name=Symons-122 />


[[File:StateLibQld 1 186315 Toowoomba netball team, 1932.jpg|thumb|300px|Toowoomba netball team, 1932.|left|alt=A black and white photo of a netball team. All the girls in the picture are school aged, wearing white and have their netball skirts on. The skirts are knee length and the girls are standing in three rows, with the front row sitting and the middle row kneeling.]]
====Australia====
Netball is the most popular women's team participation sport in Australia.<ref name=Taylor-6>{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|p=6}}</ref> In 1985, there were 347,000 players.<ref name=Bottenburg-214>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=214}}</ref> In 1995, there were over 360,000 Australian netball players.<ref name=DaCosta-66>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=66}}</ref> Throughout most of Australia's netball history, the game has largely been a participation sport; it has not managed to become a large spectator sport.<ref name=DaCosta-37>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=37}}</ref> In 2005 and 2006, 56,100 Australians attended one to two netball matches. Of these, 41,600 were women.<ref name=ABS-2007>{{harvnb|Australian Bureau of Statistics|2007}}</ref> 46,200 attended three to five netball matches, with 34,400 of those spectators being women.<ref name=ABS-2007/> 86,400 attended six or more netball matches, with 54,800 spectators being female.<ref name=ABS-2007/> Overall, 188,800 people attended netball matches, with 130,800 being female.<ref name=ABS-2007/> In 2005 and 2006, netball was the 10th most popular spectator sport for women with Australian rules football (1,011,300), horse racing (912,200), rugby league (542,600), motor sports (462,100), rugby union (232,400), soccer (212,200), harness racing (190,500), cricket (183,200) and tennis (163,500) all being more popular.<ref name=ABS-2007/> The country set an attendance record for a netball match with record crowd of 14,339 at the Australia–New Zealand Netball Test held at the Sydney SuperDome game in 2004.<ref name=department-2008>{{harvnb|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|2008}}</ref> During the 1930s in Australia, much of the participation in netball at universities was not organised and players were not required to register.<ref name=university-swimming>{{harvnb|Perth Gazette|1934}}</ref> It was believed that this was a positive for netball as it allowed people to participate who might not have participated otherwise.<ref name=university-swimming/> Australia's national team toured England in 1957.<ref name=ifna-2008>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2008}}</ref> This tour resulted in a number of Commonwealth countries meeting together in order to try to standardise the rules of the game.<ref name=ifna-2008/> The sport's name "netball" became official in Australia in 1970.<ref name=trove-netball>{{harvnb|Australian Women's Weekly|1977}}</ref><ref name=spot-ball>{{harvnb|Australian Women's Weekly|1979}}</ref> In Australia 80% of all netball played is played at netball clubs.<ref name="DaCosta-66"/> The number of netball clubs around Australia has been in decline since the 1940s.<ref name=Atherly-352>{{harvnb|Atherly|2006|p=352}}</ref> Between 1985 and 2003, only two [[Western Australia]]n towns decreased the distance that netball players had to travel in order to compete; these towns were [[Brookton, Western Australia|Brookton]] and [[Pingelly, Western Australia|Pingelly]].<ref name=Atherly-356>{{harvnb|Atherly|2006|p=356}}</ref> Prior to the creation of the ANZ Championship, the [[National Netball League]] was the major competition in Australia.<ref name=Davis-4>{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=4}}</ref> It included teams from the [[Australian Capital Territory]], New South Wales, [[Queensland]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[South Australia]] and Western Australia.<ref name=Davis-4/> The [[Australian national netball team]] regarded as the most successful netball team in international netball. It won the first world championships in 1963 in England,<ref name=spot-ball/> and nine of the twelve Netball World Championships. In addition to being the current world champions, it is ranked second on the [[IFNA World Rankings]].<ref name=ifna-ranking>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2011a}}</ref> Australia beat the Silver Ferns to win the World Youth Netball Championships in July 2009 in the [[Cook Islands]].<ref name=cook-islands>{{harvnb|World Youth Netball Championships - Cook Island 2009|2009}}</ref> Australia also has a men's national team. It has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/>
{{main|Netball in Australia}}
[[File:StateLibQld 1 186315 Toowoomba netball team, 1932.jpg|thumb|300px|Toowoomba netball team, 1932.|left|alt=A black and white photo of a netball team. All the girls in the picture are school aged, wearing white and have their netball skirts on. The skirts are knee length and the girls are standing in three rows, with the front row sitting and the middle row kneeling.]]
Netball is the most popular women's team participation sport in Australia.<ref name=Taylor-6>{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|p=6}}</ref> In 1985, there were 347,000 players.<ref name=Bottenburg-214>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=214}}</ref> In 1995, there were over 360,000 Australian netball players.<ref name="DaCosta-66"/> Throughout most of Australia's netball history, the game has largely been a participation sport; it has not managed to become a large spectator sport.<ref name=DaCosta-37>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=37}}</ref> In 2005 and 2006, 56,100 Australians attended one to two netball matches. Of these, 41,600 were women.<ref name=ABS-2007>{{harvnb|Australian Bureau of Statistics|2007}}</ref> 46,200 attended three to five netball matches, with 34,400 of those spectators being women.<ref name=ABS-2007/> 86,400 attended six or more netball matches, with 54,800 spectators being female.<ref name=ABS-2007/> Overall, 188,800 people attended netball matches, with 130,800 being female.<ref name=ABS-2007/> In 2005 and 2006, netball was the 10th most popular spectator sport for women with Australian rules football (1,011,300), horse racing (912,200), rugby league (542,600), motor sports (462,100), rugby union (232,400), soccer (212,200), harness racing (190,500), cricket (183,200) and tennis (163,500) all being more popular.<ref name=ABS-2007/> The country set an attendance record for a netball match with record crowd of 14,339 at the Australia–New Zealand Netball Test held at the Sydney SuperDome game in 2004.<ref name=department-2008>{{harvnb|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|2008}}</ref>


[[File:Netball NZ 1920s.jpg|thumb|210px|right|School netball game in New Zealand, ca.&nbsp;1920.|alt=Female umpire and male umpire watch as young girls shoot a ball at a netball hoop.]]
During the 1930s in Australia, much of the participation in netball at universities was not organised and players were not required to register.<ref name=university-swimming>{{harvnb|Perth Gazette|1934}}</ref> It was believed that this was a positive for netball as it allowed people to participate who might not have participated otherwise.<ref name=university-swimming/> Australia's national team toured England in 1957.<ref name=ifna-2008>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2008}}</ref> This tour resulted in a number of Commonwealth countries meeting together in order to try to standardise the rules of the game.<ref name=ifna-2008/> The sport's name "netball" became official in Australia in 1970.<ref name=trove-netball>{{harvnb|Australian Women's Weekly|1977}}</ref><ref name=spot-ball>{{harvnb|Australian Women's Weekly|1979}}</ref> In Australia 80% of all netball played is played at netball clubs.<ref name="DaCosta-66"/> The number of netball clubs around Australia has been in decline since the 1940s.<ref name=Atherly-352>{{harvnb|Atherly|2006|p=352}}</ref> Between 1985 and 2003, only two [[Western Australia]]n towns decreased the distance that netball players had to travel in order to compete; these towns were [[Brookton, Western Australia|Brookton]] and [[Pingelly, Western Australia|Pingelly]].<ref name=Atherly-356>{{harvnb|Atherly|2006|p=356}}</ref> Prior to the creation of the ANZ Championship, the [[National Netball League]] was the major competition in Australia.<ref name=Davis-4>{{harvnb|Davis|Davis|2006|p=4}}</ref> It included teams from the [[Australian Capital Territory]], New South Wales, [[Queensland]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[South Australia]] and Western Australia.<ref name=Davis-4/>

For netball players 18 years and older, their demographic profile is 18 to 24, unmarried, Australian-born and employed full time.<ref name=Taylor-6 /> The average netball player in [[New South Wales]] has played the game for 10.8 years.<ref name=Taylor-13>{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|p=13}}</ref> Most New South Wales based school aged netball players play for school and friends.<ref name=Taylor-13 /> Girls from non-English speaking backgrounds were more likely to play for fun than their English speaking counterparts, who often played for school or parents.<ref name=Taylor-14>{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|p=14}}</ref> Non-English speaking girls were less likely to have mothers who played netball, 18.2%, compared to 35.2% for their English speaking counterparts.<ref name=Taylor-14 /> Most New South Wales based adult players played netball for fun and for the physical benefits of the sport.<ref name=Taylor-14 />

The [[Australian national netball team]] regarded as the most successful netball team in international netball. It won the first world championships in 1963 in England,<ref name=spot-ball/> and nine of the twelve Netball World Championships. In addition to being the current world champions, it is ranked second on the [[IFNA World Rankings]].<ref name=ifna-ranking>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2011a}}</ref> Australia beat the Silver Ferns to win the World Youth Netball Championships in July 2009 in the [[Cook Islands]].<ref name=cook-islands>{{harvnb|World Youth Netball Championships - Cook Island 2009|2009}}</ref> Australia also has a men's national team. It has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/>

====New Zealand====
{{main|Netball in New Zealand}}
In New Zealand, netball is the most popular women's participation sport. In 1984, there were 114,210 players.<ref name=Bottenburg-214/> There are over 11,000 teams and 120,440 players.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> The only sport that comes close is golf, which has 128,860 male and female players.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> Ninety-eight percent of New Zealand netball players are female.<ref name=Bottenburg-169>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=169}}</ref> The next sport with that high of female participation is [[field hockey]] and [[horse racing]], both at sixty-four percent.<ref name=Bottenburg-170>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=170}}</ref> Netball is extremely popular amongst [[Māori people|Maori]] women, who are more active in sport in general than their white counterparts.<ref name=Thompson-257>{{harvnb|Thompson|2002|p=257}}</ref> New Zealand took part in the 1960 netball meeting of [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]] to try to standardise the rules for the game.<ref name=ifna-2008/> New Zealand has a history of netball being a spectator sport with the games being televised on [[Television New Zealand|TVNZ]].<ref name=Thompson-258 /> The 1999 Netball World Championships final between Australia and New Zealand was the highest rated program ever on New Zealand television.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> New Zealand also has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number one in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
In New Zealand, netball is the most popular women's participation sport. In 1984, there were 114,210 players.<ref name=Bottenburg-214/> There are over 11,000 teams and 120,440 players.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> The only sport that comes close is golf, which has 128,860 male and female players.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> Ninety-eight percent of New Zealand netball players are female.<ref name=Bottenburg-169>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=169}}</ref> The next sport with that high of female participation is [[field hockey]] and [[horse racing]], both at sixty-four percent.<ref name=Bottenburg-170>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=170}}</ref> Netball is extremely popular amongst [[Māori people|Maori]] women, who are more active in sport in general than their white counterparts.<ref name=Thompson-257>{{harvnb|Thompson|2002|p=257}}</ref> New Zealand took part in the 1960 netball meeting of [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]] to try to standardise the rules for the game.<ref name=ifna-2008/> New Zealand has a history of netball being a spectator sport with the games being televised on [[Television New Zealand|TVNZ]].<ref name=Thompson-258 /> The 1999 Netball World Championships final between Australia and New Zealand was the highest rated program ever on New Zealand television.<ref name=Thompson-258 /> New Zealand also has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number one in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


The [[Cook Islands]] are a major netball playing country in [[Oceania]],<ref name="nsing-2011b">{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2011b}}</ref> with over 1,000 registered members.<ref name=cina-2009>{{harvnb|Cook Islands Netball Assocation|2009}}</ref> The game became popular during the 1970s,<ref name="Lal-258"/> and the team has been an important in the region since then.<ref name=Crocombe-13>{{harvnb|Crocombe|1990|p=13}}</ref> The [[Cook Islands Netball Association]] is a member of [[Oceania Netball Federation]].<ref name=Crocombe-160>{{harvnb|Crocombe|1992|p=160}}</ref> The country has participated at several international events including the [[Pacific Games]],<ref name=Crocombe-13/> the [[Commonwealth Games]],<ref name=Crocombe-54>{{harvnb|Crocombe|1990|p=54}}</ref> the [[World Games]],<ref name=Crocombe-13/> the Oceania Netball Tournament,<ref name=Crocombe-13/> the [[World Youth Netball Championship]],<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> and the International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men>{{harvnb|Samoa Observer|2011}}</ref> The women's national team is one of the top ranked in the world.<ref name="ifna-ranking"/> Netball has a lot of grass roots support and an important part of life for many women on the islands.<ref name=Alexeyeff-45>{{harvnb|Alexeyeff|2009|p=145}}</ref><ref name=Alexeyeff-85>{{harvnb|Alexeyeff|2009|p=85}}</ref> Netball started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.<ref name="Lal-258"/> The sport's popularity is partly due to the influence of [[New Zealand]], where Cook Island players have competed for New Zealand's national team. One such player was Margharet Matenga, who joined the [[Silver Ferns]] in 1979.<ref name=Lal-258/> Another was Anna Noovao, who was the captain of the New Zealand side in 1992.<ref name=Sissions-128>{{harvnb|Sissions|1999|p=128}}</ref> New Zealand worked hard to develop the sport in the country during the 1980s, when they hosted a number of coaching and umpiring clinics.<ref name=Lal-258/> By 2009, there were over 1,000 registered players in the country.<ref name=cina-2009/> Participating in the international netball community has helped raise the [[Cook Islands]] profile globally.<ref name="Sissions-128"/><ref name=pipsa-280>{{harvnb|Pacific Islands Political Studies Association|1994|p=280}}</ref> The national organisation is a member of [[Oceania Netball Federation]].<ref name="Crocombe-160"/> The Cook Islands won the netball competition at the first [[South Pacific Games]], now [[Pacific Games]], held in 1981.<ref name="Crocombe-13"/> The Cook Islands had their first win in the tournament 1983, when they beat [[Fiji]].<ref name=Lal-258/> In 1986, the government provided $20,000 to help fund the team travel to the [[1986 Commonwealth Games]] in Scotland.<ref name="Crocombe-54"/> The [[1987 Netball World Championships]] were also held in [[Scotland]], and the Cook Islands team came in sixth.<ref name=Crocombe-13/> At the [[World Games 1989]] in Germany, the team came fourth.<ref name=Crocombe-13/> In the 1990 Oceania Netball Tournament, the team beat New Zealand, [[Tonga]] and Fiji to come in second, behind [[Australia]].<ref name="Crocombe-13"/> At the 1992 World Youth Cup in [[Samoa]], the Cook Islands U-21 team beat several high profile international teams include Wales, Samoa, and England.<ref name=Sissions-128/> The Cook Islands defeat of [[Canada]], 114-13, in that tournament was a record for the highest point scored in the tournament.<ref name=Sissions-128/> The Cook Islands has a national team that competes in the international Golden Oldies netball tournament.<ref name=Crocombe-2007>{{harvnb|Crocombe|2007|p=427}}</ref> In 2002, the national team ranked seventh in the world.<ref name=Reilly-80>{{harvnb|Reilly|Wren|2003|p=80}}</ref> In 2004, a team from the Cook Islands competed in the International Schoolgirls Netball Challenge.<ref name="School-Sport"/> The country hosted the 2008 World Youth Championship<ref name=Jonassen-148>{{harvnb|Jonassen|Tikivanotau|2008|p=148}}</ref> and the 2009 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number eleven in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
====Cook Islands====
The [[Cook Islands]] are another major netball playing country in Oceania.<ref name=NS-timeline>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2011b}}</ref> Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in the Cook Islands. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.<ref name=Lal-258>{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=458}}</ref> The sport's popularity is partly responsible because of influence from New Zealand, and Cook Island players have competed for New Zealand's national team. One such player was Margharet Matenga, who joined the Silver Ferns in 1979.<ref name=Lal-258/> New Zealand then worked hard to develop the sport in the country during the 1980s, when they hosted a number of coaching and umpiring clinics.<ref name=Lal-258/> The Cook Islands created a national team, who had their first win in 1983, when they beat Fiji.<ref name=Lal-258/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number eleven in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>

The country hosted the IFNA Netball World Youth Championship in 2009,<ref name=NS-timeline /> and the 2009 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/> Unlike some countries, the growth of men's netball is hampered by cultural bias against it; when parents see their boys playing it, they actively discourage them from continuing.<ref name=cook-islands>{{harvnb|Momoedonu|2008}}</ref> Despite this, the Cook Islands also has a men's national team. It has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/>


[[File:Natalei netball.jpg|thumb|300px|A netball competition at Natalei, Fiji.|left|alt=An outdoor netball game taking place in Fiji. The game is being played on grass. The players are either high school age or adults. Both teams are wearing blue netball uniforms. The team in the darker blue is in the act of passing the ball.]]
====Fiji====
[[File:Natalei netball.jpg|thumb|300px|A netball competition at Natalei, Fiji.|left|alt=An outdoor netball game taking place in Fiji. The game is being played on grass. The players are either high school age or adults. Both teams are wearing blue netball uniforms. The team in the darker blue is in the act of passing the ball.]]
Women's participation in netball in Fiji is comparable to men's participation in rugby.<ref name=Starnes-42>{{harvnb|Starnes|Luckham|2009|p=42}}</ref> The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.<ref name=Lal-258/> Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in Fiji. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> Samoa and Fiji are traditional netball rivals. This rivalry can be seen at events like Pacific Games.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> Fiji was supposed to host the 2007 World Netball Championship, but a military coup happened. IFNA decided to move the championship to Auckland instead.<ref name=Starnes-42/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number five in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/> Fiji has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/>
Women's participation in netball in Fiji is comparable to men's participation in rugby.<ref name=Starnes-42>{{harvnb|Starnes|Luckham|2009|p=42}}</ref> The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.<ref name=Lal-258/> Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in Fiji. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> Samoa and Fiji are traditional netball rivals. This rivalry can be seen at events like Pacific Games.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> Fiji was supposed to host the 2007 World Netball Championship, but a military coup happened. IFNA decided to move the championship to Auckland instead.<ref name=Starnes-42/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number five in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/> Fiji has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/>


Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in Samoa. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.<ref name="Lal-258"/> Rita Fatialofa was a Samoan netball player, who later went on to compete on New Zealand's national team. She became the coach for the Samoan national team, qualifying them for every Pacific Games.<ref name=Lal-462>{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=462}}</ref> Samoa and Fiji are traditional netball rivals. This rivalry can be seen at events like Pacific Games.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number nine in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/> Samoa has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/> At [[Gay Games VI]], a transgendered netball from Samoa competed.<ref name=Symons-122 />
====Samoa====
Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in Samoa. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.<ref name=Lal-258>{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=458}}</ref> Rita Fatialofa was a Samoan netball player, who later went on to compete on New Zealand's national team. She became the coach for the Samoan national team, qualifying them for every Pacific Games.<ref name=Lal-462>{{harvnb|Lal|Fortune|2000|p=462}}</ref> Samoa and Fiji are traditional netball rivals. This rivalry can be seen at events like Pacific Games.<ref name=mackinnon-51/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number nine in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/> Samoa has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.<ref name=samoa-men/> At [[Gay Games VI]], a transgendered netball from Samoa competed.<ref name=Symons-122 />


===Asia===
===Asia===
{{see also|Netball in India|Netball in Malaysia|Netball Super League|netball in Singapore|Netball in Sri Lanka}}
[[File:BKP Netball Brunei.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|BKP Netball Tournament at the SHHB Sports Complex in Berakas, Brunei (May 2009).|right|alt=Adult women from Brunei playing netball. One team is wearing green and the other team is wearing yellow. The game is being played indoors on wooden floors. The players are all wearing pants. Some have coverings over their heads. The yellow team is in act of shooting and the green team is trying to block the shot.]]
Netball is popular in several parts of Asia. In 1994, the 1st Asian Youth Championship were held in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=NS-timeline /> [[Netball in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], the [[Netball in the Maldives|Maldives]], [[Netball in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Netball in Thailand|Thailand]] had national teams compete in the fifth [[Asian Netball Championship]] held in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> Hong Kong and Thailand competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in [[India]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> The 1994 Indonesian national champions competed at the [[1994 Gay Games]] held in [[New York City]] with a team of all-transsexual netball players.<ref name=Altman-100>{{harvnb|Altman|2001|p=100}}</ref>
[[File:BKP Netball Brunei.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|BKP Netball Tournament at the SHHB Sports Complex in Berakas, Brunei (May 2009).|right|alt=Adult women from Brunei playing netball. One team is wearing green and the other team is wearing yellow. The game is being played indoors on wooden floors. The players are all wearing pants. Some have coverings over their heads. The yellow team is in act of shooting and the green team is trying to block the shot.]]
Netball is popular in several parts of Asia. In 1994, the 1st Asian Youth Championship were held in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> [[Netball in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], the [[Netball in the Maldives|Maldives]], [[Netball in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Netball in Thailand|Thailand]] had national teams compete in the fifth [[Asian Netball Championship]] held in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> Hong Kong and Thailand competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in [[India]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> The 1994 Indonesian national champions competed at the [[1994 Gay Games]] held in [[New York City]] with a team of all-transsexual netball players.<ref name=Altman-100>{{harvnb|Altman|2001|p=100}}</ref>


Women started playing netball in India as early as 1926.<ref name=sagar-2010/> The [[Sports Authority of India]] and the Government of India have provided a lot of funding with the goal of improving the performance of the country's youth national team.<ref name=sagar-2010>{{harvnb|Sagar|2010}}</ref> India had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> National team captains include [[Prachi Tehlan]], who captained the side that competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in [[Delhi]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> Some of the important netball competitions held in India include the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]],<ref name=ifna-2008/> and the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship, held from 3 to 10 July 2010, at the [[Thyagaraj Stadium]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> Some of the top performances for the India national netball team include coming in sixth place at the 2010 Nations Cup<ref name=nsingapore-2010>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2010a}}</ref> and coming in fourth at the 2010 Asian Youth Netball Championship.<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-five in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


Netball is promoted in [[Malaysia]] at the Sport Carnival for All (KESUMA).<ref name=DaCosta-88>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=88}}</ref> In 1998, 113 districts held netball competitions.<ref name=DaCosta-88 /> That year, there were 1,718 registered netball teams in the country.<ref name=DaCosta-88 /> In 2001, netball was sufficiently popular in South East Asia for it to be included in the 21st [[Southeast Asian Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> Malaysia had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship in Colombo in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> Malaysia also competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship in India in 2010.<ref name=sagar-2010/> Petronas, the national oil company, has been a major sponsor of netball in the country. This type of sponsorship was encouraged by the government as part of the Rakan Sukan programme.<ref name=Rahim-2001>{{harvnb|Rahim|2001|p=36}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-three in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
====India====
{{Main|Netball in India}}
Women started playing netball in India as early as 1926.<ref name=sagar-2010/> The [[Sports Authority of India]] and the Government of India have provided a lot of funding with the goal of improving the performance of the country's youth national team.<ref name=sagar-2010>{{harvnb|Sagar|2010}}</ref> India had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> National team captains include [[Prachi Tehlan]], who captained the side that competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in [[Delhi]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> Some of the important netball competitions held in India include the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]<ref name=ifna-2008/>, and the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship, held from 3 to 10 July 2010, at the [[Thyagaraj Stadium]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> Some of the top performances for the India national netball team include coming in sixth place at the 2010 Nations Cup <ref name=nsingapore-2010>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2010a}}</ref> and coming in fourth at the 2010 Asian Youth Netball Championship.<ref name=nsing-2011b>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2011b}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-five in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


[[File:Netball Leauge.jpg|thumb|300px|Mixed gender netball game played in Singapore.|left|alt=Short and t-shirt wearing players compete against eachother.]]
====Malaysia====
[[Netball Singapore]] is the official governing body for the sport in [[Singapore]].<ref name=NS-body>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2011}}</ref> It was created in 1962, with 63 registered clubs.<ref name=NS-body/> There are 80,000 netball players in Singapore.<ref name="NS-body"/> There are several variations of netball played in the country, including beach netball.<ref name=NS-body/> In [[Singapore]], the SSC is responsible for maintaining 8 netball courts.<ref name=DaCosta-198>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=198}}</ref> Singapore has several national squads: Opens, 21 & Under, 19 & Under (Post School), 19 & Under (Schools), 17 & Under, and 14 & Under.<ref name="NS-squads"/> The national team competed in its first major tournament in [[1967]] at the [[Netball World Championships]].<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> [[Singapore]] had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship held in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> Singapore competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in [[India]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number nineteen in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/> In 2000, netball was sufficiently popular that the professional [[Netball Super League]] (NSL) was formed.<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> The '''Netball Super League''' is a seven-week long netball tournament developed to cater for elite players in [[Singapore]].<ref name=Fazilah-2009>{{harvnb|singaporesports.sg|2010}}</ref> It was established and is governed by [[Netball Singapore]] and six teams compete.<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> In 2004, the audience was big enough that the [[Netball Super League]] was broadcast on television.<ref name="nsing-2011b"/> The Stingrays came in second in 2008 and first in the 2009 competition.<ref name=Fazilah-2009>{{harvnb|Fazilah|2009}}</ref> The 2010 competition was won by the Malaysian Arowanas.<ref name=Sivam-2010>{{harvnb|Sivam|2010}}</ref>
{{Main|Netball in Malaysia}}
Netball is promoted in [[Malaysia]] at the Sport Carnival for All (KESUMA).<ref name="DaCosta-88"/> In 1998, 113 districts held netball competitions.<ref name=DaCosta-88 /> That year, there were 1,718 registered netball teams in the country.<ref name=DaCosta-88 /> In 2001, netball was sufficiently popular in South East Asia for it to be included in the 21st [[Southeast Asian Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name=NS-timeline /> Malaysia had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship in Colombo in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> Malaysia also competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship in India in 2010.<ref name=sagar-2010/> Petronas, the national oil company, has been a major sponsor of netball in the country. This type of sponsorship was encouraged by the government as part of the Rakan Sukan programme.<ref name=Rahim-2001>{{harvnb|Rahim|2001|p=36}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-three in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


Netball was first played in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1921.<ref name="lanka-2010"/> The first game was played by Ceylon Girl Guide Company at Kandy High School.<ref name=lanka-2010/> The first interschool march was played between Kandy High School and [[C.M.S. Ladies' College, Colombo|Colombo Ladies College]] in February 1925.<ref name=lanka-2010/> In 1927, netball was played at Government Training College for the first time. This helped spread the game around Sri Lanka.<ref name=lanka-2010/> The game was being played at [[Methodist College Colombo]] and [[Bishop's College]] by the 1930s.<ref name=lanka-2010/> By 1952, Sri Lankan clubs were playing Indian club sides.<ref name=lanka-2010/> By 1952, Sri Lankan clubs were playing Indian club sides.<ref name="lanka-2010"/> In 1956, Sri Lanka played its first international match against Australia's national team in Sri Lanka.<ref name=lanka-2010/> [[Sri Lanka]] took part in the [[1960]] netball meeting of Commonwealth countries to try to standardize the rules for the game.<ref name=ifna-2008/> This meeting took place in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=ifna-2008/> In 1972, the Netball Federation of Sri Lanka was created.<ref name=lanka-2010/> In 1983, Netball Federation of Sri Lanka was dissolved by the government.<ref name=lanka-2010/> [[Sri Lanka]] had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship held in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> Sri Lanka competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in [[India]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number fifteen in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
====Singapore====
{{see also|Netball Super League}}
[[Netball Singapore]] is the official governing body for the sport in [[Singapore]].<ref name=NS-body/> It was created in 1962, with 63 registered clubs.<ref name=NS-body/> There are 80,000 netball players in Singapore.<ref name="NS-body"/> There are several variations of netball played in the country, including beach netball.<ref name=NS-body/> In [[Singapore]], the SSC is responsible for maintaining 8 netball courts.<ref name=DaCosta-198>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=198}}</ref> Singapore has several national squads: Opens, 21 & Under, 19 & Under (Post School), 19 & Under (Schools), 17 & Under, and 14 & Under.<ref name=NS-squads>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2010}}</ref> The national team competed in its first major tournament in [[1967]] at the [[Netball World Championships]].<ref name=NS-timeline /> [[Singapore]] had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship held in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/> Singapore competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in [[India]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number nineteen in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>

Several important netball events have taken place in the country, highlighting its importance in the global netball community.<ref name=NS-body/> In 1983, the country held the 1983 [[Netball World Championships]].<ref name=NS-body/><ref name=ifna-2008/> In 2001, [[Singapore]] hosted the INFA World Congress.<ref name=NS-body/> In 2005, the country hosted the [[Asian Netball Championship]].<ref name=NS-body/> In 2006, [[Netball Singapore]] created and hosted the first major Asian netball tournament: The Nations Cup.<ref name=NS-body/> The World Netball Championships will be held in Singapore in 2011.<ref name=NS-body/>

In 2000, netball was sufficiently popular that the professional [[Netball Super League]] (NSL) was formed.<ref name=NS-timeline /> The '''Netball Super League''' is a seven-week long netball tournament developed to cater for elite players in [[Singapore]]<ref name=Fazilah-2009>{{harvnb|singaporesports.sg|2010}}</ref>. It was established and is governed by [[Netball Singapore]] and six teams compete.<ref name=NS-timeline /> In 2004, the audience was big enough that the [[Netball Super League]] was broadcast on television.<ref name=NS-timeline /> The Stingrays came in second in 2008 and first in the 2009 competition.<ref name=Fazilah-2009>{{harvnb|Fazilah|2009}}</ref> The 2010 competition was won by the Malaysian Arowanas.<ref name=Sivam-2010>{{harvnb|Sivam|2010}}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
{{Main|Netball in Sri Lanka}}
Netball was first played in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1921.<ref name=lanka-2010>{{harvnb|Sri Lanka Netball|2010}}</ref> The first game was played by Ceylon Girl Guide Company at [[Kandy High School]].<ref name=lanka-2010/> The first interschool march was played between Kandy High School and [[Colombo Ladies College]] in February 1925.<ref name=lanka-2010/> In 1927, netball was played at [[Government Training College]] for the first time. This helped spread the game around Sri Lanka.<ref name=lanka-2010/> The game was being played at [[Methodist College Colombo]] and [[Bishop's College]] by the 1930s.<ref name=lanka-2010/> By 1952, Sri Lankan clubs were playing Indian club sides.<ref name=lanka-2010/> By 1952, Sri Lankan clubs were playing Indian club sides.<ref name=lanka-2010>{{harvnb|Sri Lanka Netball|2010}}</ref> In 1956, Sri Lanka played its first international match against Australia's national team in Sri Lanka.<ref name=lanka-2010/> [[Sri Lanka]] took part in the [[1960]] netball meeting of Commonwealth countries to try to standardize the rules for the game.<ref name=ifna-2008/> This meeting took place in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=ifna-2008/> In 1972, the Netball Federation of Sri Lanka was created.<ref name=lanka-2010/> In 1983, Netball Federation of Sri Lanka was dissolved by the government.<ref name=lanka-2010/> [[Sri Lanka]] had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship held in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka in 2001.<ref name=sri-lanka/>
Sri Lanka competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in [[India]].<ref name=sagar-2010/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number fifteen in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


===Africa===
===Africa===
{{See also|Netball in Namibia|Netball in Lesotho}}
{{See also|Netball in Namibia|Netball in Lesotho|Netball in South Africa|Netball in Botswana}}
Netball is a popular women's sport in parts of Africa.<ref name=DaCosta-217>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=217}}</ref><ref name=Shakespear-xi>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xi}}</ref> South Africa, Malawi, [[Botswana]], [[Swaziland]], [[Lesotho]] and Namibia competed in the annual [[Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association]] (COSANA) tournament in 2008.<ref name=nysa-2008>{{harvnb|Nyasa Times Reporter|2008}}</ref>
Netball is a popular women's sport in parts of Africa.<ref name=DaCosta-217>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=217}}</ref><ref name=Shakespear-xi>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xi}}</ref> South Africa, Malawi, [[Botswana]], [[Swaziland]], [[Lesotho]] and Namibia competed in the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament in 2008.<ref name=nysa-2008>{{harvnb|Nyasa Times Reporter|2008}}</ref>
The 2010 Nations Cup, called NTUC FairPrice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, was held in December with two African countries competing: Namibia and Tanzania. Tanzania came in third. Namibia beat India 72-32 to capture fifth.<ref name=nsingapore-2010>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2010a}}</ref> Several African nations are ranked amongst the top twenty-five in the world. As of January 2011, South Africa was ranked number six, Malawi was ranked number seven, Tanzania was ranked twenty-one [[Namibia]]'s women's national team was ranked twenty-fourth and the [[Lesotho]] women's national team was ranked number twenty-five in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
The 2010 Nations Cup, called NTUC FairPrice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, was held in December with two African countries competing: Namibia and Tanzania. Tanzania came in third. Namibia beat India 72-32 to capture fifth.<ref name="nsingapore-2010"/> Several African nations are ranked amongst the top twenty-five in the world. As of January 2011, South Africa was ranked number six, Malawi was ranked number seven, Tanzania was ranked twenty-one [[Namibia]]'s women's national team was ranked twenty-fourth and the [[Lesotho]] women's national team was ranked number twenty-five in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
====South Africa====
{{Main|Netball in South Africa}}
Netball is one of the most popular women's participation sports in [[South Africa]].<ref name=DaCosta-217>{{harvnb|DaCosta|Miragaya|2002|p=217}}</ref><ref name=Turok-5>{{harvnb|Turok|Orford|2006|p=5}}</ref><ref name=2009-27>{{harvnb|Clark|2009|p=27}}</ref> While participation rates are high, there is no sense of collective identity by players as netballers and being part of a national netball community.<ref name=Britton-107>{{harvnb|Britton|Fish|Meintjes|2009|p=107}}</ref> This lack of community identity has hindered the ability of netball to racially integrate in the post-[[Apartheid]] South Africa.<ref name=Britton-107/> In the pre-Apartheid period, the game was associated with wealthy whites.<ref name=Bottenburg-170>{{harvnb|Van Bottenburg|2001|p=170}}</ref> In 1940, the Bantu Inter-schools League in Johannesburg had 145 netball teams that shared ten courts.<ref name=Booth-65>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=65}}</ref> At the time, only 6.6% of black South African students attended school, so their participation in this netball league was small.<ref name=Booth-65/>


