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List of monarchs of Persia

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Shah of Iran (Persia)
Lion and Sun
Emblem of Imperial Persia/Iran
Last to reign
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979
Details
StyleShah
Shahanshah
First monarch
Last monarchMohammad Reza Pahlavi 1941–1979 (as Shah of Iran)
Formation671 BC
Abolition11 February 1979
ResidenceApadana
Tachara
Palace of Darius
Palace of Ardashir
Taq Kasra
Ālī Qāpū Palace
Hasht Behesht
Golestan Palace
Sa'dabad Palace
Niavaran Palace
AppointerHereditary
Pretender(s)Reza Pahlavi

This article lists the monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

Median dynasty (671–549 BC)

The Median Kingdom at its greatest extent
Main article: Median dynasty
Portrait Name Family relations Reign Notes
Median Kingdom (671 BC–549 BC)
Deioces 700–647 BC First known ruler of Media
Phraortes Son of Deioces647–625 BC
Scythian rule (624–597 BC)
Cyaxares Son of Phraortes 624–585 BC The dynasty of the Median kings was known as Cyaxarid dynasty, named after him or a pre-Deicoes king.[1]
Astyages Son of Cyaxares 585–549 BC Last king of the Medes

Teispid kingdom (c.705–559 BC)

Main articles: Teispids and Anshan (Persia)
Portrait Name Family relations Reign Notes
Teispid dynasty (c.705–559 BC)
Teispes~640 BC
Cyrus I Son of Teispes c.580 BC
Cambyses I Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II ≈550 BC

Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent
Main articles: Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid dynasty
Portrait Titles Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Achaemenid dynasty (559–334/327 BC)
File:Winged genius relief (Pasargadae) in art.jpg The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World Cyrus the Great – 600 BC Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages 559–530 BC 530 BC King of Anshan from 559 BC.
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt^ Cambyses II – ? Son of Cyrus the Great 530–522 BC 522 BC Died while en route to put down a rebellion.

Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire[2]

The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Gaumata Gaumata (?) ? Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya) 522 BC 522 BC Killed by Persian aristocrats
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius the Great – 550 BC Son of Hystaspes 522–486 BC 486 BC Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib
Nswbty: Stutre[3]
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes the Great – 519 BC Son of Darius I 485–465 BC 465 BC Typically assumed to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther based on name
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes I Arses ? Son of Xerxes I 465–424 BC 424 BC
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes II Artaxerxes ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424 BC 424 BC Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ? Sogdianus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–423 BC 423 BC Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius II Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–404 BC 404 BC
The Great King, King of Kings Artaxerxes II Arsaces ? Son of Darius II 404–358 BC 358 BC The King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther according to traditional sources[4]
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes III Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes II 358–338 BC 338 BC Killed
The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes IV Arses ? Son of Artaxerxes III 338–336 BC 336 BC Killed
File:The relief stone of Darius III in the Persepolis.jpg The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius III Artashata 380 BC Son of Arsames son of Ostanes son of Darius II 336–330 BC 330 BC Killed by Artaxerxes V
The Great King, King of Kings Artaxerxes V Bessus ? Probably a descendant of Darius II 330–329 BC 329 BC Killed by Alexander III

Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the Wars of Alexander the Great.

Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC)

The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent
Main article: Macedonian Empire
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Argead dynasty (336–306 BC)
King Alexander the Great 356 BC Son of Philip II of Macedonia 336–323 BC 13 June 323 BC King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III. One of the greatest conquerors in history. Died mysteriously.
King Philip III c. 359 BC Son of Philip II of Macedonia June 323– 317 BC 317 BC Killed by Olympias
King Alexander IV Sept. 323 BC Son of Alexander III Sept. 323–309 BC 309 BC King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater
Regent Perdiccas ? June 323–321 BC 321 BC Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis
Regent Antipater 398 BC Son of Iollas 321–319 BC 319 BC Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
Regent Polyperchon 394 BC Son of Simmias 319–316 BC 303 BC Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia.
Regent Cassander c. 350 BC Son of Antipater 316–309 BC 297 BC Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia.

Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)

The Seleucid Empire at its greatest extent
Main articles: Seleucid Empire and Seleucid dynasty
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)
King Seleucus I Nicator – c. 358 BC Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus 311–281 BC 281 BC Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC.
King Antiochus I Soter – ? Son of Seleucus I 281–261 BC 261 BC Co-ruler from 291
King Antiochus II Theos – 286 BC Son of Antiochus I 261–246 BC 246 BC
King Seleucus II Callinicus – ? Son of Antiochus II 246–225 BC 225 BC
King Seleucus III Ceraunus Alexander c. 243 BC Son of Seleucus II 225–223 BC 223 BC
Great King Antiochus III the Great – c. 241 BC Son of Seleucus II 223–187 BC 187 BC
King Seleucus IV Philopator – ? Son of Antiochus III 187–175 BC 175 BC
King Antiochus IV Epiphanes Mithridates c. 215 BC Son of Antiochus III 175–163 BC 163 BC Killed in Elymais
King Antiochus V Eupator – c. 172 BC Son of Antiochus IV 163–161 BC 161 BC
King Demetrius I Soter – 185 BC Son of Seleucus IV 161–150 BC 150 BC
King Alexander Balas – ? Purported son of Antiochus IV 150–146 BC 146 BC
King Demetrius II Nicator – ? Son of Demetrius I 146–139 BC 139 BC Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
King Antiochus VI Dionysus – 148 BC Son of Alexander III. 145–142 BC 138 BC In competition with Demetrius II.
King Antiochus VII Sidetes – ? Son of Demetrius I 139–129 BC 129 BC Killed in battle with Phraates II

Fratarakas

Main article: Frataraka

The Fratarakas appear to have been Governors of the Seleucid Empire.

Name Date Coinage Family Relations Note
1 Bagadates/ Baydād (bgdt) 3rd century BC Fratarakā dynasty – son of Baykard Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Coin legend bgdt prtrk' zy 'lhy' ("Baydād, fratarakā of the gods") in Aramaic.
2 Ardakhshir I (rtḥštry) mid-3rd century BC Fratarakā dynasty Governor of the Seleucid Empire
3 Vahbarz (whwbrz – called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40) mid-3rd century BC Fratarakā dynasty Governor of the Seleucid Empire
4 Vādfradād I (wtprdt) 3rd century BC Fratarakā dynasty – son of Vahbarz Governor of the Seleucid Empire
5 Vadfradad II c. 140 BC Fratarakā dynasty Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Transition period. Eagle emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend wtprdt [p]rtrk' zy 'ly' ("Vādfradād, frataraka of the gods").[5]
6 'Unknown king I' (Syknlt?) 2nd half of 2nd century BC ? Transition period. No inscription on coinage.

Kings of Persis

Main article: Kings of Persis
Name Date Coinage Family Relations Note
7 Darayan I 2nd century BC (end) ? Darev I and his successors were sub-kings of the Parthian Empire. Crescent emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk (𐡃‬𐡀𐡓𐡉‬𐡅‬ 𐡌𐡋‬𐡊‬, "King Darius").[5]
8 Wadfradad III 1st century BC (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Coin legend wtprdt mlk (𐡅‬𐡕‬𐡐‬𐡓‬𐡃‬𐡕 𐡌‬𐡋𐡊‬, "King Vadfradad") in Aramaic script.
9 Darev II 1st century BC son of Vadfradad III Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk brh wtprdt mlk' ("King Darius, son of King Vadfradad").
10 Ardakhshir II 1st century BC (2nd half) son of Darev II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Killed by his brother Vahshir I
11 Vahšīr/ Vahshir I (Oxathres) 1st century BC (2nd half) son of Darev II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
12 Pakor I 1st century AD (1st half) son of Vahshir I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
13 Pakor II 1st century AD (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
14 Nambed 1st century AD (mid) son of Ardashir II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
15 Napad 1st century AD (2nd half) son of Nambed Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
16 'Unknown king II' 1st century AD (end) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
17 Vadfradad IV 2nd century AD (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
18 Manchihr I 2nd century AD (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
19 Ardashir III 2nd century AD (1st half) son of Manchihr I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
20 Manchihr II 2nd century AD (mid) son of Ardashir III Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
21 'Unknown king III'/
tentatively Pakor III[6] 		2nd century AD (2nd half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
22 Manchihr III 2nd century AD (2nd half) son of Manchihr II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
23 Ardashir IV 2nd century AD (end) son of Manchihr III Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
24 Vahshir II (Oxathres) c. 206–210 AD ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. The last of Bazarangids.
25 Shapur 3rd century AD (beg.) Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
26 Ardashir V
(Sasanian dynasty Ardashir I) 		3rd century AD (beg.) First Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire

Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 228)

Main article: Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire at its greatest extent

The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC.

