1933 in aviation
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1933:
Events
- The United States Coast Guard requests authorization to construct its first cutters with a capability of carrying aircraft.[1]
- Tokyo conducts its first blackout exercise.[2]
- The Berliner-Joyce Aircraft Corporation is absorbed into North American Aviation.[3]
- The Royal Air Force declares the Avro 504 obsolete after 20 years of service.[4]
January
- January 2 – After modifications, HMS Courageous reenters service with the Royal Navy as the world's first aircraft carrier equipped with hydraulically controlled arresting gear.[5]
- January 2–3 – During the Battle of Shanhai Pass, a squadron of Imperial Japanese Army bombers provides close air support to Japanese Kwantung Army ground forces in action against the Nationalist Chinese National Revolutionary Army at the Shanhai Pass at the fortified eastern end of the Great Wall of China.[6]
- January 7 – Bert Hinkler dies in the crash of his de Havilland Puss Moth on the north slope of the Pratomagno in Italy's Apennine Mountains on the first leg of his attempt to break the time record for a flight from the United Kingdom to Australia. His body is not found until April 27.[7]
- January 12 – Marcel Lalouette and Jean de Permangle fly a Farman F.231 from Istres, France, to Villa Cisneros, French West Africa in 22 hours, setting a new distance record by flying 2,700 kilometers (1,677 miles).
- January 16 – Jean Mermoz and crew make a non-stop flight from Senegal to Brazil, across the South Atlantic Ocean, in 17 hours 27 minutes.
February
- February 6–8 – Royal Air Force Squadron Leader Oswald Gayford and Flight Lieutenant Gilbert Nicholetts make the first non-stop flight from England to South Africa in a Fairey Long-range Monoplane. The 5,309-mile (8,544 km) flight is a new distance record and takes 57 hours 25 minutes.
- February 6–9 – Jim Mollison flies a de Havilland Puss Moth from England to Brazil, via Senegal, across the South Atlantic Ocean, making him the first person to fly solo across both the North and South Atlantic.
- February 25 – USS Ranger (CV-4), the United States Navy's first ship designed from the outset as an aircraft carrier, is launched.
March
- March 28 – The Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Argosy airliner City of Liverpool catches fire in the air over Belgium and crashes, killing the crew of three and all 12 passengers, the deadliest accident in the history of British civil aviation up to this date.[8] The fire may have been started deliberately.[9][10][11]
- March 31 – The Ford 4-AT-B Trimotor NC7686, carrying members of the Winnipeg Toilers basketball team from Tulsa, Oklahoma, to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on a charter flight, crashes near Neodesha, Kansas, probably while attempting a forced landing in a field. The crash kills both crew members and five of the 11 passengers.[12]
April
- April 1 – The Indian Air Force is formed.
- April 3
- Two British aircraft, the Westland PV-3 and Westland PV-6 piloted by Squadron Leader the Marquess of Clydesdale and Flight Lieutenant David MacIntyre, make the first flight over Mount Everest, sponsored by Lucy, Lady Houston.
- The Royal Air Force reinstates the squadron of nine to 12 planes as the basic organizational unit for its aircraft assigned to Royal Navy aircraft carriers, retaining the six-plane flight as the basic organizational unit only for aircraft assigned to operate from battleship and cruiser catapults.[13]
- April 4 – The U.S. Navy dirigible USS Akron (ZRS-4) crashes during a storm off the coast of New Jersey, killing 73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history at the time, and no greater loss of life will occur in a single air crash until 1950.
- April 10 – Francesco Agello sets a new airspeed record of 682 km/h (424 mph) in the Italian Macchi M.C.72 seaplane.