[[File:Reygersdal netball.jpg|thumb|225px|Schoolyard netball game at Reygersdal Primary School, South Africa.]]
South Africa took part in the 1960 netball meeting of Commonwealth countries in [[Sri Lanka]] to standardise the rules for the game.<ref name=ifna-2008/> By 1970, South Africa had been expelled or banned from competing internationally in netball.<ref name=Booth-99>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=99}}</ref> In 1977, there were 517 white only netball facilities in South Africa, with a ratio of 1:20,035 facilities to white persons.<ref name=Booth-72>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=72}}</ref> There were 29 homelands netball facilities, with a facilities to population ratio of 1:310,443.<ref name=Booth-72/> By 1993, there were open tensions regarding the inability of South Africa's netball team to compete internationally.<ref name=Booth-183>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=183}}</ref> Most of South Africa's national team members were white.<ref name=Nauright-20>{{harvnb|Nauright|1997|p=20}}</ref> This was despite the fact that many black South African women played netball.<ref name=Nauright-20/> During 1994, there were allegations of racism over the selection of players to the national squad.<ref name=Booth-205>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=205}}</ref> During [[Apartheid]], South African netball's organization resembled that of rugby union.<ref name=Nauright-78>{{harvnb|Nauright|1997|p=78}}</ref> In 1997, white women as participants still out numbered their black South African counterparts.<ref name=Nauright-2>{{harvnb|Nauright|1997|p=2}}</ref> In the post-Apartheid South Africa, blacks became more involved in leadership positions in South Africa, in areas like the [[National Olympic Committee of South Africa]] and in [[association football|soccer]]. This was not the case with netball.<ref name=Nauright-2/>
Netball is one of the most popular women's participation sports in [[South Africa]].<ref name="DaCosta-217"/><ref name=Turok-5>{{harvnb|Turok|Orford|2006|p=5}}</ref><ref name=2009-27>{{harvnb|Clark|2009|p=27}}</ref> While participation rates are high, there is no sense of collective identity by players as netballers and being part of a national netball community.<ref name=Britton-107>{{harvnb|Britton|Fish|Meintjes|2009|p=107}}</ref> In 2002, 40% of African girls rated netball as their favorite sport and 19% of coloured girls like netball best.<ref name=Keim-85>{{harvnb|Keim|2003|p=85}}</ref> Many African girls claim netball as their favorite sport even if they have never played it.<ref name=Keim-143>{{harvnb|Keim|2003|p=143}}</ref> The history of South Africa's netball involvement mirrors that of other sports played in the country like [[rugby union]].<ref name=Nauright-78>{{harvnb|Nauright|1997|p=78}}</ref> South Africa was involved with the international netball community early in the sport's history, taking part in the 1960 meeting of Commonwealth countries in [[Sri Lanka]] to standardise the rules for the game.<ref name="ifna-2008"/> South Africa's international involvement was suspended because of [[South Africa under apartheid|apartheid era policies]]. In 1969, South Africa was expelled from competing internationally in netball.<ref name=Keim-33>{{harvnb|Keim|2003|p=33}}</ref><ref name=Booth-99>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=99}}</ref> When they rejoined the community in the 1990s, internal racial tensions continued to plague the sport on the local level.<ref name=Booth-205>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=205}}</ref> In the 1930s, South Africa was competing against the [[Silver Ferns]] both at home and in [[New Zealand]].<ref name=Brabazon-190>{{harvnb|Brabazon|2006|p=190}}</ref> The South African government insisted that there be no [[Māori people|Māori]] netball players at matches and the New Zealand government complied with this request.<ref name=Brabazon-190/> In 1956, an English team toured the country. It was their first touring side and all team members had to pay their own airfare. England won all three test matches.<ref name=aena-17>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|p=17}}</ref> South Africa toured England for the first time in 1959. They played 25 matches against local English clubs side, winning 18 of them. They also played a three series against England's national team, where they lost every match.<ref name=aena-18>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|p=18}}</ref> In 1966, the South African Schoolgirls team completed a 61 match tour of England; the South African side won every match.<ref name=aena-20>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|p=20}}</ref> In 1967, a South African netball team toured New Zealand.<ref name=Newnham-35>{{harvnb|Newnham|1975|p=86}}</ref> This event was largely unnoticed on the international stage. Prior to the 1967 tour starting, [[Prime Minister of South Africa|Prime Minister]] [[John Vorster]] and the South African government had discussions with the New Zealand government regarding the "Maori problem".<ref name=Newnham-35/> Vorster later spoke at the 1969 Transvaal National Party congress. He demanded reform in regards to sport, and wanted to allow mixed race teams to compete inside South Africa. At the same congress, Albert Hertzog opposed allowing racially mixed teams from abroad from competing in South Africa. The Prime Minister won the battle and mixed race teams were allowed to compete in South Africa.<ref name=Booth-99/> The strong history of sport competition between New Zealand and South Africa were one of the reasons the Broedrbond plan was passed in April 1971.<ref name=Booth-100>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=100}}</ref> The plan allowed mixed race teams from traditional national sporting competitors to play in the country, but they could not play mixed race South African teams.<ref name=Booth-101>{{harvnb|Booth|1998|p=101}}</ref> In 1969, South Africa's national netball association, Netball South Africa, was expelled from the international netball community because it was viewed as being a "white-only" organisation. South Africa's government tried to address this by allowing multi-cultural teams from abroad to compete in the country against racially segregated white and non-white teams.<ref name="Keim-33"/> At the same time, the government affirmed that it would not tolerate integration of of teams, nor allow non-white and white teams to compete against each other.<ref name=Keim-34>{{harvnb|Keim|2003|p=34}}</ref> In 1969, the [[All England Netball Association]] withdrew an invitation it had provided to South Africa to tour the country. They did this because South Africa had indicated England could not chose a team regardless of the race of the player.<ref name=aena-21>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|p=21}}</ref> In 1973, England received reassurances from the South African government that England could have a mixed race squad. Because of this, England played a three game test series against the South African Women's Netball association and a one game test against the South African Coloured Board. The team also played twenty-one matches against local clubs. The English netball association hosted 55 coaching sessions during the tour. Of these, 18 were for coloured girls, 3 were for Indians, one was for mixed and 33 were for whites.<ref name=aena-26>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|p=26}}</ref> England's record against South Africa in international matched between 1949 and 1976 was seven wins, one loss.<ref name=aena-31>{{harvnb|All England Netball Association|p=31}}</ref> In 1976, New Zealand declined a South Africa tour offer because the South African team was suspended from IFNA.<ref name=nnz-2009>{{harvnb|Netball New Zealand|2009}}</ref> In the post-apartheid South Africa, blacks became more involved in leadership positions in South Africa, in areas like the National Olympic Committee of South Africa and in soccer. This was not the case with netball, which continued to be run by whites.<ref name=Nauright-20>{{harvnb|Nauright|1997|p=20}}</ref> During 1994, there were allegations of racism over the selection of players to the national squad.<ref name="Booth-205"/> In 1995, the white only Stellenbosch had around fifteen netball courts and six hockey fields.<ref name=Hargreaves-22>{{harvnb|Hargreaves|Hargreaves|2001|p=22}}</ref> A lack of a wider community identity hindered the ability of netball to racially integrate in the post-apartheid South Africa.<ref name=Britton-107/> In 1994, the national team had their first international tour after a 20 year absence from international competition. The tour took place in and against New Zealand.<ref name="nnz-2009"/> The success of the South African [[Springboks]] in the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]] had a positive impact on support for other South African national teams at international competitions, including the nation's appearance at the 1995 Netball World Championship.<ref name=Majumdar-149>{{harvnb|Majumdar|Mangan|2003|p=149}}</ref> At the Netball World Championship, South Africa provided a major upset when they beat New Zealand in pool play.<ref name=nnz-2009/> South Africa ended up losing to Australia in the finals.<ref name=nnz-2009/> In 1995, the [[South African Police Service]] (SAPS) held its first National Netball Championships in [[Pretoria]]. The development of SAPS netball was not taken seriously until 1999 when they affiliated to Netball South Africa as an associated member.<ref name=saps-67>{{harvnb|South African Police|2007|p=67}}</ref> The [[Southern African Development Community]] has a sport competition with over 600 correctional officers from member countries participating.<ref name=southafrica-417>{{harvnb|South African Communication Service|1994|p=417}}</ref> In 1996, South Africa lost three test matches against New Zealand.<ref name=nnz-2009/> The 2000 national championships were held in Cape Town.<ref name=Britton-104>{{harvnb|Britton|Fish|Meintjes|2009|p=104}}</ref> In 2000, New Zealand's national side toured South Africa for the first time.<ref name=nnz-2009/> Two two countries played three test matches and New Zealand won them all.<ref name=nnz-2009/> In 2001, a Tri-Nations Series was launched between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The 2001 series was won by New Zealand.<ref name=nnz-2009/>


Netball is primarily played by women in [[Botswana]]. Girls are introduced into the game at primary schools, as part of the school curriculum.<ref name=BNSC-2011>{{harvnb|BNSC|2011}}</ref> Men have traditionally served as officials, coaches and administrators for the sport. They also had their own teams. This started in to change in the 2000s, with men only teams having been discontinued in favor of mixed gendered teams.<ref name=BNSC-2011/> Botswana Netball Association is the national organization responsible for netball in Botswana. It was founded in the 1970s. It is a member of IFNA and COSANA.<ref name=BNSC-2011/> Botswana has 30 local graded umpires and 22 locally trained coaches who have been certified by Netball South Africa.<ref name=BNSC-2011/> Botswana competed in the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament in 2008.<ref name="nysa-2008"/> Spar – “Good for You” Netball League is the most important national netball competition in Botswana. Naming rights for the league were given to Sar in 2010. The league is divided into two divisions, north and south. Games for the 2010 season began on May 22. The league championships were held on 27 November 2010 at the BONA Courts in [[Gaborone]].<ref name=BNSC-2010>{{harvnb|BNSC|2010}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number eighteen in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
The 2000 national championships were held in [[Cape Town, South Africa]].<ref name=Britton-104>{{harvnb|Britton|Fish|Meintjes|2009|p=104}}</ref> In 2006, an effort was made to start a professional women's netball league.<ref name=Louw-27>{{harvnb|Louw|2010|p=27}}</ref> On August 6, 2007, [[Netball South Africa]] announced that it had created an incentive program to get member clubs to comply with racial quota requirements.<ref name=Louw-86>{{harvnb|Louw|2010|p=86}}</ref> Netball South Africa president Mimi Mthethwa was quoted as saying:
{{quote|It had been decided that instead of docking points from teams that do not meet the quota, any team that had the required five-two ratio on court at all times would receive an additional six goals.<ref name=Louw-86/>}}
This policy was implemented because some teams had been punished with the loss of points for wins and losses, and frequently ended up having negative points for a season despite having won more games than they lost.<ref name=Louw-86/><ref name=Britton-104>{{harvnb|Britton|Fish|Meintjes|2009|p=104}}</ref>


[[File:The Girls Netball Team.jpg|thumb|210px|left|A Malawi netball team|alt=A team of Malawi netball players posing for a team picture]]
In 1995, the [[South African Police Service]] (SAPS) held its first National Netball Championships in [[Pretoria]]. The development of SAPS netball was not taken seriously until 1999 when they affiliated to Netball South Africa as an associated member.<ref name=saps-67>{{harvnb|South African Police|2007|p=67}}</ref> The [[Southern African Development Community]] has a sport competition with over 600 correctional officers from member countries participating.<ref name=southafrica-417>{{harvnb|South African Communication Service|1994|p=417}}</ref> One of the sports contested is netball.<ref name=southafrica-417/> Netball has a large spectatorship of white women.<ref name=Nauright-20/> South Africa competed in the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament in 2008.<ref name=nysa-2008>{{harvnb|Nyasa Times Reporter|2008}}</ref>
Netball is the most popular women's sport in [[Malawi]].<ref name="Shakespear-xi"/> The Malawi word for netball is Nchembre mbaye, where Nchembre means "mother". This name clearly links the sport to women and those who are responsible for taking care of their families.<ref name=Kapsula-33>{{harvnb|Kapsula|2010|p=33}}</ref> Malawi's national team is called the Queens.<ref name=Capua-53>{{harvnb|De Capua|2009|p=53}}</ref> In 1992, the ADMARC Tigresses won the Southern African Netball Associations trophy. A Malawian player was also named the best player in that tournament.<ref name=Sweetman-75>{{harvnb|Sweetman|1998|p=75}}</ref> In April 2008, Lesotho hosted the Malawi Under-21 national netball team. The match was part of the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament.<ref name="nysa-2008"/> In 2008, Whyte Mulilima was an assistant coach on the Malawi Under-21 national netball team.<ref name="nysa-2008"/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number seven in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
====Botswana====
{{Main|Netball in Botswana}}
Netball is primarily played by women in [[Botswana]]. Girls are introduced into the game at primary schools, as part of the school curriculum.<ref name=BNSC-2011>{{harvnb|BNSC|2011}}</ref> Men have traditionally served as officials, coaches and administrators for the sport. They also had their own teams. This started in to change in the 2000s, with men only teams having been discontinued in favor of mixed gendered teams.<ref name=BNSC-2011/>


Netball was one of the most popular sports in [[Tanzania]]. > The sport was introduced to the country after the [[World War I]], when the country was under [[Great Britain|British]] colonial rule. The sport was intended for leisure and first played in schools.<ref name=Massoa-119>{{harvnb|Massoa|Fasting|2006|p=119}}</ref> For this reason, almost all primary schools in the country have a court. Recruitment for the national team and other high level teams started at that level.<ref name=Massoa-121>{{harvnb|Massoa|Fasting|2006|p=121}}</ref> Netball Association of Tanzania (CHANETA) was created in 1966.<ref name=Massoa-119/> Women have historically dominated in leadership positions in CHANETA but men are still involved, especially in roles like coaching.<ref name=Massoa-119/> During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a push by the [[International Olympic Committee]] and the [[British Council]] to promote sport and women's sport in Tanzania.<ref name=Massoa-120>{{harvnb|Massoa|Fasting|2006|p=120}}</ref> Despite netball being the most popular women's sport at the time, no investment was made into the sport.<ref name=Massoa-120 /> Netball's popularity declined during the 1990s as a result of economic liberalisation. Courts were not maintained, leagues were closed and there were fewer competitions. Trying to raise netball's popularity in the country again has been hampered by the fact that sport is culturally more acceptable for men.<ref name="Massoa-121"/> Top level teams in the country, prior to the 1990s, have included Tanzania Harbour Authority, and Tanzania Postal and Telecommunication.<ref name=Massoa-120 /> Tanzania's national team is called the Taifa Queens. In their opening match in the NTUC Fairprice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, against Singapore, they won 52-36. Mwanaidi Hassan was the team's star player in the tournament.<ref name=ifna-2010e>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2010e}}</ref> Some of the top performances for the Tanzania national netball team include third place at the 2010 Nations Cup.<ref name="nsingapore-2010"/> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-one in the world.<ref name="ifna-ranking"/>
Botswana Netball Association is the national organization responsible for netball in Botswana. It was founded in the 1970s. It is a member of IFNA and COSANA.<ref name=BNSC-2011/> Botswana has 30 local graded umpires and 22 locally trained coaches who have been certified by Netball South Africa.<ref name=BNSC-2011/> Botswana competed in the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament in 2008.<ref name=nysa-2008>{{harvnb|Nyasa Times Reporter|2008}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number eighteen in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>

Spar – “Good for You” Netball League is the most important national netball competition in Botswana. Naming rights for the league were given to Sar in 2010. The league is divided into two divisions, north and south. Games for the 2010 season began on May 22. The league championships were held on 27 November 2010 at the BONA Courts in [[Gaborone]].<ref name=BNSC-2010>{{harvnb|BNSC|2010}}</ref>
====Malawi====
Netball is the most popular women's sport in [[Malawi]].<ref name=Shakespear-xi>{{harvnb|Shakespear|Caldow|2009|p=xi}}</ref> The Malawi word for netball is Nchembre mbaye, where Nchembre means "mother". This name clearly links the sport to women and those who are responsible for taking care of their families.<ref name=Kapsula-33>{{harvnb|Kapsula|2010|p=33}}</ref> Malawi's national team is called the Queens.<ref name=Capua-53>{{harvnb|De Capua|2009|p=53}}</ref> In 1992, the ADMARC Tigresses won the Southern African Netball Associations trophy. A Malawian player was also named the best player in that tournament.<ref name=Sweetman-75>{{harvnb|Sweetman|1998|p=75}}</ref> In April 2008, Lesotho hosted the Malawi Under-21 national netball team. The match was part of the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament. <ref name=nysa-2008>{{harvnb|Nyasa Times Reporter|2008}}</ref> In 2008, Whyte Mulilima was an assistant coach on the Malawi Under-21 national netball team.<ref name=nysa-2008>{{harvnb|Nyasa Times Reporter|2008}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number seven in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
====Tanzania====
Netball was one of the most popular sports in [[Tanzania]]. Almost all primary schools in the country have a court. Recruitment for the national team and other high level teams started at that level.<ref name=Massoa-121/> During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a push by the [[International Olympic Committee]] and the [[British Council]] to promote sport and women's sport in Tanzania.<ref name=Massoa-120>{{harvnb|Massoa|Fasting|2006|p=120}}</ref> Despite netball being the most popular women's sport at the time, no investment was made into the sport.<ref name=Massoa-120 />

Netball's popularity declined during the 1990s as a result of economic liberalisation. Courts were not maintained, leagues were closed and there were fewer competitions. Trying to raise netball's popularity in the country again has been hampered by the fact that sport is culturally more acceptable for men.<ref name=Massoa-121>{{harvnb|Massoa|Fasting|2006|p=121}}</ref>
Top level teams in the country, prior to the 1990s, have included Tanzania Harbour Authority, and Tanzania Postal and Telecommunication.<ref name=Massoa-120 />

Tanzania's national team is called the Taifa Queens. In their opening match in the NTUC Fairprice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, against Singapore, they won 52-36. [[Mwanaidi Hassan]] was the team's star player in the tournament. <ref name=ifna-2010e>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2010e}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-one in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


===Europe===
===Europe===
{{see also|Netball in England|Netball in Scotland|Netball Superleague}}
Netball is primarily played in Commonwealth countries. These countries were heavily involved in creating the rules for netball. Non-Commonwealth countries in Europe have not been as involved with creating the rules and administering its rules.<ref name=ifna-2008/> Federation of European Netball Associations (FENA) is sometimes referred to as Netball Europe. It is the governing body for netball in Europe. It member nations include England, [[Gibraltar]], [[Malta]], Northern Ireland, [[Republic of Ireland]], Scotland and Wales. Its associate members include [[Israel]] and [[Switzerland]]. The organization was created in 1989/1990.<ref name=netball-europe>{{harvnb|England Netball|2010}}</ref> The major netball competition in Europe is the [[Netball Superleague]].<ref name=fiat-netball>{{harvnb|FIAT Netball Superleague}}</ref>
[[File:Orkney v Shetland netball 2009.jpg|thumb|300px|Orkney A (red) v Shetland A (white/blue): intercounty netball (March 2009) in Scotland.|right]]Netball is primarily played in Commonwealth countries. These countries were heavily involved in creating the rules for netball. Non-Commonwealth countries in Europe have not been as involved with creating the rules and administering its rules.<ref name=ifna-2008/> Federation of European Netball Associations (FENA) is sometimes referred to as Netball Europe. It is the governing body for netball in Europe. It member nations include England, [[Gibraltar]], [[Malta]], Northern Ireland, [[Republic of Ireland]], Scotland and Wales. Its associate members include [[Israel]] and [[Switzerland]]. The organization was created in 1989/1990.<ref name=netball-europe>{{harvnb|England Netball|2010}}</ref> As of January 2011, the English women's national team was ranked number three in the world, Northern Ireland is ranked number twelve, and Wales is ranked number fourteen.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


