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Elbasan

Coordinates: 41°06′40″N 20°04′50″E / 41.11111°N 20.08056°E / 41.11111; 20.08056
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This article is about the city in Albania. For other uses, see Elbasan.
Elbasan
Municipality
From top to bottom, left to right: View of Elbasan, Kisha e Shën Mërisë, Old streets of Elbasan, Clock tower of Elbasan and Elbasan Castle
Flag of Elbasan
Flag
Official logo of Elbasan
Emblem
Elbasan is located in Albania
Elbasan
Elbasan
Coordinates: 41°06′40″N 20°04′50″E / 41.11111°N 20.08056°E / 41.11111; 20.08056
Country Albania
CountyElbasan
Government
 • MayorGledian Llatja (PS)
Area
 • Municipality872.03 km2 (336.69 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipality
141,714
 • Municipality density160/km2 (420/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
78,703
Demonym(s)Elbasanase (f) Elbasanas (m)
Elbasanllie (f) Elbasanlli (m)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal Code
3001-3006
Area Code(0)54
Websiteelbasani.gov.al

Elbasan (/ˌɛlbəˈsɑːn/ EL-bə-SAHN,[1] Albanian: [ɛlbaˈsan]; Albanian definite form: Elbasani, pronounced [ɛlbaˈsani]) is the fourth most populous city of Albania and seat of Elbasan County and Elbasan Municipality. It lies to the north of the river Shkumbin between the Skanderbeg Mountains and the Myzeqe Plain in central Albania.

Etymology

The name (in the form Elbasan also in Aromanian)[2] is derived from the Ottoman Turkish il-basan ("the fortress").[3] According to Saliaj[who?] the ancient name Scampa was derived from the Albanian word shkamba ("the rock" or "the cliff"), related to the name of the river of Elbasan, Shkumbin (anciently Scampini).[citation needed]

History

Elbasan Castle

In August 2010 archaeologists discovered two Illyrian graves near the walls of the castle of Elbasan.[4]

In the second century BC, a trading post called Mansio Scampa near the site of modern Elbasan developed close to a junction of two branches of an important Roman road, the Via Egnatia, which connected the Adriatic coast with Byzantium. It was one of the most important routes of the Roman Empire. By the third or fourth century AD, this place had grown into a real city protected by a substantial Roman fortress with towers; the fort covered around 300 square meters.[5] This city appears on late antique itineraries like the Tabula Peutingeriana and Itinerarium Burdigalense as Scampis or Hiscampis.[6]

It took part in the spread of Christianity along the Via, and had a bishop, cathedral and basilicas as early as the fifth century. As a town in a wide river valley it was vulnerable to attacks once the legions were withdrawn but Emperor Justinian made an effort to improve the fortifications. The city survived attacks by the Bulgars and Ostrogoths and was mentioned in the work of Procopius of Cæsarea. Ruins of a Paleochristian basilica, built in the 5th or 6th century AD, were found in Bezistan area.

The site seems to have been abandoned until the Ottoman army built a military camp there, followed by urban reconstruction under Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in 1466. Mehmet constructed a massive four-sided castle with a deep moat and three gates. The name Elbasan is thought to mean 'the flat fortress' in Albanian or ‘the flat province’ in Turkish.[7] He had built the castle in order to fight Skanderbeg, due to an ongoing conflict between the Ottomans and Albanians.[8]

Naziresha Mosque

It became the seat of Sanjak of Elbasan, a centre of Ottoman urban civilisation over the next 445 years. Although Halil Inalcik explains that the Sanjak of Elbasan was established as soon as the fortress of Elbasan was constructed in 1466, based on Tursun Beg's records there is a possibility that Elbasan initially was part of the Sanjak of Ohrid.[9] In 1467 many Christians from Skopje, Ohrid, Serres and Kastoria were forcibly deported to Elbasan.[10] In the late 17th century, the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi passed through Elbasan and noted that "all the inhabitants speak Albanian" having knowledge of Turkish with Muslim clergy being literate in Persian, while merchants also used the Greek and "Frankish" languages.[11]