- April 11 – Departing England on April 11 in the Avro Mark VIA Avian Southern Cross, William N. "Bill" Lancaster begins an attempt to set a speed record for a flight to South Africa. He crashes in the Sahara Desert on April 12 and dies on April 20 while awaiting rescue. His mummified body and wrecked aircraft will not be discovered until February 1962.[14]
- April 12 – William Besler makes the first successful flight in a fixed-wing aircraft powered by a steam engine. The aircraft, a Travel Air 2000 biplane, is powered by an oil-fired, reversible 90°-angle V-twin angle-compound engine he and his brother George designed. The seven-minute trial flight is certified by the National Aeronautical Association.[15]
- April 17 – At Oakland Municipal Airport in Oakland, California, George and William Besler unveil their aviation steam engine to the public for the first time, with William flying the steam-powered Travel Air 2000 in a public demonstration that consists of three flights totaling a combined 15 minutes in the air, banking over San Francisco Bay before returning to the airport. The engine is virtually silent, allowing William to call down to the crowd while passing over it at an altitude of 200 feet (61 meters). He reaches 100 mph (161 km/hr) and demonstrates the engine′s braking power by reversing the propeller on landing and coming to a stop in only 100 feet (30.5 meters). Despite the engine′s success and speculation by aviation reporters that steam engines could economically power the airplanes of the future, the Beslers make no further public flights and do not develop the engine further.[16]
- April 19 – The U.S. Navy conducts the first mass seaplane flight from Oahu to French Frigate Shoals, a 759-mile flight. The aircraft return via the Gardner Pinnacles, completing the round trip in 8 hours 10 minutes.[17]
- April 29 – The Nazi government in Germany forms the Reichsluftfahrtministerium ("Reich Aviation Ministry").
- April 30 – The first air service internal to Scotland, Renfrew–Campbeltown, begins, operated by Midland and Scottish Air Ferries Ltd. Winifred Drinkwater, "the world's first female commercial pilot", is hired to fly the route.[18]
May
- Turkish Airlines is formed under the name "State Airlines".
- Erhard Milch, State Secretary of the German Reich Air Ministry, receives a major study of the future of a new German air force written by Dr. Robert Knauss. Knauss projects that the main threat to the reestablishment of Germany as a great power will be a preventive attack by France and Poland before Germany can fully rearm, and he recommends the creation of a force of 400 four-engined bombers which could deter such an attack with an ability to attack enemy population and industrial centers and destroy enemy morale.[19]
- May 7–8 – Stanislaw Skarzynski flies the South Atlantic from Senegal to Brazil in a small single-seater tourist airplane RWD-5bis, in 20 hours 30 minutes, over a distance of 3,582 km (2,226 mi). The RWD-5bis was the smallest plane to have ever flown the Atlantic - empty weight below 450 kg (990 lb), loaded 1100 kg. It is a part of 17,885 km Warsaw - Rio de Janeiro flight from April 27 to June 24.
- May 13 – The founder of the British Aircraft Company, Charles H. Lowe-Wylde, is killed while flying a B.A.C. Planette at Maidstone Airport near West Malling, Kent, England.[20]
- May 24 – French intercontinental aviation pioneer Ludovic Arrachart dies when his Caudron C.362 suffers engine failure during preliminary trails for the 1933 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe race.
- May 29 – Flying a Potez 53, George Detré wins the 1933 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe race, covering the 2,000-km (1,243-mile) two-stage closed-circuit course in 6 hours 11 minutes 45 seconds at an average speed of 322.81 km/hr (200.58 mph).[21]
- May 31 – The first regular civil air service from Northern Ireland to Renfrew Airport in Glasgow, Scotland, begins.[22]
June
- Flying the Northrop Gamma Texaco Sky Chief, Frank Hawks sets a new west-to-east transcontinental airspeed record for a flight across the United States, flying from Los Angeles, California, to Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, in 13 hours, 26 minutes, 15 seconds at an average speed of 181 mph (291 km/h).[23][24]
July
- Misr Airlines, which later will become Egyptair, begins flight operations, using de Havilland DH.84 Dragon airliners to serve Cairo, Alexandria, and Mersa Matruh.