The major netball competition in Europe is the [[Netball Superleague]].<ref name=fiat-netball>{{harvnb|FIAT Netball Superleague}}</ref> The [[Netball Superleague]] is the elite netball competition in [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]].<ref name="fiat-netball"/> It was created in 2005, with the foundation teams including teams like the [[Loughborough Lightning]].<ref name="EnglandNetball-History"/><ref name=loughborough-2011>{{harvnb|Loughborough Lightning|2011}}</ref> The league features nine teams from all areas of Britain.<ref name=fiat-netball/> It is regularly shown on sports broadcaster [[Sky Sports]], thanks to a major television deal signed in 2006.<ref name="EnglandNetball-History"/> Naming rights to the competition were secured by [[FIAT]].<ref name=fiat-netball/> The league includes players from Fiji, New Zealand, England, Wales and Scotland.<ref name=fiat-netball/>
====United Kingdom====
{{see also|Netball Superleague}}
[[File:Orkney v Shetland netball 2009.jpg|thumb|300px|Orkney A (red) v Shetland A (white/blue): intercounty netball (March 2009) in Scotland.|right]]
In the UK, netball management has been traditionally run by women.<ref name=White-46>{{harvnb|White|2002|p=46}}</ref> This is different than many other sports for women in the [[United Kingdom]] where men have managed women's sport.<ref name=White-46 />

South Asian women are under-represented in the United Kingdom's netball community based on their representation in the whole of the United Kingdom's population.<ref name=Taylor-4>{{harvnb|Taylor|1998|p=4}}</ref> African-Caribbean women in the United Kingdom are more involved with netball as many of them have a tradition of playing from their home countries.<ref name=Taylor-4 />

The [[Netball Superleague]] is the elite netball competition in [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]].<ref name=fiat-netball>{{harvnb|FIAT Netball Superleague}}</ref> It was created in 2005, with the foundation teams including teams like the [[Loughborough Lightning]].<ref name=loughborough-2011>{{harvnb|Loughborough Lightning|2011}}</ref><ref name=netball-england>{{harvnb|Netball England}}</ref> The league features nine teams from all areas of Britain.<ref name=fiat-netball/> It is regularly shown on sports broadcaster [[Sky Sports]], thanks to a major television deal signed in 2006.<ref name=netball-england/> Naming rights to the competition were secured by [[FIAT]].<ref name=fiat-netball/> The league includes players from Fiji, New Zealand, England, Wales and Scotland.<ref name=fiat-netball/>


In the United Kingdom , netball management has been traditionally run by women.<ref name=White-46>{{harvnb|White|2002|p=46}}</ref> This is different than many other sports for women in the [[United Kingdom]] where men have managed women's sport.<ref name=White-46 />


[[File:England netball team 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The English national team at the England v Australia Netball test: Adelaide, October 2008.|left]]
[[File:England netball team 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The English national team at the England v Australia Netball test: Adelaide, October 2008.|left]]
In [[England]], netball has been popular enough to be included as part of the physical education curriculum.<ref name=White-37>{{harvnb|White|2002|p=37}}</ref> Its inclusion had been at times controversial; during the 1910s and 1920s, schools worried about the potential negative impact of physical exercise like netball participation on the health of girls.<ref name=games-for-girls>{{harvnb|Western Argus|1922}}</ref>
In [[England]], netball has been popular enough to be included as part of the physical education curriculum.<ref name=White-37>{{harvnb|White|2002|p=37}}</ref> Its inclusion had been at times controversial; during the 1910s and 1920s, schools worried about the potential negative impact of physical exercise like netball participation on the health of girls.<ref name=games-for-girls>{{harvnb|Western Argus|1922}}</ref>


The [[Welsh Netball Association]] (Cymdeithas Pêl Rwyd Cymru) was created in [[1945]].<ref name=ifna-wales>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2011}}</ref> The WNA is responsible for national championships, [[Wales national netball team|Welsh squad]] selection, international matches, the training and development of players, coaches and umpires and for the [[Sport Wales National Centre]] Netball Academy, [[Cardiff]].<ref name=wna-wales>{{harvnb|Welsh Netball Association|2009}}</ref> The Welsh Netball Association is based in [[Pontcanna]], Cardiff.<ref name=wna-wales/> Like other national associations, the Welsh have created a modified version of the game for children called 'Dragon Netball'.<ref name=ifna-wales/> It is geared for seven to eleven year olds.<ref name=ifna-wales/>

The [[Welsh Netball Association]] (Cymdeithas Pêl Rwyd Cymru) was created in [[1945]].<ref name=ifna-wales>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2011}}</ref> The WNA is responsible for national championships, [[Wales national netball team|Welsh squad]] selection, international matches, the training and development of players, coaches and umpires and for the [[Sport Wales National Centre]] Netball Academy, [[Cardiff]].<ref name=wna-wales>{{harvnb|Welsh Netball Association|2009}}</ref> The Welsh Netball Association is based in [[Pontcanna]], Cardiff.<ref name=wna-wales/> Like other national associations, the Welsh have created a modified version of the game for children called 'Dragon Netball'.<ref name=ifna-wales/> It is geared for seven to eleven year olds.<ref name=ifna-wales/>
Male participation in netball in Wales has been increasing in the past several years.<ref name=ifna-wales/>
Male participation in netball in Wales has been increasing in the past several years.<ref name=ifna-wales/>



The rate of comparative participation for netball to other sports differs from key-stage to key-stage (year levels in school) in Northern Ireland.<ref name=Mahoney-109>{{harvnb|Mahoney|1997|p=109}}</ref> For girls, netball is the third most popular participation sport in key-stage 2 with a 7% participation rate.<ref name="Mahoney-109"/> For keystage 3 and keystage 4, it is the most popular girls participation sport with rates of 20.2% and 14.0%.<ref name="Mahoney-109"/> In the sixth form, netball is the fifth most popular girls' participation sport with a rate of 6.7%.<ref name="Mahoney-109"/> The total number of school participants is about 900.<ref name="Mahoney-103"/> In Northern Ireland, about 1,300 women play competitive netball in club based leagues.<ref name=Mahoney-103 />
The rate of comparative participation for netball to other sports differs from key-stage to key-stage (year levels in school) in Northern Ireland.<ref name=Mahoney-109>{{harvnb|Mahoney|1997|p=109}}</ref> For girls, netball is the third most popular participation sport in key-stage 2 with a 7% participation rate.<ref name="Mahoney-109"/> For keystage 3 and keystage 4, it is the most popular girls participation sport with rates of 20.2% and 14.0%.<ref name="Mahoney-109"/> In the sixth form, netball is the fifth most popular girls' participation sport with a rate of 6.7%.<ref name="Mahoney-109"/> The total number of school participants is about 900.<ref name="Mahoney-103"/> In Northern Ireland, about 1,300 women play competitive netball in club based leagues.<ref name=Mahoney-103 />

As of January 2011, the English women's national team was ranked number three in the world, Northern Ireland is ranked number twelve, and Wales is ranked number fourteen.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


===Americas===
===Americas===
IFNA's Americas region includes [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name=Shakespear-xii/> It has 54 national members. Each year, the Americas region hosts two tournaments: CNA U16 Championship and the AFNA Senior Championship.<ref name=ifna-2010f>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2010f}}</ref> Netball is the most popular in Commonwealth countries.<ref name="Thompson-258"/> This can be seen in the countries that play it [[Antigua and Barbuda]] and [[Grenada]] being an important netball being important minor netball playing countries.<ref name=Epstein-8>{{harvnb|Epstein|2007|p=8}}</ref><ref name=Epstein-171>{{harvnb|Epstein|2007|p=171}}</ref> Several teams in the region rank amongst the top twenty-five in the world. As of January 2001, they include Barbados who is ranked number ten, St. Lucia who is ranked number thirteen, St. Vincent and Grenadines who is ranked number twenty, and Canada who is ranked number twenty-two. <ref name=ifna-ranking/>
IFNA's Americas region includes [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name=Shakespear-xii/> It has 54 national members. Each year, the Americas region hosts two tournaments: CNA U16 Championship and the AFNA Senior Championship.<ref name=ifna-2010f>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2010f}}</ref> Netball is the most popular in Commonwealth countries.<ref name="Thompson-258"/> This can be seen in the countries that play it [[Antigua and Barbuda]] and [[Grenada]] being an important netball being important minor netball playing countries.<ref name=Epstein-8>{{harvnb|Epstein|2007|p=8}}</ref><ref name=Epstein-171>{{harvnb|Epstein|2007|p=171}}</ref> Several teams in the region rank amongst the top twenty-five in the world. As of January 2011, they include Barbados who is ranked number ten, St. Lucia who is ranked number thirteen, St. Vincent and Grenadines who is ranked number twenty, and Canada who is ranked number twenty-two.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


The popularity of netball is increasing in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref name=Davis-5/> Netball is popular enough in both countries for each to have their own women's national team,<ref name=USANA-2010a/><ref name=ifna-ranking/> and for Canada to have a men's national team.<ref name=Tagg-411>{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=411}}</ref> One of the top performances for the Canadian women's national netball team was at the 2nd World Youth Netball Championship when they came in third.<ref name=ifna-2008/> The United States has hosted hosted the 2005 World Youth Championships.<ref name=USANA-2010a/><ref name=ifna-2008/> The [[United States of America Netball Association]] was created in 2001 in [[New York City]].<ref name=USANA-2010>{{harvnb|United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc.|2010}}</ref> It has affiliates in [[California]], [[Connecticut]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Texas]], [[District of Columbia]], [[Tennessee]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Arizona]] and [[Virginia]].<ref name=USANA-2010/> When the United States association was first formed, the country ranked 64th in the world.<ref name="USANA-2010a"/> By 2003, the country was ranked 9th in the world.<ref name=USANA-2010a/> As of January 2011, Canada's women's national team was ranked number twenty-two in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>
====Canada and the United States====
The popularity of netball is increasing in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref name=Davis-5/> Netball is popular enough in both countries for each to have their own women's national team, <ref name=ifna-ranking/><ref name=USANA-2010a/> and for Canada to have a men's national team.<ref name=Tagg-411>{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=411}}</ref> One of the top performances for the Canadian women's national netball team was at the 2nd World Youth Netball Championship when they came in third.<ref name=ifna-2008/> The United States has hosted hosted the 2005 World Youth Championships. <ref name=USANA-2010a/><ref name=ifna-2008/> The [[United States of America Netball Association]] was created in 2010 in [[New York City]].<ref name=USANA-2010>{{harvnb|United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc.|2010}}</ref> It has affiliates in [[California]], [[Connecticut]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Texas]], [[District of Columbia]], [[Tennessee]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Arizona]] and [[Virginia]].<ref name=USANA-2010/> When the United States association was first formed, the country ranked 64th in the world.<ref name="USANA-2010a"/> By 2003, the country was ranked 9th in the world.<ref name=USANA-2010a/> As of January 2011, Canada's women's national team was ranked number twenty-two in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/>


Netball is the favoured women's sport in [[Jamaica]].<ref name=JamBook>{{harvnb|Zephaniah|Das|2009}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number four in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/> Netball is played at schools in Jamaica. The Queens School won Jamaica’s ISSA/Digicel All-Island High Schoolgirls Junior title in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The 2010 title came after the school beat Holmwood Technical 33-20 in the final. Denbigh School won Jamaica’s ISSA/Digicel All-Island High Schoolgirls Senior title in 2010. This was the first time they won. They played St Hugh’s in the final, winning 24-21.<ref name="ifna-2010e"/>
====Jamaica====
Netball is the favoured women's sport in [[Jamaica]].<ref name=JamBook>{{harvnb|Zephaniah|Das|2009}}</ref> It is rarely shown on television. The 2011 test versus Australia was shown on Jamaican TV.<ref name=netballau-2011>{{harvnb|Netball Australia|2011}}</ref> As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number four in the world.<ref name=ifna-ranking/> Netball is played at schools in Jamaica. The Queens School won Jamaica’s ISSA/Digicel All-Island High Schoolgirls Junior title in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The 2010 title came after the school beat Holmwood Technical 33-20 in the final. Denbigh School won Jamaica’s ISSA/Digicel All-Island High Schoolgirls Senior title in 2010. This was the first time they won. They played St Hugh’s in the final, winning 24-21. <ref name=ifna-2010e>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2010e}}</ref>


==Demographic appeal==
==Demographic appeal==
Line 284: Line 218:
Netball requires speed, strategy, team work and co-ordination, thus its appeal is not limited to women.<ref name=Tagg-409>{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=409}}</ref> Representative men's teams exist, but attract less attention.<ref name="Tagg-409"/> At primary home level, mixed teams are not uncommon and are very popular in Australia.<ref name="Davis-4"/> Men's national teams do exist for countries including Canada, Dubai, England, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya and Pakistan.<ref name="Tagg-411"/> In 1997, male participation rates for netball in England were at 0.6% of the total netball playing population in the country.<ref name=Participation-Rates-26>{{harvnb|Scully|Clarke|1997|p=26}}</ref>
Netball requires speed, strategy, team work and co-ordination, thus its appeal is not limited to women.<ref name=Tagg-409>{{harvnb|Tagg|2008|p=409}}</ref> Representative men's teams exist, but attract less attention.<ref name="Tagg-409"/> At primary home level, mixed teams are not uncommon and are very popular in Australia.<ref name="Davis-4"/> Men's national teams do exist for countries including Canada, Dubai, England, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya and Pakistan.<ref name="Tagg-411"/> In 1997, male participation rates for netball in England were at 0.6% of the total netball playing population in the country.<ref name=Participation-Rates-26>{{harvnb|Scully|Clarke|1997|p=26}}</ref>


The 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament is run by Western Australian Men’s and Mixed Netball Association (WAMMNA).<ref name=samoa-men>{{harvnb|Samoa Observer|2011}}</ref> It is the major international competition for men's national netball teams.<ref name=samoa-men/> In the 2011 competition held in April, men's national teams from Samoa, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand and the Cook Islands are a few that will compete in this competition.<ref name=samoa-men/> The 2009 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament was held in the [[Cook Islands]].<ref name=samoa-men/>
The 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament is run by the Western Australian Men’s and Mixed Netball Association (WAMMNA).<ref name="samoa-men"/> It is the major international competition for men's national netball teams.<ref name=samoa-men/> In the 2011 competition held in April, men's national teams from Samoa, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand and the Cook Islands are a few that will compete in this competition.<ref name=samoa-men/> The 2009 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament was held in the [[Cook Islands]].<ref name=samoa-men/>


===Transgenders and transsexuals===
===Transgenders and transsexuals===
Netball is a popular sport for transgenders.<ref name=Symons-122>{{harvnb|Symons|Hemphill|2006|p=122}}</ref> At the 1994 Gay Games held in [[New York City]], an all transsexual netball team from Indonesia competed.<ref name=Altman-100>{{harvnb|Altman|2001|p=100}}</ref> This team had been the Indonesian national champions.<ref name=Altman-100/> At [[Gay Games VI]], netball and [[volleyball]] were the two sports with the highest rate of transgenders participating.<ref name=Symons-122 /> There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgenders.<ref name=Symons-122 /> They came from places like [[Palm Island, Queensland|Palm Island]] in northern [[Queensland]], [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]] and [[Papau New Guinea]].<ref name=Symons-122 /> Teams and players who were transgendered could participate in several divisions including men, mixed and transgendered; they could not compete against the biological women's teams.<ref name=Symons-122 />
Netball is a popular sport for transgenders.<ref name=Symons-122>{{harvnb|Symons|Hemphill|2006|p=122}}</ref> At the 1994 Gay Games held in [[New York City]], an all transsexual netball team from Indonesia competed.<ref name="Altman-100"/> This team had been the Indonesian national champions.<ref name=Altman-100/> At [[Gay Games VI]], netball and [[volleyball]] were the two sports with the highest rate of transgenders participating.<ref name=Symons-122 /> There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgenders.<ref name=Symons-122 /> They came from places like [[Palm Island, Queensland|Palm Island]] in northern [[Queensland]], [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name=Symons-122 /> Teams and players who were transgendered could participate in several divisions including men, mixed and transgendered; they could not compete against the biological women's teams.<ref name=Symons-122 />

===Disabled athletes===
Netball has been played by disabled athletes. A hybrid version of basketball and netball was played at the Grand Festival of Paraplegic Sport in 1949.<ref name=Brittain-9>{{harvnb|Brittain|2009|p=9}}</ref> Its inclusion came after several matches of a form of wheelchair polo were determined to be too dangerous.<ref name=Brittain-8>{{harvnb|Brittain|2009|p=8}}</ref> Players were all in wheelchairs and used netball posts to score, instead of requiring them to shoot at the basket.<ref name=Brittain-9/> There were six teams and a total of thirty-seven athletes competing at the event.<ref name=Brittain-10>{{harvnb|Brittain|2009|p=10}}</ref> This hybrid version of netball was subsequently played at the 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1954 festivals before being replaced by basketball in 1956.<ref name=Brittain-10/> The replacement version of the game is what is now called wheelchair basketball.<ref name=Brittain-8/>

==Governance==
{{main|International Federation of Netball Associations}}
The recognised international governing body of Netball is [[International Federation of Netball Associations]] (IFNA), which is based in [[Manchester]]. IFNA has 67 [[List of national netball teams|national members]] which are grouped into five regional federations; these are:
*Asia - [[Asian Federation of Netball Associations]]
*Africa - Confederation of African Netball Associations
*North/South America - Americas Federation of Netball Associations
*Europe - Federation of European Netball Associations
*Oceania - [[Oceania Netball Federation]]