By the end of the 17th century it had 2,000 inhabitants.[citation needed] The fortress was dismantled by Reshit Pasha in 1832.[citation needed] In 1864, the Sanjak of Elbasan became a part of Monastir Vilayet. In the late nineteenth century, Elbasan was inhabited by 3,000 Muslim families and 280 Orthodox Christian families, of which 100 were old Orthodox Albanian families living in the old Christian neighbourhood within the fortress and 180 Aromanian families residing in the St. Nicholas neighbourhood on the edge of town.[12] At the beginning of the 20th century it was estimated that 15,000 people lived in Elbasan.[13]

In 1909, after the Young Turks revolution in Istanbul, an Albanian National Congress was held in Elbasan to study educational and cultural questions. The delegates, all from central and southern Albania, endorsed the decision of the Congress of Monastir, which was held in Monastir (modern Bitola, North Macedonia) to use the Latin alphabet rather than the Arabic script in written Albanian. Albanians, Turks, Aromunians and Sephardic Jews were living in Elbasan.

Before the Second World War, Elbasan was a city with a mixture of eastern and medieval buildings, narrow cobbled streets and a large bazaar. There was a clearly defined Muslim settlement within the castle walls, an Aromanian district on the outskirts of the city and several fine mosques and Islamic buildings. At the time the population was about 15,000 people.

Elbasan Castle

The very first teachers' training college in Albania, the Shkolla Normale e Elbasanit, was established in Elbasan. During First Balkan War, it was occupied by Serbian troops on 29 November 1912. They withdrew from Elbasan on 25 October 1913 due to United Kingdom and Austria Hungary's ultimatum. The Muslim majority of Elbasan opposed the installation of Prince Wied in 1914.[citation needed] Elbasan was occupied successively by Serbs, Bulgarians, Austrians and Italians between 1915 and 1918. The Bulgarian army occupied Elbasan on January 29, 1916, during Bulgarian occupation of Albania[14] In March 1916 the army of Austria-Hungary took over control of Elbasan [15] From June 1916 to March 1917 Stanislav Kostka Neumann fought with the Austrian army there and called his war memoirs about the occupation in Elbasan.[16] Industrial development began in the Zogist period when tobacco and alcohol factories were established.

The city was also noted for its good public buildings, advanced educational provisions, public gardens and timber-built shops. There was much wartime damage, which was followed by an intensive programme of industrial development in the Communist period that boosted the city to around 75,000 inhabitants. The culmination of this process was the construction of the huge Steel of the Party (Albanian: Celiku i Partise) metallurgical complex outside the city, in the Shkumbini valley, built with Chinese assistance in the 1970s. It was emphatically called "The Second National Liberation of Albanian" by Enver Hoxha. The cost of the complex in environmental impact was high for the Shkumbin valley.[17] Elbasan Railway Station was opened in 1950. In 2014, the Albanian government reconstructed former Ruzhdi Bizhuta Stadium. The renovated Elbasan Arena became the home stadium of the Albania national football team and Albania's de facto stadium meeting FIFA's criteria.

Geography

The city of Elbasan lies to the north of the river Shkumbin between the Skanderbeg Mountains and the Myzeqe Plain in central Albania. The municipality of Elbasan consists of the administrative units of Bradashesh, Funarë, Gjergjan, Gjinar, Gracen, Labinot-Fushë, Labinot-Mal, Papër, Shirgjan, Shushicë, Tregan, Zavalinë and Elbasan.[18][19][20] It covers 872.03 km2.[18][21]

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Elbasan has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with an average annual temperature of 13.1 °C (55.6 °F).[22]

Climate data for Elbasan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		25.9
(78.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		19.5
(67.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		14.7
(58.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.1
(50.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 124
(4.9) 		113
(4.4) 		92
(3.6) 		84
(3.3) 		82
(3.2) 		52
(2.0) 		34
(1.3) 		38
(1.5) 		65
(2.6) 		101
(4.0) 		148
(5.8) 		133
(5.2) 		1,066
(41.8)
Source: [22]

Economy

Elbasan from South

Industrial development began during the Zog regime with the production of tobacco and alcoholic beverages, and culminated during the communist regime. The city gained prominence after the Chinese built a steel mill in 1974. One travel writer relayed from conversation that during the communist regime, "almost everyone in the country seemed to have a gun, likely manufactured by this Chinese-financed factory in Elbasan," and the "country did not seem to have tractors, ploughs, or sewing machines."[23]

The city also hosts a ferrochrome smelter, which was commissioned in 1989 by the communist regime and now is owned by the Balfin Group.