- July 14–22 – Wiley Post, flying a Lockheed Vega, makes the first solo flight around the world. His flight begins and ends at Floyd Bennett Field in New York, with stops at Berlin, Moscow, Irkutsk and Alaska - a total distance of 25,099 km (15,596 mi).
- July 15–17 – Lithuanian-American pilots Steponas Darius and Stasys Girenas fly nonstop 6,411 kilometers (4,043 miles) in the Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker Lituanica in an attempt to fly nonstop from New York City to Kaunas, Lithuania, but die when Lituanica crashes 650 kilometers (404 miles) short of Kaunas in Kuhdamm, Germany, on July 17 after 37 hours 11 minutes in the air.
- July 22 – British pilots Amy Johnson and Jim Mollison, flying de Havilland DH.84 Dragon I G-ACCV Seafarer, begin the first non-stop flight from Great Britain to the United States, taking off from Pendine Sands in South Wales and crash landing at Bridgeport, Connecticut.
August
- The French Army's aviation branch, the Aéronautique Militaire, becomes an independent service, the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air).
- August 4 – United States Navy Lieutenant Commander Thomas G. W. Settle attempts to set a new human altitude record in A Century of Progress, a 105-foot- (32-meter-) diameter, 600,000-cubic foot (16,990-cubic meter) balloon with a sealed and pressurized gondola. Launched from Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois, his flight reaches only 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) and lasts only 15 minutes before the balloon sinks back to the ground because of a valve that sticks open.[25]
- August 5–7 – French aviators Maurice Rossi and Paul Codos fly the Blériot 110 Joseph le Brix from Floyd Bennett Field in New York City to Rayak in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, establishing a new unrefueled distance record of 9,104 kilometers (5,654 miles).
- August 7 – One of the earliest Korean female aviators, Park Kyung-won, dies in a plane crash near Hakone, Japan.
- August 11
- One of the largest bombers ever made, the Soviet Union's Kalinin K-7, makes its first flight.
- Boston-Maine Airways, the future Northeast Airlines, becomes a National Airways contract carrier.
- August 29 – The Transcontinental & Western Air Ford 5-AT-B Trimotor NC9607 flies into the side of Mesa Mountain near Quay, New Mexico, during a storm, killing all five people on board.[26]
September
- September 2 – Italian aviator Francesco de Pinedo dies when his Bellanca monoplane Santa Lucia crashes on takeoff at Floyd Bennett Field in New York City as he begins a flight to Baghdad in an attempt to set a new nonstop solo distance flight record of 6,300 miles (10,143 km).
- September 4 – The American aviator Florence Klingensmith dies in the crash of her Gee Bee Model Y Senior Sportster racer (tail number NR718Y) during the Frank Phillips Trophy Race at Chicago, Illinois, leading race organizers to ban women from future races.
- September 7 – The prototype of the French Dewoitine D.332 airliner, named Emeraude and registered as F-AMMY, sets a world record for an aircraft in its class by logging an average speed of 159.56 km/h (99.1 mph) over a 1,000-kilometer (621-mile) course carrying a useful load of 2,000 kilograms (4,410 pounds).
- September 7–8 – Six United States Navy Consolidated P2Y flying boats make a non-stop formation flight from Norfolk, Virginia, to the Panama Canal, covering 2,059 miles (3,314 km) in 25 hours 20 minutes.