IFNA is governed by a congress that meets every two years, a board of directors that meets three times a year, a Chief Executive Officer and a Secretariat.<ref name=IFNA-about/> IFNA is also responsible for providing [[IFNA World Rankings|world rankings]].<ref name=ifna-ranking/> IFNA organizes several major international competitions including the Netball World Championships.<ref name=ifna-2009c>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2009c}}</ref>


==Major competitions==
==Major competitions==
===Olympics===
In 1995, netball became an Olympic-recognised sport,<ref name=Smartt-2009>{{harvnb|Smartt|Chalmers|2009}}</ref><ref name=Taylor-2>{{harvnb|Taylor|2001|p=2}}</ref> making it possible for the sport to be included in future games.<ref name=IFNA-History/> This came after a twenty year period of lobbying.<ref name=Taylor-2/> The recognition made it possible for national associations to become full members of their countries' national Olympic committees.<ref name=Taylor-2/> The lack of inclusion of netball in the Olympics leads to less coverage of the sport, because most coverage of women's sport focuses around the Olympics.<ref name="Taylor-2"/> At the same time, the lack of recognition by the Olympics and exclusion in the Olympics has hampered the globalization of the game in developing countries.<ref name=Crocombe-156>{{harvnb|Crocombe|1992|p=156}}</ref> The Olympic Solidarity Movement provides access to funding for these nations through the International Olympic Committee.<ref name=Crocombe-156/> This money can be used to help cover costs for travel to international competitions.<ref name=Crocombe-156/> For some nations, without that monetary assistance, trying to maintain international calibre teams has been difficult.<ref name=Crocombe-156/> Money that is available through [[International Olympic Committee]] and the [[British Council]] to promote women's sport sometimes ignores women's sport in certain geographic areas. Netball may be the most popular women's sport, in terms of media coverage and participation rates, in an area but the money goes towards Olympic sports with low participation rates, low rates of interest and few facilities.<ref name="Massoa-120"/> Some supporters of netball have argued that by trying to internationalise the game and be included in the Olympics has moved netball away from a model of women's sport and more towards a male model of competitive sport. This is viewed by some sport people as detrimental to the game.<ref name=Taylor-2/>

===Netball World Championships===
===Netball World Championships===
{{main|Netball World Championships}}
{{main|Netball World Championships}}
{{see also|list of national netball teams}}
The most important competition in netball is the [[Netball World Championships|Netball World Championship]] which is held every four years. The [[Australian Netball Diamonds]] are the current world champions having won the [[2007 Netball World Championships|2007 Championship]] in New Zealand. Past winners include the [[Silver Ferns]] of New Zealand and joint 1979 winner the [[Trinidad and Tobago national netball team|Calypso Girls]] of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], though [[England national netball team|England]], the [[South Africa national netball team|Proteas]] of [[South Africa]] and the [[The Sunshine Girls (team)|Sunshine Girls]] of [[Jamaica]] have all also placed.<ref name=NWC-singapore>{{harvnb|World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore|2011}}</ref>
The most important competition in netball is the [[Netball World Championships|Netball World Championship]] which is held every four years. The [[Australian Netball Diamonds]] are the current world champions having won the [[2007 Netball World Championships|2007 Championship]] in New Zealand. Past winners include the [[Silver Ferns]] of New Zealand and joint 1979 winner the [[Trinidad and Tobago national netball team|Calypso Girls]] of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], though [[England national netball team|England]], the [[South Africa national netball team|Proteas]] of [[South Africa]] and the [[The Sunshine Girls (team)|Sunshine Girls]] of [[Jamaica]] have all also placed.<ref name=NWC-singapore>{{harvnb|World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore|2011}}</ref>


Line 303: Line 255:
! Number of teams
! Number of teams
|-
|-
| align="center"| [[1963 Netball World Championships|1963 ''Details'']]<ref name=NWC-singapore/><ref name=lanka-2010/>
| align="center"| [[1963 Netball World Championships|1963 ''Details'']]<ref name=lanka-2010>{{harvnb|Sri Lanka Netball|2010}}</ref><ref name=NWC-singapore>{{harvnb|World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore|2011}}</ref>
| {{nb|Australia}}
| {{nb|Australia}}
<ref name=spot-ball/>
<ref name=spot-ball>{{harvnb|Australian Women's Weekly|1979}}</ref>
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|England}}
| {{nb|England}}
| [[Eastbourne]], [[England]]<ref name=spot-ball/><ref name=NS-timeline />
| [[Eastbourne]], [[England]]<ref name=spot-ball/><ref name="nsing-2011b">{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2011b}}</ref>
| 11
| 11
|-
|-
Line 322: Line 274:
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|England}}
| {{nb|England}}
| [[Kingston, Jamaica]]<ref name=ifna-2008/>
| [[Kingston, Jamaica]]<ref name=ifna-2008>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2008}}</ref>
| 9
| 9
|-
|-
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| {{nb|England}}
| {{nb|England}}
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| [[Auckland, New Zealand]]<ref name=NS-timeline /><ref name=ifna-2008/>
| [[Auckland, New Zealand]]<ref name=ifna-2008/><ref name="nsing-2011b"/>
| 11
| 11
|-
|-
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| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| {{nb|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| [[Singapore]]<ref name=NS-body/><ref name=ifna-2008/><ref name=NS-body/>
| [[Singapore]]<ref name=NS-body>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2011}}</ref><ref name=ifna-2008/>
| 14
| 14
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| align="center"| [[1999 Netball World Championships|1999 ''Details'']]<ref name=NWC-singapore/>
| align="center"| [[1999 Netball World Championships|1999 ''Details'']]<ref name=NWC-singapore/>
| {{nb|Australia}}<ref name=Thompson-258 />
| {{nb|Australia}}<ref name=Thompson-258>{{harvnb|Thompson|2006|p=258}}</ref>
| {{nb|New Zealand}}<ref name=Thompson-258 />
| {{nb|New Zealand}}<ref name=Thompson-258 />
| {{nb|England}}
| {{nb|England}}
| [[Christchurch, New Zealand]]<ref name=NS-timeline /><ref name=ifna-2008/>
| [[Christchurch, New Zealand]]<ref name=ifna-2008/><ref name="nsing-2011b"/>
| 26
| 26
|-
|-
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| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|New Zealand}}
| {{nb|Jamaica}}
| {{nb|Jamaica}}
| [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<ref name=NS-timeline />
| [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<ref name="nsing-2011b"/>
| 16
| 16
|-
|-
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| 16
| 16
|}
|}


''See [[list of national netball teams]] for a complete list of national netball teams.''


===World Netball Series===
===World Netball Series===
{{main|World Netball Series}}
{{main|World Netball Series}}
The World Netball Series is an international netball competition which was contested for the first time in October 2009. The new competition features [[Netball#Fastnet|Fastnet]] rules (which has been likened to [[Twenty20]] cricket and [[rugby sevens]]<ref name="NZB"/><ref name=NZH-Marshall>{{harvnb|Marshall|2009}}</ref>). The competition is scheduled to be held annually in [[Manchester]], England until at least 2011, and will be contested by the six top national netball teams in the world, according to the [[IFNA World Rankings]].<ref name=SamoaObserver>{{harvnb|Samoa Observer|2008}}</ref>
The World Netball Series is organised by the [[International Federation of Netball Associations]] (IFNA), in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations each year, [[UK Sport]] and the host city's local council.<ref name="ifna-2009c"/> The All England Netball Association covers air travel, accommodation, food and local travel expenses for all teams during the competition, while the respective netball governing bodies cover player allowances.<ref name=Kaminjolo-2010>{{harvnb|Kaminjolo|2010}}</ref> The World Netball Series is was contested for the first time in October 2009. The new competition features [[Netball#Fastnet|Fastnet]] rules (which has been likened to [[Twenty20]] cricket and [[rugby sevens]]<ref name="NZB"/><ref name=NZH-Marshall>{{harvnb|Marshall|2009}}</ref>). The competition is scheduled to be held annually in [[Manchester]], England until at 2011, and has been contested by the six top national netball teams in the world, according to the [[IFNA World Rankings]].<ref name=SamoaObserver>{{harvnb|Samoa Observer|2008}}</ref> The competition is held over three days, and is played under [[Fastnet (netball)|fastnet]] rules. Each team plays each other once during the first two days in a [[Round robin|round-robin]] format. The four highest-scoring teams from this stage progress to the finals, played on the final day of competition, in which the 1st-ranked team plays the 4th-ranked team, while 2nd plays 3rd. The winners of these two matches contest the Grand Final; the remaining teams contest the third- and fifth-place playoffs.<ref name=ifna-2009d>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2009d}}</ref>

The competition is held over three days, and is played under [[Fastnet (netball)|fastnet]] rules. Each team plays each other once during the first two days in a [[Round robin|round-robin]] format. The four highest-scoring teams from this stage progress to the finals, played on the final day of competition, in which the 1st-ranked team plays the 4th-ranked team, while 2nd plays 3rd. The winners of these two matches contest the Grand Final; the remaining teams contest the third- and fifth-place playoffs.<ref name=ifna-2009d>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2009d}}</ref>

The World Netball Series is organised by the [[International Federation of Netball Associations]] (IFNA), in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations each year, [[UK Sport]] and the host city's local council.<ref name=ifna-2009c>{{harvnb|International Federation of Netball Associations|2009c}}</ref> England Netball covers air travel, accommodation, food and local travel expenses for all teams during the competition, while the respective netball governing bodies cover player allowances.<ref name=Kaminjolo-2010>{{harvnb|Kaminjolo|2010}}</ref>


===Commonwealth Games===
===Commonwealth Games===
Netball is popular in the Commonwealth. It was one of three new sports included in the [[Commonwealth Games]] in 1998 and has been a fixture ever since.<ref name=cwg-table-info>{{harvnb|Commonwealth Games Federation|2010a}}</ref> At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, 12 teams competed.<ref name=cwg-table-info/>Australia have taken gold home twice since then, the Silver Ferns of New Zealand also on two occasions (including the recent 2010 Games held in India). England and Jamaica are the two other teams that have placed.<ref name=cwg-table>{{harvnb|Commonwealth Games Federation|2010}}</ref>
Netball is popular in the Commonwealth. It was one of three new sports included in the [[Commonwealth Games]] in 1998 and has been a fixture ever since.<ref name=cwg-table-info>{{harvnb|Commonwealth Games Federation|2010a}}</ref> At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, 12 teams competed.<ref name=cwg-table-info/> Australia have taken gold home twice since then, the Silver Ferns of New Zealand also on two occasions (including the recent 2010 Games held in India). England and Jamaica are the two other teams that have placed.<ref name=cwg-table>{{harvnb|Commonwealth Games Federation|2010}}</ref>


'''All-time medal table'''
'''All-time medal table'''
Line 466: Line 411:
===The Nations Cup===
===The Nations Cup===
{{main|Nations Cup (netball)}}
{{main|Nations Cup (netball)}}
The Nations Cup (also known as the [[4 Nations Netball Cup]], the [[5 Nations Netball Cup]]) is an international organised by [[Netball Singapore]]. In 2007, the competition included the [[Singapore national netball team]], Canada, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka and Trinidad & Tobago. The 2008 Nations Cup was between the [[Botswana national netball team]], Barbados, Northern Ireland, the [[Samoa national netball team]] and Singapore.<ref name=nation-cup-2008>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2008}}</ref>
The Nations Cup (also known as the [[4 Nations Netball Cup]], the [[5 Nations Netball Cup]]) is an international organised by [[Netball Singapore]]. In 2007, the competition included the [[Singapore national netball team]], Canada, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka and Trinidad & Tobago. The 2008 Nations Cup was between the [[Botswana national netball team]], Barbados, Northern Ireland, the [[Samoa national netball team]] and Singapore.<ref name=nation-cup-2008>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2008}}</ref> The 2010 Nations Cup, called NTUC FairPrice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, was held in December. It featured teams from Scotland, Wales, Tanzania, Namibia and India. Wales beat Scotland in the final, 53-30. Tanzania beat Singapore, 54-41, to secure third place. Namibia beat India 72-32 to capture fifth.<ref name="nsingapore-2010"/>

The 2010 Nations Cup, called NTUC FairPrice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, was held in December. It featured teams from Scotland, Wales, Tanzania, Namibia and India. Wales beat Scotland in the final, 53-30. Tanzania beat Singapore, 54-41, to secure third place. Namibia beat India 72-32 to capture fifth.<ref name=nsingapore-2010>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2010a}}</ref>



{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
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|
|
|----
|----
|2008<ref name=netball-png>{{harvnb|Netball Papua New Guinea}}</ref><ref name=nation-cup-2008>{{harvnb|Netball Singapore|2008}}</ref>
|2008<ref name=netball-png>{{harvnb|Netball Papua New Guinea}}</ref><ref name="nation-cup-2008"/>
|{{nb|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{nb|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{nb|Botswana}}
|{{nb|Botswana}}
Line 517: Line 459:
===Asian Netball Championship===
===Asian Netball Championship===
{{main|Asian Netball Championship}}
{{main|Asian Netball Championship}}
The Asian Netball Championship is a competition held between Asian countries. It is a major competition in this region. It occurs every four years.<ref name=sri-lanka>{{harvnb|Government of Sri Lanka|2001}}</ref><ref name=Ng-2010>{{harvnb|Ng|2010}}</ref><ref name=lanka-journal>{{harvnb|Lanka Journal|2009}}</ref><ref name=lanka-truth>{{harvnb|Lanka Truth|2009}}</ref> The [[Malaysian Netball Association]] hosted the first Asian Netball Championship in 1985, and the 3rd Asian Youth Netball Championship.<ref name="lanka-2010"/> The 1997 Asian Netball Championship was held in Singapore and included 12 teams.<ref name="lanka-journal"/> The fifth Asian Netball Championship was held in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka in 2001.<ref name="sri-lanka"/>
The Asian Netball Championship is a competition held between Asian countries. It is a major competition in this region. It occurs every four years.

Past competitions for the Asian Netball Championship:
* 2001: Final: Sri Lanka (winner) - Singapore<ref name=Ng-2010>{{harvnb|Ng|2010}}</ref>
* 2005: Final: [[Singapore national netball team|Singaporean team]] 63 - [[Malaysia national netball team|Malaysian team]] 39<ref name=Ng-2010/>
* 2009: Final: Sri Lanka 77 - Singapore 44<ref name=lanka-truth>{{harvnb|Lanka Truth|2009}}</ref>

The fifth Asian Netball Championship was held in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka in 2001. Hong Kong, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Maldives, Singapore, Thailand and Sri Lanka competed.<ref name=sri-lanka>{{harvnb|Government of Sri Lanka|2001}}</ref> It was won by one goal by Sri Lanka over [[Singapore national netball team|Singapore]].<ref name=Ng-2010/> The 1997 Asian Netball Championship was held in Singapore and included 12 teams.<ref name=lanka-journal>{{harvnb|Lanka Journal|2009}}</ref> The [[Malaysian Netball Association]] hosted the first Asian Netball Championship in 1985, and the 3rd Asian Youth Netball Championship.<ref name=lanka-2010>{{harvnb|Sri Lanka Netball|2010}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
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|
|
|-
|-
| align="center"| 1990<ref name=lanka-journal/><ref name=lanka-2010/>
| align="center"| 1990<ref name=lanka-2010/><ref name=lanka-journal/>
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
| align="center"| 1997<ref name=lanka-journal/><ref name=lanka-2010/>
| align="center"| 1997<ref name=lanka-2010/><ref name=lanka-journal/>
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
|
|
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| 12
| 12
|-
|-
| align="center"| 2001<ref name=sri-lanka/><ref name=Ng-2010/><ref name=lanka-2010/>
| align="center"| 2001<ref name=lanka-2010/><ref name=sri-lanka/><ref name=Ng-2010>{{harvnb|Ng|2010}}</ref>
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
| {{nb|Singapore}}
| {{nb|Singapore}}
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| 8
| 8
|-
|-
| align="center"| 2005<ref name=Ng-2010/><ref name=NS-body/>
| align="center"| 2005<ref name=NS-body/><ref name=Ng-2010/>
| {{nb|Singapore}}
| {{nb|Singapore}}
| {{nb|Malaysia}}
| {{nb|Malaysia}}
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| 8
| 8
|-
|-
| align="center"| [[2009 Asian Netball Championship|2009]]<ref name=olympics-malay>{{harvnb|Olympics Council of Asia|2009}}</ref><ref name=lanka-journal/><ref name=lanka-truth/>
| align="center"| [[2009 Asian Netball Championship|2009]]<ref name=lanka-journal/><ref name=lanka-truth/><ref name=olympics-malay>{{harvnb|Olympics Council of Asia|2009}}</ref>
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
| {{nb|Sri Lanka}}
| {{nb|Singapore}}
| {{nb|Singapore}}
Line 590: Line 525:


==References==
==References==
<div class="reflist4" style="height: 340px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px">
{{reflist|3}}
{{reflist|3}}
</div>