The city was a hub for heavy industry during the communist regime, mostly metallurgic and metal processing factories. All these industries caused big pollution and Elbasan is considered today to be one of the most polluted cities of Albania.

In recent years Elbasan, like the rest of Albania, has had to deal not only with local pollution, but also with what environmentalists call "imported pollution", because of the waste imported from abroad for the recycling process in private companies.[17]

Demography

The population of the municipality of Elbasan at the 2011 census was 141,714,[a] of which 78,703 in the city proper.[24]

Culture

Main Boulevard in Elbasan
Traditional side street
Portico and entrance in King Mosque
Catholic Church

Elbasan has been occupied by several different groups, including the Serbs, Bulgarians, Austrians and Italians. Elbasan remained a center of Islam in Albania even after the Ottoman occupation. After the 1908 Congress of Monastir (in modern Bitola, North Macedonia) decided to use the Latin alphabet for the written Albanian language, Muslim clerics influenced by the Ottoman Empire held various demonstrations in favor of the Arabic script in Elbasan.

In the center of the city, is located the Saint Mary Orthodox Church. The church was built in 1830 on the foundations of an older church, which had partially burned in 1819. Paintings and frescoes of Onufri, restored by David Selenicasi and Kostadin Shelcani can still be seen. The church has been an important religious and cultural center for the Albanian language. Teodor Haxhifilipi, Kostandin Kristoforidhi, and Aleksandër Xhuvani have served in the church. They are the authors of translations into Albanian of many psalms. The church building served as the first Albanian school of Elbasan in modern times, which opened in 1909.[25]

Other orthodox churches in the Elbasan District include the Mameli church (built in the 17th century), the Saint Nicholas church (Albanian: Shen Kolli) in Shelcan (built in 1554), the Saint Nicholas church in Valesh (built in 1604), the Saints Cosmas and Damian church in Sterstan (built in the 18th century), the Saint Michael (Albanian: Shen Mehilli) church in Shalës (built in the 17th century), the Saint Mary church in Dragot (built in the 18th century), the Saint Nicholas church of Elbasan (17th century), and the Elbasan Saint Athanasius church of Elbasan (built in 1554).

About 7 km away from Elbasan there is an old monastery and orthodox church where notably Saint Jovan Vladimir was buried until 1995 when his remains were transferred to the Orthodox Cathedral in Tirana, being brought back to the monastery only for his feast days.[26]

Elbasan is home to the National Autocephalous Albanian Church (Albanian: Kisha Autoqefale Kombetare), a relatively new Orthodox Autocephalous church that split from the Albanian Orthodox Church in 1995. Father Nikolle Marku is the leader of the new denomination.[27]

Elbasan is also home to a Catholic church.

Elbasan has four museums:[28]

  • Ethnographic Museum (1982) held in an 18th-century building
  • “Kostandin Kristoforidhi” house (started as a museum in 1978)
  • Shkolla Normale Museum
  • War Museum

Elbasan is home to the Summer Day festivities, a pagan feast celebrating the end of winter and the coming of summer. Ballokume, a kind of cookie made with butter and cornmeal among other ingredients, is the traditional dessert served on this day. Since 2004, it has become a national holiday being celebrated nationwide, in all Albania.

Notable people

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Albania

Elbasan is twinned with:

Elbasan also has cooperation and friendship relationships with:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The population of the municipality results from the sum of the administrative units in the former as of the 2011 Albanian census.[18]