For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – 228 AD)
King, Karen, Autocrator Arsaces I Tiridates I or Arsaces ? Son of Phriapites descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II 247–211 BC 211 BC
? Arsaces II Artabanus I or Arsaces ? Son of Arsaces I 211–185 BC[7] 185 BC
? Arsaces III Phriapatius ? Grandson of Tiridates I 185–170 BC[7] 170 BC
? Arsaces IV Phraates I ? Son of Phriapatius 170–167 BC[8] 167 BC
The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene Arsaces V Mithridates I ? Son of Phriapatius 167[8] −132 BC[9] 132 BC
The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros Arsaces VI Phraates II ? Son of Mithridates I 132–127 BC[9] 127 BC Killed in battle with Scythians
King Arsaces VII Artabanus II ? Son of Phriapatius 127–126 BC[9] 126 BC Killed in battle with Tocharians
The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)[9] ? Son of Phriapatius 126–122 BC[9] 122 BC He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia
The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces IX Artabanus(?)[9] ? Son of Artabanus II 122–121 BC 121 BC Killed in battle with Medians
The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter Arsaces X Mithridates II ? Son of Artabanus II 121[10]–91 BC 91 BC
The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator Arsaces XI Gotarzes I ? Son of Mithridates II 91–87 BC 87 BC
The Great King, Theopator, Nicator Arsaces XII Artabanus(?)[8] ? Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?) 91–77? BC 77? BC
The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes Arsaces XIII Mithridates[9] ? Probably son of Mithridates II 88–67 BC 67 BC
The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XIV Orodes I ? Probably son of Mithridates II 80–75 BC 75 BC
The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XV Sanatruces 157 BC Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)[8] 77–70 BC 70 BC
The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes Arsaces XVI[8] Arsaces(?) or Vardanes(?) or Vonones(?) ? ? 77–66 BC 66 BC The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known.
The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XVII Phraates III ? Son of Sanatruces 70–57 BC 57 BC Killed by Orodes II
The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XVIII[8] ? ? probably son of Arsaces XVI 66–63 BC 63 BC The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known.
The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene Arsaces XIX Mithridates III ? Son of Phraates III 65[8] −54 BC 54 BC Killed by Orodes II
King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes Arsaces XX Orodes II ? Son of Phraates III 57–38 BC 38 BC Killed by Phraates IV
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXI Pacorus I ? Son of Orodes II 50–38 BC 38 BC Killed in battle with Romans
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXII Phraates IV ? Son of Orodes II 38–2 BC 2 BC Killed by Musa
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos Arsaces XXIII Tiridates II ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 30–25 BC after 23 BC Deposed and went to Rome
? Arsaces XXIV Mithridates[11] ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 12–9 BC ?
Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania Musa Musa ? Queen of Phraates IV 2 BC – 4 AD 4? AD
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXV Phraates V ? Son of Phraates IV & Musa 2 BC – 4 AD 4 AD Deposed and went to Rome
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXVI Orodes III ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 4–6 6 Killed by Parthian aristocrats
The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus Arsaces XXVII Vonones I ? Son of Phraates IV 8–12 19 Deposed and went to Rome. Later, he was killed by Romans.
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXVIII Artabanus III ? Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates 10–40 40
? Arsaces XXIX Tiridates III ? Probably a descendant of Tiridates II 35–36 ? Deposed and went to Rome
? Arsaces XXX Cinnamus ? Son of Artabanus III 37 ? Abdicated
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXI Gotarzes II 11 Son of Artabanus III 40–51 51
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXII Vardanes I ? Son of Artabanus III 40–46 46 Killed by Gotarzes II
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXIII Vonones II ? Probably son of Artabanus III c. 45–51 51
? Arsaces XXXIV Mithridates[12] ? Son of Vonones I 49–50 ? Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord Arsaces XXXV Vologases I ? Son of Vonones II 51–77 77
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXVI Vardanes II ? Son of Vologases I 55–58 ? Deposed
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXVII Vologases II ? Probably the eldest son of Vologases I 77–89/90 ?
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXVIII Pacorus II ? Probably the younger son of Vologases I 77–115 115
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XXXIX Artabanus IV ? Probably son of Vologases I or Artabanus III 80–81 ?
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XL Osroes I ? brother of Pacorus II 89/90–130 130
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLI Vologases III ? Probably son of Sanatruces I king of Armenia 89–109 who was brother of Osroes I 105–148 148 He was also king of Armenia as Vologases I
King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLII Parthamaspates ? Son of Osroes I 116–117 after 123 Deposed and went to Rome
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLIII Mithridates IV ? Probably son of Osroes I c. 130 – c. 145 c. 145
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLIV[13] ? ? ? c. 140 – c. 140 c. 140
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLV Vologases IV ? Son of Mithridates IV 148–191 191
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLVI Vologases V ? Son of Vologases IV 191–208 208
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLVII Osroes II ? Probably son of Vologases IV c. 190 – c. 195 ?
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLVIII Vologases VI 181 Son of Vologases V 208–228 228 Killed by Ardashir I
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces XLIX Artabanus V ? Son of Vologases V 213–226 226 Killed by Ardashir I
King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene Arsaces L Tiridates IV[14] ? Son of Vologases IV 217–222 ? He was also king of Armenia