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==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
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* {{cite web |author=International Federation of Netball Associations |title=Current World Rankings |year=2011|url=http://www.netball.org/IFNA.aspx?id=94 |year=2011a |month=January |day=21 |accessdate=4 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite news |author=Jamaica Observer |title=Jamaican shooter accepts Aussie contract |publisher=[[Jamaica Observer]] |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20080124T200000-0500_131772_OBS_JAMAICAN_SHOOTER_ACCEPTS_AUSSIE_CONTRACT_.asp |day=25 |month=January |year=2008 |accessdate=12 April 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080129111340/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20080124T200000-0500_131772_OBS_JAMAICAN_SHOOTER_ACCEPTS_AUSSIE_CONTRACT_.asp<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 29 January 2008 |ref=harv}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Van Bottenburg |first=Maarten |title=Global games |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2001 |isbn=0252026543 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Warren |first=Adrian |title=Netball to try short game format |publisher=''The Sydney Morning Herald'' |url=http://news.smh.com.au/sport/netball-to-try-short-game-format-20081201-6ooq.html |year=2008 |month=December |day=01 |accessdate=2009-02-10 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Adrian |title=Netball to try short game format |publisher=''The Sydney Morning Herald'' |url=http://news.smh.com.au/sport/netball-to-try-short-game-format-20081201-6ooq.html |year=2008 |month=December |day=01 |accessdate=10 February 2009 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=Welsh Netball Association |url=http://welshnetball.co.uk/Welsh-Netball-Association/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=91|title=Welsh Netball Association - History |publisher=Welsh Netball Association |year=2009 |accessdate=15 July 2009 |work=Welsh Netball Association website |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web |author=Welsh Netball Association |url=http://welshnetball.co.uk/Welsh-Netball-Association/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=91|title=Welsh Netball Association - History |publisher=Welsh Netball Association |year=2009 |accessdate=15 July 2009 |work=Welsh Netball Association website |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |author=Western Argus |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34246126 |title=GAMES FOR GIRLS. |newspaper=[[Western Argus|Western Argus (Kalgoorlie, WA : 1916-1938)]] |location=Kalgoorlie, WA |day=24 |month=October |year=1922 |accessdate=1 March 2011 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite news |author=Western Argus |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34246126 |title=GAMES FOR GIRLS. |newspaper=[[Western Argus|Western Argus (Kalgoorlie, WA : 1916-1938)]] |location=Kalgoorlie, WA |day=24 |month=October |year=1922 |accessdate=1 March 2011 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=Anita |editor1-last=Pfister |editor1-first=Gertrud |editor2-last=Hartmann-Tews |editor2-first=Ilse |title=Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective |chapter=Women and sport in the UK |series=International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |month=December |isbn=0415246288 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=White |first=Anita |editor1-last=Pfister |editor1-first=Gertrud |editor2-last=Hartmann-Tews |editor2-first=Ilse |title=Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective |chapter=Women and sport in the UK |series=International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |month=December |isbn=0415246288 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |last=Williams |first=Ross |url=http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2002/achper/Williams.pdf |title=Three soccer balls, two netballs and no health education. Can healthy outcomes be achieved? A case study of one teacher's efforts to promote healthy lifestyles in a SE Asian high school. |year=1999 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Ross |url=http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2002/achper/Williams.pdf |title=Three soccer balls, two netballs and no health education. Can healthy outcomes be achieved? A case study of one teacher's efforts to promote healthy lifestyles in a SE Asian high school. |year=1999 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=Women's Basketball Hall of Fame |title=Historical Timeline of Women's Basketball |publisher=Women's Basketball Hall of Fame |url=http://www.wbhof.com/timeline.html |accessdate=30 October 2008 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web |author=Women's Basketball Hall of Fame |title=Historical Timeline of Women's Basketball |publisher=Women's Basketball Hall of Fame |url=http://www.wbhof.com/timeline.html |accessdate=30 October 2008 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Youth Netball Championships - Cook Island 2009 |title=NZ loses WYNC final to a fired-up Australian team |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-2376-0-0-0&sID=133764&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=9813188&sectionID=133764 |year=2009 |month=August |day=22 |accessdate=1 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web |author=World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore |title=History |url=http://www.wnc2011.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=213 |year=2011 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore |title=History |url=http://www.wnc2011.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=160&Itemid=213 |year=2011 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web |author=World Netball Series |title=Rules |url=http://www.worldnetballseries.com/rules |year=2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Netball Series |title=Rules |url=http://www.worldnetballseries.com/rules |year=2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web |author=World Youth Netball Championships - Cook Island 2009 |title=NZ loses WYNC final to a fired-up Australian team |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-2376-0-0-0&sID=133764&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=9813188&sectionID=133764 |year=2009 |month=August |day=22 |accessdate=1 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web |author=World Youth Netball Championships - Cook Island 2009 |title=Results|url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/comp_info.cgi?a=ROUND&round=-1&client=1-2376-0-43930-0&pool=1 |year=2009 |accessdate=6 March 2011 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zephaniah |first=Benjamin |last2=Das |first2=Prodeepta |title=J is for Jamaica |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Children's]] |year=2009 |isbn=9781845076092 |oclc=262719976 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zephaniah |first=Benjamin |last2=Das |first2=Prodeepta |title=J is for Jamaica |publisher=Frances Lincoln Children's |year=2009 |isbn=9781845076092 |oclc=262719976 |ref=harv}}

{{refend}}
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{{International Netball}}
{{International Netball}}

Revision as of 20:23, 12 March 2011

Netball
Malawi (red) playing Fiji (blue)
at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Highest governing bodyInternational Federation of Netball Associations
Registered players360,000 (Australia)[1]
1,000+ (Cook Islands)[2]
120,440 (New Zealand)[3]
1,300 (Northern Ireland)[4]
10,000 (Papua New Guinea)[5]
80,000 (Singapore)[6]
Clubs11,000 (New Zealand)[3]
1,718 (Malaysia)[7]
Characteristics
ContactLimited
Team membersSeven on-court players per team
Mixed-sexYes, separate competitions and mixed gender teams
TypeTeam sport, ball sport
EquipmentNetball, bib
VenueNetball court
Presence
OlympicNo (IOC-recognised, 1995)

Netball is a ball sport played between two teams of seven players. The sport shares many similarities with basketball, having been derived from early versions of women's basketball. It developed as a distinct sport in the 1890s in England, from where it spread to other countries. Netball is popular in many Commonwealth nations like Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Pacific Islands, Caribbean, South Africa and Malawi; and is predominantly played by women.

Games are played on a rectangular court divided into thirds, with a raised goal at each short end. The object of the game is for teams to score goals, by passing a ball and shooting it into the opposing team's goal. Players are assigned "positions" that define their role within the team and restrict their movement on court. During general play, a player with the ball can take no more than one step before passing it, and must pass the ball or shoot for goal within three seconds. Goals can only be scored by the assigned shooting players. Netball games are 60 minutes long, divided into 15-minute quarters, at the end of which the team with the most goals scored wins.

The sport is administered globally by the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), and is reportedly played by over 20 million people in more than 70 countries. Local-level participation is widespread in Commonwealth nations, particularly in schools, although international competition and domestic leagues only receive substantial recognition in a few countries. The highest level of international netball includes the Netball World Championships, the netball event at the Commonwealth Games, and the World Netball Series.

History

Main article: History of netball
Young girls shooting a ball into a Wicker basketball. Image is in black and white. Girls are wearing skirt. A male, pant wearing umpire stands on the court.
School netball game in New Zealand, ca. 1910.

Netball emerged from early versions of women's basketball, and evolved with the increasing participation of women in sport. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts. His new game was played in his school's gymnasium between two teams of nine players, using an association football that was shot into closed-end peach baskets.[8] Senda Berenson, a teacher at a nearby women's college, developed women's basketball the following year, with modified rules designed to accommodate social norms regarding appropriate conduct and attire for women, and contemporary notions on their limited physical capacity.[9][10]

A group 15 women in long sleeved shirts and ankle length skirts on a grass netball court.
English women playing netball in 1910.

Basketball spread to England within a few years of its invention. Martina Bergman-Österberg introduced one version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at her Physical Training College in London (later in Dartford). Subsequent revisions were made at the college two years later, and in 1897 rules were introduced from women's basketball in the United States. By that time, the game had moved outdoors and the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; Madame Österberg's sport had also acquired the new name "net ball".[11] The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association (later the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom).[12] From England, netball spread to other countries in the British Empire. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in Australia around the start of the 20th century and in New Zealand from 1906,[12][13] while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.[14]

Netball became a popular women's sport in countries where it was introduced, and spread rapidly through school systems.[3][4][15][16][17][18][19][20] School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century, and in 1924 the first national governing body was established. International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. Australia and New Zealand contested the first international game of netball in Melbourne on 20 August 1938, which the host nation won 40–11.[13] Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later the International Federation of Netball Associations) was formed to administer the sport worldwide.[8] In Australia, netball competed with women's basketball. The two sports shared a name. There was a movement during the 1950s and 1960s to change the name of the game in the country from women's basketball to netball in order to avoid confusion between the two sports.[21] The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay costs involved to alter the name but this was rejected by the netball organization prior to 1968. [21]

In 1963, the first international tournament was held in Eastbourne, England. Originally called the World Tournament, it eventually became known as the Netball World Championships. It has been held every four years since, most recently in 2007. The World Youth Netball Championships started in Canberra in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, netball became an Olympic-recognised sport, allowing its inclusion in future games. Three years later it debuted at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur.[8] Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, primarily contested between second- and third-tier netball nations. These include the Nations Cup and the Asian Netball Championship.[20]

Description and rules

Objective

The objective of a game of netball is for players to pass the ball to a teammate within the opposition's goal circle and score goals, which the opposing team will attempt to prevent. The team with the most goals at the end of a game is the winner.

Court and dimensions

A netball court is divided into thirds.
A netball court.

Like basketball, netball is played on either a hard or soft court with scoring hoops or "rings" at both ends. The court is slightly larger than a basketball court, being 30.5 metres (100 ft) long and 15.25 metres (50.0 ft) wide. The longer sides are called "side lines" and the shorter sides are called "goal lines"or "back lines". Court markings are no more than 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide. The court is divided into thirds which regulate where individuals of each position are allowed to move. A 90 centimetres (35 in)-diameter "centre circle" is located in the centre of the court. At each end of the court there is a 4.9 metres (16 ft)-radius semi-circular "shooting circle" or "goal circle" from within which all scoring shots must be taken. The goal posts are 3.05 metres (10.0 ft) high from the top of the ring to the ground and have no backboards. The rings have an internal diameter of 380 millimetres (15 in), and are located 150 millimetres (5.9 in) forward from the post and are made of 15 millimetres (0.59 in) diameter steel. The height is the same as a basketball hoop, but in netball the diameter of the rings is 76 millimetres (3.0 in) smaller.[22]

Ball

The ball is made of leather, rubber or similar material, measures 680 millimetres (27 in) to 710 millimetres (28 in) in circumference and weighs 397 grams (14.0 oz) to 454 grams (16.0 oz).[23][24] For IFNA sanctioned competitions, Gilbert is the official supplier of netball balls.[23]

Playing time

A game is played in four quarters, each lasting fifteen minutes.[23][25] There are intervals of three minutes between the first and second quarters, and between the third and fourth quarters and an interval of five minutes at half time.[26] If an umpire or player calls time, the time keeper pauses the timer. When play resumes, the timer is restarted. A maximum of two minutes is allowed for an injury.[27]

Positions

There are seven players on each team,[26] who are given nominated, named positions (some junior/training variants have only five players per team, and the indoor short version has 6 players). Each player must wear a "bib" showing one of the abbreviations below, indicating that player's position.[28] Each player is only allowed in certain areas of the court: a player in a section of court that is not part of their playing area is deemed "offside".[29] The positions are described below:

Netball positions
Position Name Abbreviation comments
Goal Shooter GS This player must get past the Goal Keeper of the other team. He or she can move within the "attacking" goal third, including the shooting circle.[26][30]
Goal Keeper GK This player must stop the GOAL SHOOTER from scoring. He or she can move within and across the defensive goal third and the shooting circle.[26][30][31]
Goal Attack GA This player acts as the "goal attack," and can move within and across the "attacking" goal third, shooting circle, and centre third areas.[26][30]
Goal Defence GD This player must protect against the GOAL ATTACK player, and can move within and across the "defensive" goal third and centre third, as well as within the shooting circle.[26][30]
Wing Attack WA This player functions as the "wing attack," and can move within and across the "attacking" goal third and centre third, but not in the shooting circle. This player is defended by the WD.[26][30]
Wing Defence WD This player"s function is to "defend" the wing areas, so he or she can move within and across the "defensive" goal third and centre third, but never in the shooting circle. This player defends the WA.[26][30]
Centre C This player can move in all areas except the shooting circles.[26][30]

Scoring goals

By the combination of the above, only the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter are able to score goals directly,[32] and this may only be done from the inside of the semi-circle. The job of the Goal Defence and Goal Keeper is to block the Goal Attack and Goal Shooter from shooting; however, they must be three feet or more away from the landing foot of the shooter, otherwise it is called an obstruction. In this, the Goal Keeper or Goal Defence must stand by the shooter's side for a penalty pass or shot and are now not allowed to block. A ball that passes through the hoop, but has been thrown either from outside the circle or by a player not the GA or GS, is deemed a "no goal". Furthermore, a shooter (GA or GS) may not shoot for a goal if a "free pass" has been awarded for an infringement such as stepping, offside, or using the post.[33]

If a player misses and the ball does not touch the rim or any part of the post, the player cannot catch it otherwise it is called replay. This results in a free pass to the other team.[33]

Starting and restarting play

Color picture of two men and one women on a wooden, indoor netball court. The woman is shooting and one of the men is trying to block her shot.
A netball game in Australia.

At the beginning of every quarter or after a goal is scored, play starts from the centre of the court with a "centre pass". These passes alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal. A centre pass is made by a player in the "centre" position who must have one foot grounded within the centre circle. As the game restarts, only the player in the 'Centre' position from each team are allowed in the centre third of the court. When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, players in the positions "Goal Attack", "Goal Defence", "Wing Attack" and "Wing Defence" can move into the centre third, where the centre pass must be caught or touched.[34][35]

If the ball touches the ground outside the court boundaries, then a member of the team that was not the last to touch the ball before it went out is able to throw the ball back into the court to restart play.[34][35]

Stepping, footwork, and passing

Netball rules do not permit players to let their landing foot touch the ground again if it is lifted at all while in possession of the ball, so players can take 1.5 steps while holding the ball. Pivoting does not count as a step.[23] Players are entitled to balance on the other foot if the landing foot is lifted. Consequently, the only way to move the ball towards the goal is to throw the ball to a team-mate. The ball can be held by a player for less than three seconds at any time.[23] A player may tap or deflect the ball let it bounce and then take possession and throw it. The player cannot catch the ball with both hands, drop it and pick it up again; this is called a replayed ball. The duration before it is called a drop is determined by the umpire. These rules, combined with the restrictions on where one player of a particular position can move, ensure that everyone on the team is regularly involved in play.[36]

Contact and obstruction

Contact is only permitted provided it does not impede with an opponent or the general play and players must be at least .9 metres (2 ft 11 in) away from a player with the ball while attempting to defend. If impeding contact is made, a penalty is given to the team of the player who was contacted, and the player who contacted must stand "out of play", meaning they cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed the ball.[31]

Variants

Indoor netball

Main article: Indoor netball

Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, reducing the number of playing stoppages. This gives indoor netball a faster pace than netball.[37]

Two different forms of the game are played. In the 7-a-side version, seven players per team play with rules similar to netball. However, a game comprises 15-minute halves with a three-minute break in between. This version is played in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and England; the sport is often referred to as "action netball" in the latter two countries.[38][39][40][41] A 6-a-side version of the sport is also played in New Zealand, with six-player teams comprising two attackers, two centre players and two defenders. The attacking and defending players can each go in one half of the court including the goal circle, while the centre players can play in the whole court except the goal circle. A unique feature of this form of the game is that players can shoot from outside the goal circle for a two-point goal, while shots taken inside the goal circle still earn one point.[42][43]

Fastnet

Main article: Fastnet (netball)

Fastnet is a variations on the rules of netball designed to make games faster and more television-friendly. It is employed in the World Netball Series with the ultimate aim of raising the sport's profile and attracting more spectators and greater sponsorship.[44][45][46] The modified rules are outlined below.