- September 24 – The Soviet sealed cabin balloon USSR-1, intended to carry Georgi Prokofiev, Konstantin Gudenoff, and Ernest Birnbaum in an attempt to set a new altitude record for human flight, fails to launch on the first attempt at making the record flight.[25]
- September 28 – Gustave Lemoine, using oxygen but had no pressure suit, sets a new world altitude record of 13,661 m (44,820 ft) in a Potez 506, unable to go higher because of icing of his eyes as he sits in his open cockpit. His flight, made from Villacoublay, France, lasts 2 hours 5 minutes.[27]
- September 30 – The Soviet balloonists Georgi Prokofiev, Konstantin Gudenoff, and Ernest Birnbaum fly in the sealed cabin balloon USSR-1 to an altitude of 62,230 feet (18,968 meters) in a flight of 8 hours 19 minutes, setting a new altitude record for human flight. Although the flight exceeds the previous record for human altitude – set by Auguste Piccard and Max Cosyns in August 1932 – by 9,077 feet (2,767 meters), the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) does not recognize the record as official because the Soviet Union is not an FAI member.[25][28]
October
- Flying a Farman F.239, French aviators Jean Réginensi and André Bailly set three world airspeed records over distances of 100 kilometers (62.1 miles), 500 kilometers (310.5 miles), and 1,000 kilometers (621 miles).
- October 4 – The French aviators Jean Assolant and René Lefèvre take from Oran in French Algeria in the Bernard 81 GR L'Oiseau Canari II, hoping to set a new unrefueled nonstop straight-line world distance record by flying to Saigon in French Indochina. Unexpectedly high fuel consumption puts the record out of reach, and they land in Karachi, having flown 6,600 km (4,099 mi) in 27 hours.
- October 4–11 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, in a Percival Gull, sets a new solo flight record between England and Australia of 7 days 4 hours 44 minutes.
- October 7 – Air France is formed by the merger of five French airline companies – Air Orient, Air Union, Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne (CIDNA) and Société Générale des Transports Aériens (SGTA) – beginning operations with 250 planes.
- October 10 – A bomb destroys a United Airlines Boeing 247 in mid-air near Chesterton, Indiana, during a transcontinental flight across the United States. killing all seven people on board. It is the first proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified.
- October 15 – The Rolls-Royce Merlin engine is started for the first time.
- October 18 – The American Ford 4-AT-B Trimotor NC4806, operating over Nicaragua as an executive aircraft, crashes into Lake Managua from an altitude of 2,000 feet (610 meters), killing all three people on board.[29]
- October 30 – During an air show at Amarillo, Texas, two aircraft belonging to a flying circus troupe collide over the city while flying through streamers dropped by a third aircraft. Four people aboard the two aircraft die.[30]
November
- November 4 – The Brazilian airline VASP is established.
- November 20 – Ascending from Akron Municipal Airport in Akron, Ohio, United States Navy Lieutenant Commander Thomas G. W. Settle and United States Marine Corps Major Chester L. Fordney set a new official world altitude record for human flight in the balloon 'A Century of Progress, reaching 61,237 feet (18,665 meters) before landing near Bridgeton, New Jersey. The altitude is 993 feet (303 meters) lower than that reached by the Soviet balloon USSR-1 in September, but the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) had not recognized the Soviet record because the Soviet Union is not an FAI member country.[25]
- November 21 – The only completed Kalinin K-7, which had made its first flight only a little over three months before on 11 August, crashes near Kharkov in the Soviet Union after one of its tail booms suffers a structural failure, killing 15 of the 20 people on board.[31] Although two more K-7s are planned, neither is built before the project is cancelled in 1935.
December
- December 1 – Indian National Airways commences the first daily service in India, between Calcutta and Dacca.