Sasanian Empire (224–651)

The Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent
Main articles: Sasanian Empire and Sasanian dynasty
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
House of Sasan
Shahanshah[15] Ardashir I – 180 Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan 28 April 224 – February 242 February 242
Shahanshah Shapur I – 215 Son of Ardashir I 12 April 240 – May 270 May 270
Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah[16] Hormizd I Hormozd-Ardashir ? Son of Shapur I May 270 – June 271 June 271
Shahanshah, Gilanshah Bahram I – ? Son of Shapur I June 271 – September 274 September 274
Shahanshah Bahram II – ? Son of Bahram I September 274 – 293 293
Shahanshah, Sakanshah Bahram III – ? Son of Bahram II 293 293 Deposed
Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah Narseh I – ? Son of Shapur I 293–302 302
Shahanshah Hormizd II – ? Son of Narseh I 302–309 309 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Adhur Narseh – ? Son of Hormizd II 309 309 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf[17] Shapur II – 309 Son of Hormizd II 309–379 379
Shahanshah Ardashir II – 309/310 Son of Hormizd II 379–383 383
Shahanshah Shapur III – ? Son of Shapur II 383 – December 388 December 388 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah, Kirmanshah Bahram IV – ? Son of Shapur II December 388 – 399 399
Shahanshah Yazdegerd I – 363 Son of Shapur III 399 – 21 January 420 21 January 420 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Bahram V – 406 Son of Yazdegerd I 21 January 420 – 20 June 438 20 June 438
Shahanshah Yazdegerd II – ? Son of Bahram V 20 June 438 – 15 December 457 15 December 457
Shahanshah Hormizd III – 399 Son of Yazdegerd II 457–459 459 Killed by Peroz I
Shahanshah Peroz I – 459 Son of Yazdegerd II 459 – January 484 January 484 Killed in battle with Hephthalites
Shahanshah Balash – ? Son of Yazdegerd II February 484 – 488 488
Shahanshah Kavadh I – 449 Son of Peroz I 488–496 13 September 531 Deposed
Shahanshah Djamasp – ? Son of Peroz I 496–498 502 Deposed
Shahanshah Kavadh I – 449 Son of Peroz I 498 – 13 September 531 13 September 531
Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just Khosrau I – 500 Son of Kavadh I 13 September 531 – 31 January 579 31 January 579
Shahanshah Hormizd IV – 540 Son of Khosrau I 31 January 579 – 5 September 590 5 September 590 Killed by Vistahm
Shahanshah, Aparviz Khosrau II – 570 Son of Hormizd IV September 590 – September 590 28 February 628 Deposed and went to Byzantine territory
House of Mihran
Shahanshah, Chubineh Bahram VI Mehrbandak ? Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran September – 590 January 591 591 Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II
House of Sasan
Shahanshah, Aparviz, The Victorious Khosrau II – 570 Son of Hormizd IV January 591 – 25 February 628 28 February 628 Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II
House of Ispahbudhan
Shahanshah Vistahm – ? Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI 591 – 596 or 600 596 or 600 Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk
House of Sasan
Shahanshah Kavadh II Shiruyah ? Son of Khosrau II 25 February 628 – 15 September 628 15 September 628 Died from plague
Shahanshah Ardashir III – 621 Son of Kavadh II 15 September 628 – 27 April 629 27 April 629 Killed by Shahrbaraz
House of Mihran
Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz Shahrbaraz – ? Sasanian general from the House of Mihran 27 April 629 – 17 June 629 17 June 629 Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht
House of Sasan
Shahanshah Khosrau III – ? Nephew of Khosrau II 630 630 Killed after a few days reign
Shahbanu[18] Borandukht – 590 Daughter of Khosrau II 17 June 629 – 16 June 630 (First reign)

