Famotidine
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Pronunciation | /fəˈmɒtɪdiːn/ |
Trade names | Pepcid, Zantac 360, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a687011 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, intravenous |
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Bioavailability | 40–45% (by mouth)[1] |
Protein binding | 15–20%[1] |
Elimination half-life | 2.5–3.5 hours[1] |
Excretion | Kidney (25–30% unchanged [Oral])[1] |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.116.793 |
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Formula | C8H15N7O2S3 |
Molar mass | 337.44 g·mol−1 |
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Famotidine, sold under the brand name Pepcid among others, is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist medication that decreases stomach acid production.[3] It is used to treat peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.[3] It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.[3] It begins working within an hour.[3]
Common side effects include headache, intestinal upset, and dizziness.[3] Serious side effects may include pneumonia and seizures.[3][4] Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied, while use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[5]
Famotidine was patented in 1979 and came into medical use in 1985.[6] It is available as a generic medication.[4] In 2020, it was the 66th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10 million prescriptions.[7][8]
Medical uses
- Relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach
- Treatment for gastric and duodenal ulcers
- Treatment for pathologic gastrointestinal hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and multiple endocrine adenomas
- Treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Treatment for esophagitis
- Part of a multidrug regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication, although omeprazole may be somewhat more effective.[9][10][11][12][13][14]
- Prevention of NSAID-induced peptic ulcers.[15][16]
- Given to surgery patients before operations to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonitis.[17][18][19]
Pharmacokinetics
Famotidine has a delayed onset of action, beginning after 90 minutes. However, famotidine has a duration of effect of at least 540 minutes (9.0 h). At its peak effect, 210 minutes (3.5 h) after administration, famotidine reduces acid secretion by 7.3 mmol per 30 minutes.[20]
Side effects
The most common side effects associated with famotidine use include headache, dizziness, and constipation or diarrhea.[21][22]
Famotidine may contribute to QT prolongation,[23] particularly when used with other QT-elongating drugs, or in people with poor kidney function.[24]
Mechanism of action
Activation of H2 receptors located on parietal cells stimulates proton pumps to secrete acid into the stomach lumen. Famotidine, an H2 antagonist, blocks the action of histamine on the parietal cells, ultimately reducing acid secretion into the stomach.
Interactions
Unlike cimetidine, the first H2 antagonist, famotidine has a minimal effect on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, and does not appear to interact with as many drugs as other medications in its class. Some exceptions include antiretrovirals such as atazanavir, chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin, and antifungal medications such as itraconazole. [25][26][27]
History
Famotidine was developed by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co.[28] It was licensed in the mid-1980s by Merck & Co.[29] and is marketed by a joint venture between Merck and Johnson & Johnson. The imidazole ring of cimetidine was replaced with a 2-guanidinothiazole ring. Famotidine proved to be nine times more potent than ranitidine, and thirty-two times more potent than cimetidine.[30]
It was first marketed in 1981. Pepcid RPD orally disintegrating tablets were released in 1999. Generic preparations became available in 2001, e.g. Fluxid (Schwarz) or Quamatel (Gedeon Richter Ltd.).
In the United States and Canada, a product called Pepcid Complete, which combines famotidine with an antacid in a chewable tablet to quickly relieve the symptoms of excess stomach acid, is available. In the UK, this product was known as PepcidTwo until its discontinuation in April 2015.[31]
Famotidine has poor bioavailibility (50%) due to low gastroretention time. Famotidine is less soluble at higher pH, and when used in combination with antacids gastroretention time is increased. This promotes local delivery of these drugs to receptors in the parietal cell membrane and increases bioavailibility. Researchers are developing tablet formulations that rely on other gastroretentive drug delivery systems such as floating tablets to further increase bioavailibility.[32]
Society and culture
Certain preparations of famotidine are available over the counter (OTC) in various countries. In the United States and Canada, 10 mg and 20 mg tablets, sometimes in combination with an antacid,[33][34] are available OTC. Larger doses still require a prescription.
Formulations of famotidine in combination with ibuprofen were marketed by Horizon Pharma under the trade name Duexis.[35]
Research
COVID-19
At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, some doctors observed that anecdotally some hospitalized patients on famotidine in China may have had better outcomes than other patients that were not taking famotidine. This led to hypotheses about use of famotidine in treatment of COVID-19.[36][37] Famotidine was researched for potential benefit in treating COVID-19 following hypotheses at the start of the pandemic that it may be an applicable medication. No good evidence of benefit was found.[38]
Veterinary uses
Famotidine is given to dogs and cats with acid reflux.[39]
References
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- ^ a b British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9780857113382.
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- ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 444. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
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- ^ "Famotidine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ Kanayama S (January 1999). "[Proton-pump inhibitors versus H2-receptor antagonists in triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication]". Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine. 57 (1): 153–6. PMID 10036954.
- ^ Soga T, Matsuura M, Kodama Y, Fujita T, Sekimoto I, Nishimura K, et al. (August 1999). "Is a proton pump inhibitor necessary for the treatment of lower-grade reflux esophagitis?". Journal of Gastroenterology. 34 (4): 435–40. doi:10.1007/s005350050292. PMID 10452673. S2CID 22115962.
- ^ Borody TJ, Andrews P, Fracchia G, Brandl S, Shortis NP, Bae H (October 1995). "Omeprazole enhances efficacy of triple therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori". Gut. 37 (4): 477–81. doi:10.1136/gut.37.4.477. PMC 1382896. PMID 7489931.
- ^ Hu FL, Jia JC, Li YL, Yang GB (2003). "Comparison of H2-receptor antagonist- and proton-pump inhibitor-based triple regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Chinese patients with gastritis or peptic ulcer". The Journal of International Medical Research. 31 (6): 469–74. doi:10.1177/147323000303100601. PMID 14708410. S2CID 25818901.
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- ^ Escolano F, Castaño J, López R, Bisbe E, Alcón A (October 1992). "Effects of omeprazole, ranitidine, famotidine and placebo on gastric secretion in patients undergoing elective surgery". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 69 (4): 404–6. doi:10.1093/bja/69.4.404. PMID 1419452.
- ^ Vila P, Vallès J, Canet J, Melero A, Vidal F (November 1991). "Acid aspiration prophylaxis in morbidly obese patients: famotidine vs. ranitidine". Anaesthesia. 46 (11): 967–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09860.x. PMID 1750602.
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- ^ Wang X, Boffito M, Zhang J, Chung E, Zhu L, Wu Y, et al. (September 2011). "Effects of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir-ritonavir with or without tenofovir in HIV-infected patients". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 25 (9): 509–515. doi:10.1089/apc.2011.0113. PMC 3157302. PMID 21770762.
- ^ Hegazy SK, El-Haggar SM, Alhassanin SA, El-Berri EI (January 2021). "Comparative randomized trial evaluating the effect of proton pump inhibitor versus histamine 2 receptor antagonist as an adjuvant therapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma". Medical Oncology. 38 (1): 4. doi:10.1007/s12032-020-01452-z. PMID 33394214. S2CID 230485193.
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- ^ US patent 4283408, Yasufumi Hirata, Isao Yanagisawa, Yoshio Ishii, Shinichi Tsukamoto, Noriki Ito, Yasuo Isomura and Masaaki Takeda, "Guanidinothiazole compounds, process for preparation and gastric inhibiting compositions containing them", issued 11 August 1981
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External links
Media related to Famotidine at Wikimedia Commons