- December 13 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt makes Northwest Airways pilot Mal Freeburg the first recipient of the Air Mail Medal of Honor.[32]
- December 19–23 – The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale-sponsored Second International Aviation Meeting takes place in Egypt. The 32 competitors take part in three competitions – a 900-mile (1,450-km), two-day touring event called the "Circuit of the Oases;" a 230-mile (370-km) speed contest; and an "Oasis Trophy" competition in which the contestants compete for the trophy based on the number of point they scored in the other two events. Competitors are handicapped under an extremely complex scoring system that takes into account fuel consumption, speed of wing folding, comfort, picketing, take off and landing distances, luggage, engine starting, safety appliances, controls and instruments, refueling, ease of maintenance, and a safety criterion that requires them to shut their engines off at an altitude of 2,000 feet (610 meters) and glide to a landing.[33]
- December 20–30 – Flying the Curtiss Thrush Outdoor Girl, Helen Richey and Frances Harrell Marsalis employ aerial refueling to remain airborne continuously for 237 hours 43 minutes. They fall short of their goal of remaining in the air until January 1, 1934, but nonetheless shatter the previous continuous flight record of 196 hours set in August 1932 by Marsalis and Louise Thaden.[34]
- December 30 – The Imperial Airways Avro Ten Apollo (G-ABLU) strikes a radio mast and crashes at Ruysselede, Belgium, killing all 10 people on board. King Albert I of Belgium will award Camille van Hove, who is hospitalized with serious burns suffered while trying to rescue victims from the airliner's wreckage, the Civic Cross (1st Class).
- December 31 – The Latécoère 300 flying boat Croix du Sud ("Southern Cross") sets a world nonstop distance record for seaplanes, flying 3,697 kilometers (2,297 miles) from Étang de Berre, France to Saint-Louis, Senegal.
First flights
January
- Douglas XFD-1[35]
- January 30 – Curtiss T-32 Condor II[36]
February
- Aichi AB-6
- February 1 – Boeing XF6B-1, later redesignated Boeing XBFB-1[37]
- February 6 – Kawanishi E7K (Allied reporting name "Alf")[38]
- February 8 – Boeing 247[39]
- February 10 – Hawker Demon
- February 19 – Vultee V-1
March
- March 1 – Consolidated P-30 (later PB-2)[40]
April
- Cierva C.30
- April 10 – Airspeed Courier G-ABXN
- April 21 – USS Macon (ZRS-5)
- April 22 – Farman F.370
- April 26 –– Potez 53[21]
- April 29 – Latécoère 550
May
- Farman F.221
- Mitsubishi Ki-2 (Allied reporting name "Louise")
- Northrop Delta
- May 4 – Grumman XJF-1, prototype of the Grumman JF Duck and J2F Duck[41]
- May 9 – Vought XF3U-1[42]
- May 27 – De Havilland Leopard Moth
June
- Seversky SEV-3[43]
- June 21 – Supermarine Walrus
July
- Bloch MB.200
- Curtiss XF12C, first United States Navy fighter with folding wings[44]
- July 1 – Douglas DC-1
August
- Avia B.534[45]
- Short Scion
- August 11 - Blériot 5190
- August 11 - Kalinin K-7
- August 14 - Tupolev ANT-14
- August 24 - Blackburn Shark
September
- September 10 - Mignet HM.14 Pou-du-Ciel
- September 11 – Breguet 521 Bizerte
- September 14 - Boeing XF7B-1[37]
October
- October 6 – Pander S-4 Postjager
- October 11 – Blackburn Perth
- October 18 – Grumman XF2F-1, Grumman's first single-seat, enclosed-cockpit aircraft and prototype of the Grumman F2F[46]
November
- Focke-Wulf Fw 56
- November 14 – Potez 54, prototype of the Potez 540
December
- Curtiss XF13C-2, prototype of the biplane version of the Curtiss XF13C[47]
- Farman F.1020
- Mitsubishi Ki-7 (Allied reporting name "Pine")[48]
- Yokosuka K5Y (Allied reporting name "Willow")[49]
- December 18 – Northrop XFT
- December 31 – Polikarpov I-16
Entered service
- Arado Ar 65 with the still-secret German Luftwaffe
- Arado Ar 66 with the still-secret German Luftwaffe
- Avion Fairey Fox IIM with the Belgian Air Force[50]
- Berliner-Joyce OJ-2 with United States Navy Scouting Squadrons 5 (VS-5B) and 6 (VS-6B)[51]
- PZL P.7a with the Polish Air Force
- Yokosuka K4Y with the Imperial Japanese Navy[52]
February
- Curtiss F11C Goshawk with United States Navy Fighter Squadron 1 (VF-1B) aboard USS Saratoga (CV-3), the last Curtiss fighter to enter service with the U.S. Navy[53]
June
- June 21 – Grumman FF with the U.S. Navy[54]
November
- November 14 – Handley Page Heyford, the last Royal Air Force biplane heavy bomber, with No. 99 Squadron[55]
Retirements
References
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- ^ Kerr, E. Bartlett, Flames Over Tokyo: The U.S. Army Air Forces's Incendiary Campaign Against Japan 1944-1945, New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1991, ISBN 978-1-55611-301-7, p. 105.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 58.