  • Timing: Each quarter lasts only six minutes, compared with 15 minutes in normal international netball competition. Breaks in between quarters are two minutes each. Injury time-outs are 30 seconds only; standard rules allow for one initial two-minute injury time-out.[47]
  • Coaching: Coaches can give instructions to players from the sidelines during play, from in front of their playing bench. Standard international rules do not allow coaching during play.[47]
  • Substitutions: As in basketball,[48] teams will be allowed to use rolling substitutions, with no stoppages in play per substitution and with unlimited substitutions per quarter. Standard international rules only allow substitutions either between quarters or when a player is injured.[47]
  • Power plays: Each team can separately nominate one "power play" quarter, in which each goal scored by that team counts for double points. This is somewhat similar to powerplays in One Day International and Twenty20 cricket,[48] although it is not a feature of standard netball.[47]
  • Two-point shots: Similar to three-point field goals in basketball and two-point goals in six-a-side indoor netball, the goal shooter (GS) and goal attack (GA) may shoot goals from outside the shooting circle. These goals count for two points; in a power-play quarter, they would count for four points. Umpires raise one arm for a single-point goal and two arms for a two-point goal. In standard netball rules, goals can only be shot from within the shooting circle and count for one point only.[47]
  • Centre passes: After each goal, the team that conceded the goal takes the next centre pass; teams alternate taking the first centre pass of each quarter. Under normal rules, a coin toss determines the first centre pass of the match, after which centre passes alternate between the two teams.[47]
  • Tied scores: Ties will be decided by penalty shoot-outs, similar to those in association football.[49] Often in competitive netball, tied games simply continue until one team wins in extra time, or else subsequently achieves a two-goal advantage.[47]

Variations for children

Fun Net

Fun Net is Netball Australia's play based motor skills program for 5-7 year olds.The emphasis is on the acquisition of basic netball skills, in a fun environment of games and activities.[50] The Fun Net program runs for 8–16 weeks. There are no winners or losers. The goal posts are 2.4m high and a size 4 netball is used.[51]

Netta

Netta is Netball Australia's modified netball game for 8-11 year olds.[52] A size 4 ball is used and the goal posts are 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high.[52] Most netball players under the age of 11 play this version at netball clubs.[53] The game was created to develop correct passing and catching skills with up to six seconds allowed between catching and passing the ball, instead of the three seconds permitted in the adult game.[52] All players rotate positions throughout the game so that they can experience the differences between each position.[54] The program of Netta allows children to acquire important skills necessary in the game of netball in a fun and exciting environment. The aim of Netta is to ensure each child leaves with the confidence and skills ready to play Netball.[52][54]

High Five Netball

High Five Netball ensures that children gain experience at all positions on the court, and to understand the physical and tactical skills necessary to play seven to a side netball. Like Netta, it is aimed 9 to 11 year-old girls.[55]

There are five positions and the players must swap around these positions during the game, allowing them to try out every position.[56] The game is played over four quarters, with each quarter lasting six minutes.[55][56] When a player is not on the court, they are expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper.[55] The game uses a size 4 ball.[56]

High Five Netball has been heavily promoted by the All England Netball Association.[55]

Netball around the world

Netball is a popular participant sport, particularly in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Malawi, Jamaica, Zambia and the United Kingdom.[3] Over 20 million people play netball in over 70 countries, according to the IFNA.[57] Netball is commonly played by Commonwealth children during their years at school.[3] IFNA member nations are divided into five regional groups: Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.[58]

School leagues and national club competitions have existed in countries such as England, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica since the early 20th century. However, franchise-based netball leagues only emerged in the late 1990s. The most prominent of these competitions is the ANZ Championship in Australia and New Zealand, and the Netball Superleague in the United Kingdom. These competitions sought to increase the profile of the sport in their respective countries, which despite widespread local-level participation remains largely amateur.[59] A new format of the game, called fastnet, was also announced in December that year, one that featured shorter matches with modified rules designed to make the game more appealing to spectators and television audiences.[60]

Oceania

See also: ANZ Championship, Netball in Australia, and netball in New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand, netball is one of the most popular sports played by women.[25][61][62] It is played by amateurs, semi-professionals and professionals. The ANZ Championship is a Trans-Tasman semi-professional competition that has been broadcast on television in both New Zealand and Australia since 2008.[63] It is the elite competition in the region and contested between five teams each from Australia and New Zealand. It began in April 2008, succeeding Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy and New Zealand's National Bank Cup as the highest level of competitive netball in those countries.[64] The 2010 champions were the Adelaide Thunderbirds.[65]

Netball is popular in Oceania, with its growth partly responsible because of New Zealand encouraging the game and providing money for the training of coaches, umpires and other netball development needs.[66] Netball is one of the sports at the Pacific Games, a multi-sport event, much like the Olympics, with participation exclusively from countries around the South Pacific that is held every four years.[67] This is an includes nations such as Niue,the Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanautu, where netball has a large amount of grassroots support. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.[67] The popularity of netball is growing amongst men on the island countries in Oceania, because sport is an important way of villages keeping in touch with each other.[67] At Gay Games VI, several Oceania based teams competed including a transgendered netball from Tonga.[68]

A black and white photo of a netball team. All the girls in the picture are school aged, wearing white and have their netball skirts on. The skirts are knee length and the girls are standing in three rows, with the front row sitting and the middle row kneeling.
Toowoomba netball team, 1932.

Netball is the most popular women's team participation sport in Australia.[69] In 1985, there were 347,000 players.[70] In 1995, there were over 360,000 Australian netball players.[1] Throughout most of Australia's netball history, the game has largely been a participation sport; it has not managed to become a large spectator sport.[71] In 2005 and 2006, 56,100 Australians attended one to two netball matches. Of these, 41,600 were women.[72] 46,200 attended three to five netball matches, with 34,400 of those spectators being women.[72] 86,400 attended six or more netball matches, with 54,800 spectators being female.[72] Overall, 188,800 people attended netball matches, with 130,800 being female.[72] In 2005 and 2006, netball was the 10th most popular spectator sport for women with Australian rules football (1,011,300), horse racing (912,200), rugby league (542,600), motor sports (462,100), rugby union (232,400), soccer (212,200), harness racing (190,500), cricket (183,200) and tennis (163,500) all being more popular.[72] The country set an attendance record for a netball match with record crowd of 14,339 at the Australia–New Zealand Netball Test held at the Sydney SuperDome game in 2004.[73] During the 1930s in Australia, much of the participation in netball at universities was not organised and players were not required to register.[74] It was believed that this was a positive for netball as it allowed people to participate who might not have participated otherwise.[74] Australia's national team toured England in 1957.[75] This tour resulted in a number of Commonwealth countries meeting together in order to try to standardise the rules of the game.[75] The sport's name "netball" became official in Australia in 1970.[76][77] In Australia 80% of all netball played is played at netball clubs.[1] The number of netball clubs around Australia has been in decline since the 1940s.[78] Between 1985 and 2003, only two Western Australian towns decreased the distance that netball players had to travel in order to compete; these towns were Brookton and Pingelly.[79] Prior to the creation of the ANZ Championship, the National Netball League was the major competition in Australia.[80] It included teams from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia.[80] The Australian national netball team regarded as the most successful netball team in international netball. It won the first world championships in 1963 in England,[77] and nine of the twelve Netball World Championships. In addition to being the current world champions, it is ranked second on the IFNA World Rankings.[81] Australia beat the Silver Ferns to win the World Youth Netball Championships in July 2009 in the Cook Islands.[82] Australia also has a men's national team. It has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.[83]

Female umpire and male umpire watch as young girls shoot a ball at a netball hoop.
School netball game in New Zealand, ca. 1920.

In New Zealand, netball is the most popular women's participation sport. In 1984, there were 114,210 players.[70] There are over 11,000 teams and 120,440 players.[3] The only sport that comes close is golf, which has 128,860 male and female players.[3] Ninety-eight percent of New Zealand netball players are female.[84] The next sport with that high of female participation is field hockey and horse racing, both at sixty-four percent.[85] Netball is extremely popular amongst Maori women, who are more active in sport in general than their white counterparts.[86] New Zealand took part in the 1960 netball meeting of Commonwealth countries to try to standardise the rules for the game.[75] New Zealand has a history of netball being a spectator sport with the games being televised on TVNZ.[3] The 1999 Netball World Championships final between Australia and New Zealand was the highest rated program ever on New Zealand television.[3] New Zealand also has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.[83] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number one in the world.[81]

The Cook Islands are a major netball playing country in Oceania,[87] with over 1,000 registered members.[2] The game became popular during the 1970s,[66] and the team has been an important in the region since then.[88] The Cook Islands Netball Association is a member of Oceania Netball Federation.[89] The country has participated at several international events including the Pacific Games,[88] the Commonwealth Games,[90] the World Games,[88] the Oceania Netball Tournament,[88] the World Youth Netball Championship,[87] and the International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.[83] The women's national team is one of the top ranked in the world.[81] Netball has a lot of grass roots support and an important part of life for many women on the islands.[91][92] Netball started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.[66] The sport's popularity is partly due to the influence of New Zealand, where Cook Island players have competed for New Zealand's national team. One such player was Margharet Matenga, who joined the Silver Ferns in 1979.[66] Another was Anna Noovao, who was the captain of the New Zealand side in 1992.[93] New Zealand worked hard to develop the sport in the country during the 1980s, when they hosted a number of coaching and umpiring clinics.[66] By 2009, there were over 1,000 registered players in the country.[2] Participating in the international netball community has helped raise the Cook Islands profile globally.[93][94] The national organisation is a member of Oceania Netball Federation.[89] The Cook Islands won the netball competition at the first South Pacific Games, now Pacific Games, held in 1981.[88] The Cook Islands had their first win in the tournament 1983, when they beat Fiji.[66] In 1986, the government provided $20,000 to help fund the team travel to the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Scotland.[90] The 1987 Netball World Championships were also held in Scotland, and the Cook Islands team came in sixth.[88] At the World Games 1989 in Germany, the team came fourth.[88] In the 1990 Oceania Netball Tournament, the team beat New Zealand, Tonga and Fiji to come in second, behind Australia.[88] At the 1992 World Youth Cup in Samoa, the Cook Islands U-21 team beat several high profile international teams include Wales, Samoa, and England.[93] The Cook Islands defeat of Canada, 114-13, in that tournament was a record for the highest point scored in the tournament.[93] The Cook Islands has a national team that competes in the international Golden Oldies netball tournament.[95] In 2002, the national team ranked seventh in the world.[96] In 2004, a team from the Cook Islands competed in the International Schoolgirls Netball Challenge.[16] The country hosted the 2008 World Youth Championship[97] and the 2009 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.[83] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number eleven in the world.[81]

An outdoor netball game taking place in Fiji. The game is being played on grass. The players are either high school age or adults. Both teams are wearing blue netball uniforms. The team in the darker blue is in the act of passing the ball.
A netball competition at Natalei, Fiji.

Women's participation in netball in Fiji is comparable to men's participation in rugby.[98] The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.[66] Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in Fiji. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.[67] Samoa and Fiji are traditional netball rivals. This rivalry can be seen at events like Pacific Games.[67] Fiji was supposed to host the 2007 World Netball Championship, but a military coup happened. IFNA decided to move the championship to Auckland instead.[98] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number five in the world.[81] Fiji has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.[83]

Netball has a large amount of grassroots support in Samoa. Games are most often played by girls on Saturdays during the winter, though games can be played at all times of the year.[67] The sport started to grow in popularity during the 1970s.[66] Rita Fatialofa was a Samoan netball player, who later went on to compete on New Zealand's national team. She became the coach for the Samoan national team, qualifying them for every Pacific Games.[99] Samoa and Fiji are traditional netball rivals. This rivalry can be seen at events like Pacific Games.[67] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number nine in the world.[81] Samoa has a men's national team that has competed in the 2009 and 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament.[83] At Gay Games VI, a transgendered netball from Samoa competed.[68]

Asia

See also: Netball in India, Netball in Malaysia, Netball Super League, netball in Singapore, and Netball in Sri Lanka
Adult women from Brunei playing netball. One team is wearing green and the other team is wearing yellow. The game is being played indoors on wooden floors. The players are all wearing pants. Some have coverings over their heads. The yellow team is in act of shooting and the green team is trying to block the shot.
BKP Netball Tournament at the SHHB Sports Complex in Berakas, Brunei (May 2009).

Netball is popular in several parts of Asia. In 1994, the 1st Asian Youth Championship were held in Hong Kong.[87] Hong Kong, the Maldives, Pakistan and Thailand had national teams compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2001.[100] Hong Kong and Thailand competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in India.[101] The 1994 Indonesian national champions competed at the 1994 Gay Games held in New York City with a team of all-transsexual netball players.[102]

Women started playing netball in India as early as 1926.[101] The Sports Authority of India and the Government of India have provided a lot of funding with the goal of improving the performance of the country's youth national team.[101] India had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2001.[100] National team captains include Prachi Tehlan, who captained the side that competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi.[101] Some of the important netball competitions held in India include the 2010 Commonwealth Games,[75] and the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship, held from 3 to 10 July 2010, at the Thyagaraj Stadium.[101] Some of the top performances for the India national netball team include coming in sixth place at the 2010 Nations Cup[103] and coming in fourth at the 2010 Asian Youth Netball Championship.[87] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-five in the world.[81]

Netball is promoted in Malaysia at the Sport Carnival for All (KESUMA).[7] In 1998, 113 districts held netball competitions.[7] That year, there were 1,718 registered netball teams in the country.[7] In 2001, netball was sufficiently popular in South East Asia for it to be included in the 21st Southeast Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur.[87] Malaysia had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship in Colombo in 2001.[100] Malaysia also competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship in India in 2010.[101] Petronas, the national oil company, has been a major sponsor of netball in the country. This type of sponsorship was encouraged by the government as part of the Rakan Sukan programme.[104] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-three in the world.[81]

Short and t-shirt wearing players compete against eachother.
Mixed gender netball game played in Singapore.

Netball Singapore is the official governing body for the sport in Singapore.[6] It was created in 1962, with 63 registered clubs.[6] There are 80,000 netball players in Singapore.[6] There are several variations of netball played in the country, including beach netball.[6] In Singapore, the SSC is responsible for maintaining 8 netball courts.[105] Singapore has several national squads: Opens, 21 & Under, 19 & Under (Post School), 19 & Under (Schools), 17 & Under, and 14 & Under.[17] The national team competed in its first major tournament in 1967 at the Netball World Championships.[87] Singapore had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2001.[100] Singapore competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in India.[101] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number nineteen in the world.[81] In 2000, netball was sufficiently popular that the professional Netball Super League (NSL) was formed.[87] The Netball Super League is a seven-week long netball tournament developed to cater for elite players in Singapore.[106] It was established and is governed by Netball Singapore and six teams compete.[87] In 2004, the audience was big enough that the Netball Super League was broadcast on television.[87] The Stingrays came in second in 2008 and first in the 2009 competition.[106] The 2010 competition was won by the Malaysian Arowanas.[107]

Netball was first played in Sri Lanka in 1921.[20] The first game was played by Ceylon Girl Guide Company at Kandy High School.[20] The first interschool march was played between Kandy High School and Colombo Ladies College in February 1925.[20] In 1927, netball was played at Government Training College for the first time. This helped spread the game around Sri Lanka.[20] The game was being played at Methodist College Colombo and Bishop's College by the 1930s.[20] By 1952, Sri Lankan clubs were playing Indian club sides.[20] By 1952, Sri Lankan clubs were playing Indian club sides.[20] In 1956, Sri Lanka played its first international match against Australia's national team in Sri Lanka.[20] Sri Lanka took part in the 1960 netball meeting of Commonwealth countries to try to standardize the rules for the game.[75] This meeting took place in Sri Lanka.[75] In 1972, the Netball Federation of Sri Lanka was created.[20] In 1983, Netball Federation of Sri Lanka was dissolved by the government.[20] Sri Lanka had a national team compete in the fifth Asian Netball Championship held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2001.[100] Sri Lanka competed in the 7th Asian Youth Netball Championship held in 2010 in India.[101] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number fifteen in the world.[81]

Africa

See also: Netball in Namibia, Netball in Lesotho, Netball in South Africa, and Netball in Botswana

Netball is a popular women's sport in parts of Africa.[108][109] South Africa, Malawi, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho and Namibia competed in the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament in 2008.[110] The 2010 Nations Cup, called NTUC FairPrice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, was held in December with two African countries competing: Namibia and Tanzania. Tanzania came in third. Namibia beat India 72-32 to capture fifth.[103] Several African nations are ranked amongst the top twenty-five in the world. As of January 2011, South Africa was ranked number six, Malawi was ranked number seven, Tanzania was ranked twenty-one Namibia's women's national team was ranked twenty-fourth and the Lesotho women's national team was ranked number twenty-five in the world.[81]

Schoolyard netball game at Reygersdal Primary School, South Africa.

Netball is one of the most popular women's participation sports in South Africa.[108][111][112] While participation rates are high, there is no sense of collective identity by players as netballers and being part of a national netball community.[113] In 2002, 40% of African girls rated netball as their favorite sport and 19% of coloured girls like netball best.[114] Many African girls claim netball as their favorite sport even if they have never played it.[115] The history of South Africa's netball involvement mirrors that of other sports played in the country like rugby union.[116] South Africa was involved with the international netball community early in the sport's history, taking part in the 1960 meeting of Commonwealth countries in Sri Lanka to standardise the rules for the game.[75] South Africa's international involvement was suspended because of apartheid era policies. In 1969, South Africa was expelled from competing internationally in netball.[117][118] When they rejoined the community in the 1990s, internal racial tensions continued to plague the sport on the local level.[119] In the 1930s, South Africa was competing against the Silver Ferns both at home and in New Zealand.[120] The South African government insisted that there be no Māori netball players at matches and the New Zealand government complied with this request.[120] In 1956, an English team toured the country. It was their first touring side and all team members had to pay their own airfare. England won all three test matches.[121] South Africa toured England for the first time in 1959. They played 25 matches against local English clubs side, winning 18 of them. They also played a three series against England's national team, where they lost every match.[122] In 1966, the South African Schoolgirls team completed a 61 match tour of England; the South African side won every match.[123] In 1967, a South African netball team toured New Zealand.[124] This event was largely unnoticed on the international stage. Prior to the 1967 tour starting, Prime Minister John Vorster and the South African government had discussions with the New Zealand government regarding the "Maori problem".[124] Vorster later spoke at the 1969 Transvaal National Party congress. He demanded reform in regards to sport, and wanted to allow mixed race teams to compete inside South Africa. At the same congress, Albert Hertzog opposed allowing racially mixed teams from abroad from competing in South Africa. The Prime Minister won the battle and mixed race teams were allowed to compete in South Africa.[118] The strong history of sport competition between New Zealand and South Africa were one of the reasons the Broedrbond plan was passed in April 1971.[125] The plan allowed mixed race teams from traditional national sporting competitors to play in the country, but they could not play mixed race South African teams.[126] In 1969, South Africa's national netball association, Netball South Africa, was expelled from the international netball community because it was viewed as being a "white-only" organisation. South Africa's government tried to address this by allowing multi-cultural teams from abroad to compete in the country against racially segregated white and non-white teams.[117] At the same time, the government affirmed that it would not tolerate integration of of teams, nor allow non-white and white teams to compete against each other.[127] In 1969, the All England Netball Association withdrew an invitation it had provided to South Africa to tour the country. They did this because South Africa had indicated England could not chose a team regardless of the race of the player.[128] In 1973, England received reassurances from the South African government that England could have a mixed race squad. Because of this, England played a three game test series against the South African Women's Netball association and a one game test against the South African Coloured Board. The team also played twenty-one matches against local clubs. The English netball association hosted 55 coaching sessions during the tour. Of these, 18 were for coloured girls, 3 were for Indians, one was for mixed and 33 were for whites.[129] England's record against South Africa in international matched between 1949 and 1976 was seven wins, one loss.[130] In 1976, New Zealand declined a South Africa tour offer because the South African team was suspended from IFNA.[131] In the post-apartheid South Africa, blacks became more involved in leadership positions in South Africa, in areas like the National Olympic Committee of South Africa and in soccer. This was not the case with netball, which continued to be run by whites.[132] During 1994, there were allegations of racism over the selection of players to the national squad.[119] In 1995, the white only Stellenbosch had around fifteen netball courts and six hockey fields.[133] A lack of a wider community identity hindered the ability of netball to racially integrate in the post-apartheid South Africa.[113] In 1994, the national team had their first international tour after a 20 year absence from international competition. The tour took place in and against New Zealand.[131] The success of the South African Springboks in the 1995 Rugby World Cup had a positive impact on support for other South African national teams at international competitions, including the nation's appearance at the 1995 Netball World Championship.[134] At the Netball World Championship, South Africa provided a major upset when they beat New Zealand in pool play.[131] South Africa ended up losing to Australia in the finals.[131] In 1995, the South African Police Service (SAPS) held its first National Netball Championships in Pretoria. The development of SAPS netball was not taken seriously until 1999 when they affiliated to Netball South Africa as an associated member.[135] The Southern African Development Community has a sport competition with over 600 correctional officers from member countries participating.[136] In 1996, South Africa lost three test matches against New Zealand.[131] The 2000 national championships were held in Cape Town.[137] In 2000, New Zealand's national side toured South Africa for the first time.[131] Two two countries played three test matches and New Zealand won them all.[131] In 2001, a Tri-Nations Series was launched between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The 2001 series was won by New Zealand.[131]