References

  1. ^ "Elbasan". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-09-24.
  2. ^ "Arumunët Albania, nr. 40". Arumunët Albania (in Albanian and Aromanian). No. 40. 2014. p. 15.
  3. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010-03-19). Robert Elsie: Historical dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810873803. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  4. ^ Popja, Fatmir. "Elbasan, zbulohen dy varre ilire në muret e kalasë". Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  5. ^ Gloyer, Gillian (2012). Albania. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 107. ISBN 9781841623870. Retrieved 20 October 2013. mansio scampa.
  6. ^ Hammond, N.G.L. (1974). "The Western Part of the via Egnatia". The Journal of Roman Studies. 64. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 188. doi:10.2307/299268. JSTOR 299268. S2CID 162531891.
  7. ^ "Blue Albania - We help you to explore Albania... - Portali me i madh turistik Shqiptar".
  8. ^ Inalcik, Halil (1989). "The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522". In Hazard, Harry; Zacour, Norman (eds.). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 327. ISBN 9780299107444.
  9. ^ Kiel, Machiel (1990), Ottoman architecture in Albania, 1385-1912, Istanbul: Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, p. 39, ISBN 978-92-9063-330-3, retrieved 9 January 2012, ...states that Elbasan became a sandjak capital right after 1466 but the usually well informed Tursun Beg noted for 1466: "The sultan attached this fortress of Elbasan to the Sancak of Ohrid and returned to Edirne..."
  10. ^ Shukarova, Aneta; Mitko B. Panov; Dragi Georgiev; Krste Bitovski; Academician Ivan Katardžiev; Vanche Stojchev; Novica Veljanovski; Todor Chepreganov (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.), History of the Macedonian People, Skopje: Institute of National History, p. 133, ISBN 978-9989-159-24-4, OCLC 276645834, retrieved 26 December 2011, At the same time or nearly in 1467 the citizens from Skopje, ...were expa-triated to the Albanian city of Konjuh (Elbasan), which was constructedas a fortress to help the fighting against Skender-Bey. ... these Christians from Skopje as Elbasan's citizens appeared other families from Ohrid, Kastoria and Serres that were compulsorily moved into this city...
  11. ^ Dankoff, Robert; Elsie, Robert (2000). Evliya Çelebi in Albania and Adjacent Regions: Kossovo, Montenegro, Ohrid. Brill. p. 179. ISBN 9789004116245. "Elbasan... All the people speak Albanian. Most also know good Turkish, and the ulema can read Persian. Greek and Frankish are used by the merchants."
  12. ^ Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. p. 358. ISBN 9789607760869. "while at the end of the nineteenth century there were 3,000 Moslem families and 280 Orthodox Christian families. Of these, about 100 old Albanian-speaking Christian families lived in the old Christian quarter in the fortress, while 180 more prosperous Vlach families lived in the St Nicholas district on the outskirts of the town."
  13. ^ Raza, Moonis (1906). Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century. Logos Press. p. 588. ISBN 9788172680114. Retrieved 31 July 2011. ...Pop estimated at 15,000
  14. ^ Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908-1939. I.B.Tauris. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011. January 29th; ... Bulgarian troops had also crossed Albanian frontier, and Elbassan in central Albania was occupied by a company of the 23rd Bulgarian Infantry Regiment under Captain Serafimov
  15. ^ Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: independence, republic and monarchy 1908-1939. I.B.Tauris. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0. Retrieved January 11, 2011. March 18th-20th; Austrian troops took possessions of Elbasan ...
  16. ^ (in Czech) S.K. Neumann: Elbasan, družstevní nakladatelství "Kniha", knihovna socialistické kultury, svazek III., Praha 1922
  17. ^ a b Rukaj, Marjola. "Elbasan, Elbasan, the polluted city". Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  18. ^ a b c "Pashaporta e Bashkisë Elbasan" (in Albanian). Porta Vendore. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  19. ^ "A new Urban–Rural Classification of Albanian Population" (PDF). Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). May 2014. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  20. ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). pp. 6368–6369. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  21. ^ "Bashkia Elbasan" (in Albanian). Albanian Association of Municipalities (AAM). Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  22. ^ a b "Climate: Elbasan". Climate-Data. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  23. ^ Theroux, Paul (1995). The Pillars of Hercules: A Grand Tour of the Mediterranean. New York: Fawcett Columbine. p. 272. ISBN 0449910857.
  24. ^ Nurja, Ines. "Censusi i popullsisë dhe banesave/ Population and Housing Census–Elbasan (2011)" (PDF). Tirana: Institute of Statistics (INSTAT). p. 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  25. ^ "From the Saint Mary website". Kishaautoqefale.webs.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  26. ^ Milosavljević, Presbyter Čedomir (September 22, 2007). Св. Јован Владимир (in Serbian). Pravoslavna Crkvena Opština Barska. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  27. ^ "Church's official website". Kishaautoqefale.webs.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  28. ^ "Municipality website". Elbasani.gov.al. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  29. ^ A history of Ottoman architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500274290.
  30. ^ "Testvérvárosaink" (in Hungarian). Dunaújváros. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  31. ^ "Gradovi prijatelji" (in Croatian). Grad Osijek. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  32. ^ "Gradovi pobratimi" (in Montenegrin). Opština Bar. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Jumelages et partenaires" (in French). Liege. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
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