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 77.
- ^ Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87021-026-2, p. 215.
- ^ Du, Jiaxin, "Last Battle on the Great Wall," Military History, January 2017, pp. 32, 35, 36.
- ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography: Bert Hinkler
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 63.
- ^ Denham, Terry. World Directory of Airliner Crashes. Yeoford: Patrick Stephens Ltd, 1996. p. 21. ISBN 1-85260-554-5.
- ^ Milde, Michael, International Air Law and ICAO Eleven International Publishing, 2008, pp. 228-9.
- ^ Barker, Ralph. "The World of Albert Voss". Great Mysteries of the Air (Revised ed.). London: Javelin, 1988. ISBN 0-7137-2063-8.
- ^ Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- ^ Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87021-026-2, p. 17.
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 78.
- ^ Geoghegan, George, "The Dream of Steam," Aviation History, January 2017, p. 40.
- ^ Geoghegan, George, "The Dream of Steam," Aviation History, January 2017, pp. 38, 40-41.
- ^ Aviation Hawaii: 1930-1939 Chronology of Aviation in Hawaii
- ^ Dalton, Alastair (2013-07-25). "New Hall of Fame for Scotland's aviation heroes". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
- ^ Murray, Williamson, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933-1945, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1983, no ISBN number, pp. 6-7.
- ^ Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978, ISBN 0-89009-771-2, p. 90.
- ^ a b 1000aircraftphotos.com NICO BRAAS PHOTO No. 6820. Potez 53 ("10" c/n 5402)
- ^ "Airport History". George Best Belfast City Airport. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
- ^ O'Hare, Bob, "Gamma," Air Classics, Volume 7, No. 2, December 1970, p. 24.
- ^ "Robot at Controls on Coast-to-Coast Flight." Popular Mechanics, August 1933.
- ^ a b c d http://www.navalhistory.org/2010/11/20/world-record-flight Vaeth, Joseph Gordon, "When the Race for Space Began," Proceedings, August 1963, reproduced at navalhistory.org Naval History Blog.
- ^ Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- ^ Flight, 19 October 1933, p. 1043.
- ^ Jensen, Richard, "The First Space Race," Aviation History, May 2016, p. 52.
- ^ Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- ^ "Plane Crashes Take 8 Lives". Reading Eagle. October 30, 1933. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description.
- ^ Johnson, Frederick L., "Modest Mal," Aviation History, March 2012, p. 19.
- ^ afleetingpeace.org The 1933 Circuit of Oases
- ^ Lynch, Adam, "Hometown Heroine," Aviation History, March 2012, pp. 55-56.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 182.
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 0-7607-0592-5, p. 287.
- ^ a b Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 86.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, pp. 297-298.
- ^ Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978, ISBN 0-89009-771-2, p. 2730.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 97.
- ^ Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, London: Putnam, 1976, ISBN 978-0-370-10054-8, p. 202.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 434.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 384.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 151.
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 70.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 219-220.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 153.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, p. 446.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, pp. 254, 256.
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 0-7607-0592-5, p. 74.
- ^ Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 0-7607-0592-5, p. 124.
- ^ Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-87021-313-7, p. 494.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 148.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 218.
- ^ aviastar.org Aircraft Profile #182: Handley Page Heyford
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9, p. 138.