Netball is primarily played by women in Botswana. Girls are introduced into the game at primary schools, as part of the school curriculum.[18] Men have traditionally served as officials, coaches and administrators for the sport. They also had their own teams. This started in to change in the 2000s, with men only teams having been discontinued in favor of mixed gendered teams.[18] Botswana Netball Association is the national organization responsible for netball in Botswana. It was founded in the 1970s. It is a member of IFNA and COSANA.[18] Botswana has 30 local graded umpires and 22 locally trained coaches who have been certified by Netball South Africa.[18] Botswana competed in the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament in 2008.[110] Spar – “Good for You” Netball League is the most important national netball competition in Botswana. Naming rights for the league were given to Sar in 2010. The league is divided into two divisions, north and south. Games for the 2010 season began on May 22. The league championships were held on 27 November 2010 at the BONA Courts in Gaborone.[138] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number eighteen in the world.[81]

A team of Malawi netball players posing for a team picture
A Malawi netball team

Netball is the most popular women's sport in Malawi.[109] The Malawi word for netball is Nchembre mbaye, where Nchembre means "mother". This name clearly links the sport to women and those who are responsible for taking care of their families.[139] Malawi's national team is called the Queens.[140] In 1992, the ADMARC Tigresses won the Southern African Netball Associations trophy. A Malawian player was also named the best player in that tournament.[141] In April 2008, Lesotho hosted the Malawi Under-21 national netball team. The match was part of the annual Confederation of Southern Africa Netball Association (COSANA) tournament.[110] In 2008, Whyte Mulilima was an assistant coach on the Malawi Under-21 national netball team.[110] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number seven in the world.[81]

Netball was one of the most popular sports in Tanzania. > The sport was introduced to the country after the World War I, when the country was under British colonial rule. The sport was intended for leisure and first played in schools.[142] For this reason, almost all primary schools in the country have a court. Recruitment for the national team and other high level teams started at that level.[143] Netball Association of Tanzania (CHANETA) was created in 1966.[142] Women have historically dominated in leadership positions in CHANETA but men are still involved, especially in roles like coaching.[142] During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a push by the International Olympic Committee and the British Council to promote sport and women's sport in Tanzania.[144] Despite netball being the most popular women's sport at the time, no investment was made into the sport.[144] Netball's popularity declined during the 1990s as a result of economic liberalisation. Courts were not maintained, leagues were closed and there were fewer competitions. Trying to raise netball's popularity in the country again has been hampered by the fact that sport is culturally more acceptable for men.[143] Top level teams in the country, prior to the 1990s, have included Tanzania Harbour Authority, and Tanzania Postal and Telecommunication.[144] Tanzania's national team is called the Taifa Queens. In their opening match in the NTUC Fairprice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, against Singapore, they won 52-36. Mwanaidi Hassan was the team's star player in the tournament.[19] Some of the top performances for the Tanzania national netball team include third place at the 2010 Nations Cup.[103] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number twenty-one in the world.[81]

Europe

See also: Netball in England, Netball in Scotland, and Netball Superleague
Orkney A (red) v Shetland A (white/blue): intercounty netball (March 2009) in Scotland.

Netball is primarily played in Commonwealth countries. These countries were heavily involved in creating the rules for netball. Non-Commonwealth countries in Europe have not been as involved with creating the rules and administering its rules.[75] Federation of European Netball Associations (FENA) is sometimes referred to as Netball Europe. It is the governing body for netball in Europe. It member nations include England, Gibraltar, Malta, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Its associate members include Israel and Switzerland. The organization was created in 1989/1990.[145] As of January 2011, the English women's national team was ranked number three in the world, Northern Ireland is ranked number twelve, and Wales is ranked number fourteen.[81]

The major netball competition in Europe is the Netball Superleague.[146] The Netball Superleague is the elite netball competition in England, Wales and Scotland.[146] It was created in 2005, with the foundation teams including teams like the Loughborough Lightning.[11][147] The league features nine teams from all areas of Britain.[146] It is regularly shown on sports broadcaster Sky Sports, thanks to a major television deal signed in 2006.[11] Naming rights to the competition were secured by FIAT.[146] The league includes players from Fiji, New Zealand, England, Wales and Scotland.[146]

In the United Kingdom , netball management has been traditionally run by women.[148] This is different than many other sports for women in the United Kingdom where men have managed women's sport.[148]

The English national team at the England v Australia Netball test: Adelaide, October 2008.

In England, netball has been popular enough to be included as part of the physical education curriculum.[149] Its inclusion had been at times controversial; during the 1910s and 1920s, schools worried about the potential negative impact of physical exercise like netball participation on the health of girls.[150]

The Welsh Netball Association (Cymdeithas Pêl Rwyd Cymru) was created in 1945.[151] The WNA is responsible for national championships, Welsh squad selection, international matches, the training and development of players, coaches and umpires and for the Sport Wales National Centre Netball Academy, Cardiff.[152] The Welsh Netball Association is based in Pontcanna, Cardiff.[152] Like other national associations, the Welsh have created a modified version of the game for children called 'Dragon Netball'.[151] It is geared for seven to eleven year olds.[151] Male participation in netball in Wales has been increasing in the past several years.[151]

The rate of comparative participation for netball to other sports differs from key-stage to key-stage (year levels in school) in Northern Ireland.[153] For girls, netball is the third most popular participation sport in key-stage 2 with a 7% participation rate.[153] For keystage 3 and keystage 4, it is the most popular girls participation sport with rates of 20.2% and 14.0%.[153] In the sixth form, netball is the fifth most popular girls' participation sport with a rate of 6.7%.[153] The total number of school participants is about 900.[4] In Northern Ireland, about 1,300 women play competitive netball in club based leagues.[4]

Americas

IFNA's Americas region includes North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean.[58] It has 54 national members. Each year, the Americas region hosts two tournaments: CNA U16 Championship and the AFNA Senior Championship.[154] Netball is the most popular in Commonwealth countries.[3] This can be seen in the countries that play it Antigua and Barbuda and Grenada being an important netball being important minor netball playing countries.[155][156] Several teams in the region rank amongst the top twenty-five in the world. As of January 2011, they include Barbados who is ranked number ten, St. Lucia who is ranked number thirteen, St. Vincent and Grenadines who is ranked number twenty, and Canada who is ranked number twenty-two.[81]

The popularity of netball is increasing in the United States and Canada.[25] Netball is popular enough in both countries for each to have their own women's national team,[32][81] and for Canada to have a men's national team.[157] One of the top performances for the Canadian women's national netball team was at the 2nd World Youth Netball Championship when they came in third.[75] The United States has hosted hosted the 2005 World Youth Championships.[32][75] The United States of America Netball Association was created in 2001 in New York City.[158] It has affiliates in California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, District of Columbia, Tennessee, Nevada, Washington, Arizona and Virginia.[158] When the United States association was first formed, the country ranked 64th in the world.[32] By 2003, the country was ranked 9th in the world.[32] As of January 2011, Canada's women's national team was ranked number twenty-two in the world.[81]

Netball is the favoured women's sport in Jamaica.[159] As of January 2011, the women's national team was ranked number four in the world.[81] Netball is played at schools in Jamaica. The Queens School won Jamaica’s ISSA/Digicel All-Island High Schoolgirls Junior title in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The 2010 title came after the school beat Holmwood Technical 33-20 in the final. Denbigh School won Jamaica’s ISSA/Digicel All-Island High Schoolgirls Senior title in 2010. This was the first time they won. They played St Hugh’s in the final, winning 24-21.[19]

Demographic appeal

Men

Netball requires speed, strategy, team work and co-ordination, thus its appeal is not limited to women.[160] Representative men's teams exist, but attract less attention.[160] At primary home level, mixed teams are not uncommon and are very popular in Australia.[80] Men's national teams do exist for countries including Canada, Dubai, England, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya and Pakistan.[157] In 1997, male participation rates for netball in England were at 0.6% of the total netball playing population in the country.[161]

The 2011 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament is run by the Western Australian Men’s and Mixed Netball Association (WAMMNA).[83] It is the major international competition for men's national netball teams.[83] In the 2011 competition held in April, men's national teams from Samoa, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand and the Cook Islands are a few that will compete in this competition.[83] The 2009 International Challenge Men’s and Mixed Netball Tournament was held in the Cook Islands.[83]

Transgenders and transsexuals

Netball is a popular sport for transgenders.[68] At the 1994 Gay Games held in New York City, an all transsexual netball team from Indonesia competed.[102] This team had been the Indonesian national champions.[102] At Gay Games VI, netball and volleyball were the two sports with the highest rate of transgenders participating.[68] There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgenders.[68] They came from places like Palm Island in northern Queensland, Samoa, Tonga and Papua New Guinea.[68] Teams and players who were transgendered could participate in several divisions including men, mixed and transgendered; they could not compete against the biological women's teams.[68]

Disabled athletes

Netball has been played by disabled athletes. A hybrid version of basketball and netball was played at the Grand Festival of Paraplegic Sport in 1949.[162] Its inclusion came after several matches of a form of wheelchair polo were determined to be too dangerous.[163] Players were all in wheelchairs and used netball posts to score, instead of requiring them to shoot at the basket.[162] There were six teams and a total of thirty-seven athletes competing at the event.[164] This hybrid version of netball was subsequently played at the 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1954 festivals before being replaced by basketball in 1956.[164] The replacement version of the game is what is now called wheelchair basketball.[163]

Governance

Main article: International Federation of Netball Associations

The recognised international governing body of Netball is International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), which is based in Manchester. IFNA has 67 national members which are grouped into five regional federations; these are:

IFNA is governed by a congress that meets every two years, a board of directors that meets three times a year, a Chief Executive Officer and a Secretariat.[57] IFNA is also responsible for providing world rankings.[81] IFNA organizes several major international competitions including the Netball World Championships.[165]

Major competitions

Olympics

In 1995, netball became an Olympic-recognised sport,[166][167] making it possible for the sport to be included in future games.[8] This came after a twenty year period of lobbying.[167] The recognition made it possible for national associations to become full members of their countries' national Olympic committees.[167] The lack of inclusion of netball in the Olympics leads to less coverage of the sport, because most coverage of women's sport focuses around the Olympics.[167] At the same time, the lack of recognition by the Olympics and exclusion in the Olympics has hampered the globalization of the game in developing countries.[168] The Olympic Solidarity Movement provides access to funding for these nations through the International Olympic Committee.[168] This money can be used to help cover costs for travel to international competitions.[168] For some nations, without that monetary assistance, trying to maintain international calibre teams has been difficult.[168] Money that is available through International Olympic Committee and the British Council to promote women's sport sometimes ignores women's sport in certain geographic areas. Netball may be the most popular women's sport, in terms of media coverage and participation rates, in an area but the money goes towards Olympic sports with low participation rates, low rates of interest and few facilities.[144] Some supporters of netball have argued that by trying to internationalise the game and be included in the Olympics has moved netball away from a model of women's sport and more towards a male model of competitive sport. This is viewed by some sport people as detrimental to the game.[167]

Netball World Championships

Main article: Netball World Championships
See also: list of national netball teams

The most important competition in netball is the Netball World Championship which is held every four years. The Australian Netball Diamonds are the current world champions having won the 2007 Championship in New Zealand. Past winners include the Silver Ferns of New Zealand and joint 1979 winner the Calypso Girls of Trinidad and Tobago, though England, the Proteas of South Africa and the Sunshine Girls of Jamaica have all also placed.[169]

Results

Year 1st 2nd 3rd Venue Number of teams
1963 Details[20][169]  Australia

[77]

 New Zealand  England Eastbourne, England[77][87] 11
1967 Details[169]  New Zealand  Australia  South Africa Perth, Australia 8
1971 Details[169]  Australia  New Zealand  England Kingston, Jamaica[75] 9
1975 Details[169]  Australia  England  New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand[75][87] 11
1979 Details[169] 1st equal:
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Trinidad and Tobago 		Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 19
1983 Details[169]  Australia  New Zealand  Trinidad and Tobago Singapore[6][75] 14
1987 Details[169]  New Zealand  Trinidad and Tobago  Australia Glasgow, Scotland 17
1991 Details[169]  Australia  New Zealand  Jamaica Sydney, Australia 20
1995 Details[169]  Australia  South Africa  New Zealand Birmingham, England 27
1999 Details[169]  Australia[3]  New Zealand[3]  England Christchurch, New Zealand[75][87] 26
2003 Details[169]  New Zealand[75]  Australia  Jamaica Kingston, Jamaica[170] 24
2007 Details[169]  Australia  New Zealand  Jamaica Auckland, New Zealand[87] 16
2011 Details[169] - - - Singapore City, Singapore 16

World Netball Series

Main article: World Netball Series

The World Netball Series is organised by the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations each year, UK Sport and the host city's local council.[165] The All England Netball Association covers air travel, accommodation, food and local travel expenses for all teams during the competition, while the respective netball governing bodies cover player allowances.[171] The World Netball Series is was contested for the first time in October 2009. The new competition features Fastnet rules (which has been likened to Twenty20 cricket and rugby sevens[60][172]). The competition is scheduled to be held annually in Manchester, England until at 2011, and has been contested by the six top national netball teams in the world, according to the IFNA World Rankings.[173] The competition is held over three days, and is played under fastnet rules. Each team plays each other once during the first two days in a round-robin format. The four highest-scoring teams from this stage progress to the finals, played on the final day of competition, in which the 1st-ranked team plays the 4th-ranked team, while 2nd plays 3rd. The winners of these two matches contest the Grand Final; the remaining teams contest the third- and fifth-place playoffs.[174]

Commonwealth Games

Netball is popular in the Commonwealth. It was one of three new sports included in the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and has been a fixture ever since.[175] At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, 12 teams competed.[175] Australia have taken gold home twice since then, the Silver Ferns of New Zealand also on two occasions (including the recent 2010 Games held in India). England and Jamaica are the two other teams that have placed.[176]

All-time medal table

1= Australia 2 2 0 4[176]
1= New Zealand 2 2 0 4[176]
3 England 0 0 3 3[176]
4 Jamaica 0 0 1 1[176]

Editions

Games Year Host city Event details Medallists
Gold Silver Bronze
XVI[176] 1998 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 Netball  Australia  New Zealand  England
XVII[176] 2002 England Manchester, England 2002 Netball  Australia  New Zealand  Jamaica
XVIII[176] 2006 Australia Melbourne, Australia 2006 Netball  New Zealand  Australia  England
XIX[176] 2010 India Delhi, India 2010 Netball  New Zealand  Australia  England

The Nations Cup

Main article: Nations Cup (netball)

The Nations Cup (also known as the 4 Nations Netball Cup, the 5 Nations Netball Cup) is an international organised by Netball Singapore. In 2007, the competition included the Singapore national netball team, Canada, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka and Trinidad & Tobago. The 2008 Nations Cup was between the Botswana national netball team, Barbados, Northern Ireland, the Samoa national netball team and Singapore.[177] The 2010 Nations Cup, called NTUC FairPrice Foundation Nations Cup 2010, was held in December. It featured teams from Scotland, Wales, Tanzania, Namibia and India. Wales beat Scotland in the final, 53-30. Tanzania beat Singapore, 54-41, to secure third place. Namibia beat India 72-32 to capture fifth.[103]

Year 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
2006[6]
2008[5][177]  Papua New Guinea  Botswana  Samoa  Sri Lanka  Singapore
2009[178]  Northern Ireland  Scotland  Canada  Tanzania  Singapore  Malaysia
2010[103]  Scotland  Wales  Tanzania  Singapore  Namibia  India

Asian Netball Championship

Main article: Asian Netball Championship

The Asian Netball Championship is a competition held between Asian countries. It is a major competition in this region. It occurs every four years.[100][179][180][181] The Malaysian Netball Association hosted the first Asian Netball Championship in 1985, and the 3rd Asian Youth Netball Championship.[20] The 1997 Asian Netball Championship was held in Singapore and included 12 teams.[180] The fifth Asian Netball Championship was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 2001.[100]

Year 1st 2nd 3rd Venue Number of teams
1985[20]  Malaysia  Sri Lanka Malaysia
1990[20][180]  Sri Lanka New Delhi, India
1993[20]  Hong Kong  Singapore  Sri Lanka Hong Kong
1997[20][180]  Sri Lanka Singapore 12
2001[20][100][179]  Sri Lanka  Singapore Colombo, Sri Lanka 8
2005[6][179]  Singapore  Malaysia  Sri Lanka Toa Payoh Sports Hall, Singapore 8
2009[180][181][182]  Sri Lanka  Singapore  Malaysia Juara Stadium, Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 10

See also

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Bibliography

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