631 – 632 (Second reign)

632 Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i Shahrvaraz

Restored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow

Shahanshah Shapur-i Shahrvaraz – ? Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II 630 ? Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht
Shahanshah Peroz II Gushnasp-Bandeh ? Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I. 630 630 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahbanu Azarmidokht – ? Daughter of Khosrau II 630–631 631 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Khosrau IV Khurrazadh ? Son of Khosrau II 631 631 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
House of Ispahbudhan
Shahanshah Farrokh Hormizd – ? Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm 630–631 631 Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht
House of Sasan
Shahanshah Hormizd VI – ? Grandson of Khosrau II 630–631 631 Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shahanshah Yazdegerd III – 624 Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II 16 June 632–651 651 Killed by a miller

Note: Classical Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Sasanian Empire as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia.

Dabuyid Kingdom (642–760)

Main article: Dabuyid dynasty
Dabuyids (c. 720)

A Zoroastrian Persian dynasty that held power in the north for over a century before finally falling to the Abbasid Caliphate.

Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
Ispahbadh Gil Gavbara ? Son of Piruz 642–660 660
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Dabuya ? Son of Gil Gavbara 660–676 676
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Farrukhan the Great ? Son of Dabuya 712–728 728
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Dadhburzmihr ? Son of Farrukhan the Great 728–740/741 740/741
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Farrukhan the Little ? Son of Farrukhan the Great 740/741–747/48 747/48 Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah Khurshid 734 Son of Dadhburzmihr 740/741–760 761 Committed suicide

Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)

Main articles: Rashidun Caliphate and Rashidun
The Rashidun Empire reached its greatest extent under Caliph Uthman, in 654

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Name Kunya Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Al Farooq, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Umar Abu Hafs 583 Son of Khattab ibn Nufayl. 642–644 644 Umar became Caliph in 634 and his forces conquered Persia in 642. Killed by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Uthman Abu Amr 579 Son of Affan, of the Umayyad clan. 644–656 656 Killed by Rebels
Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin, Great Imam, Maula Ali Ali Abul-Hasan 598 Son of Abu Talib, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad. 656–661 661 Killed by Kharijites
Al-Mujtaba Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Hasan Abu Muhammad 624 Son of caliph Ali, of the Hashemite clan. Grandson of Muhammad. 661–661 670 Abdicated after six or seven months to Muawiya

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Main article: Umayyad Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 750)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait/Coin Title Name Kunya Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Muawiyah I Abu Abdallah ? Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad 661–680 680 Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Yazid I Abu Khalid ? Son of Muawiyah I 680–683 683 Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Muawiya II Abu Abd ur-Rahman ? Son of Yazid I 683–684 ? Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Marwan I Abu Abd al-Malik ? Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I 684–685 685 Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Abd al-Malik Abu'l-Walid ? Son of Marwan I 685–705 705 Reigned until his death
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Walid I Abu'l-Abbas 674 Son of Abd al-Malik 705–715 715 Reigned until his death, built Mosque and great patron of Art.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik Abu Ayyub 675 Son of Abd al-Malik 715–717 717 Reigned until his death in 717
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Umar II Abu Hafṣ 680 Son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 717–720 720 Reigned until his death, died of food poisoning.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Yazid II Abu Khalid 690/91 Son of Abd al-Malik 720–724 724 Reigned until his death in 724
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Hisham Abu'l-Walid 691 Son of Abd al-Malik 724–743 743 Reigned until his death, built many schools and mosques in his Empire.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Walid II Abu'l-Abbas 709 Son of Yazid II 743–744 744 Reigned until his death (Assassinated)
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Yazid III Abu Khalid 701 Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III 744–744 744 Reigned until his death (Brain tumour)
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Ibrahim ibn al-Walid Abu Ishaq 701/02 Son of Al-Walid I 744–744 744 Abdicated for Marwan II
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Marwan II Abu Abd al-Malik 691 Son of Muhammad ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Caliph Hisham. 744–750 750 Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah

Notable Governors

Governor Term
Governors of Khurasan
Abdallah ibn Khazim 662–665, 683–84
Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 673–676
Salm ibn Ziyad 681–684
Umayya ibn Abdallah 694–697
Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 698–702
Yazid ibn al-Muhallab 702–704
Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah 717–719
Muslim ibn Sa'id 723–724
Asad ibn Abdallah 724–727, 734–38
Nasr ibn Sayyar 738–748

Abbasid Caliphate (750–861)

Main article: Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 850), Abbasids ruled Persia until the start of Anarchy in 861

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait/Coin Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin As-Saffah Abu'l-Abbas Abdallah 721 Son of Muhammad ibn Ali who was a descendant of Muhammad's paternal uncle 750–754 754 Reigned until his death (Smallpox)
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mansur Abu Ja'far Abdallah 714 Brother of As-Saffah 754–775 775 Reigned until his death, one of the famous Arab caliph.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mahdi Abu Abdallah Muhammad 744/745 Son of Al-Mansur 775–785 785 Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph.
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Hadi Abu Muhammad Musa 764 Son of Al-Mahdi 785–786 786 Reigned until his death in 786
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Harun al-Rashid Abu Ja'far Harun 763/766 Son of Al-Mahdi 786–809 809 Reigned until his death, the most famous Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Amin Abu Musa Muhammad 787 Son of Harun al-Rashid 809–813 813 Dethroned and Killed by al-Ma'mun
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Ma'mun Abu'l-Abbas Abdallah 786 Son of Harun al-Rashid 813–833 833 Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mu'tasim Abu Ishaq Muhammad 796 Son of Harun al-Rashid 833–842 842 Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Wathiq Abu Ja'far Harun 812 Son of Al-Mu'tasim 842–847 833 Reigned until his death, Abbasid caliph
Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin Al-Mutawakkil Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far 822 Son of Al-Mu'tasim 847–861 861 Reigned until his assassination, last great Abbasid caliph (for others see Abbasid caliphs).


Notable Governors

Governor Term
Governors of Khurasan
Abu Muslim 750–755
Abu Awn Abd al-Malik 766–767
Humayd ibn Qahtaba 768–776
Mu'adh ibn Muslim 778–780
Al-Fadl ibn Yahya 795–796
Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan 796–807/8
Mansur ibn Yazid al-Himyari 796–797
Governor[19] Term
Governors of Khurasan (Tahirids)
Tahir ibn Husayn 821–822
Talha ibn Tahir 822–828
Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani 828–845
Tahir ibn Abdallah 845–862
Muhammad ibn Tahir 862–873

Samanid Empire (819–999)

Main articles: Samanid Empire and Anarchy at Samarra
Samanid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Samanid dynasty (819–999)
Ahmad ibn Assad ? ? 819–864/865 864/5
Nasr I ? ? 864/865–892 892
Adel Ismail Samani ? ? 892–907 907
Shaheed Ahmad Samani ? ? 907–914 914
Saeed Nasr II ? ? 914–942 943
Hamid Nuh I ? ? 942–954 954
Rashid 'Abd al-Malik I ? ? 954–961 961
Mo'ayyed Mansur I ? ? 961–976 976
Radhi Nuh II ? ? 976–996 997
Abol Hareth Mansur II ? ? 996–999 999
Abol Favares 'Abd al-Malik II ? ? 999 999
Montaser Isma'il Muntasir ? ? 1000–1005 1005

Saffarid Kingdom (861–1003)

Main articles: Saffarid dynasty and Anarchy at Samarra
Saffarid Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Name Kunya Birth Family relations Reign Death Note
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
Emir Ya'qub ibn al-layth al-Saffar – 840 Son of al-Layth 861–879 879 Died of sickness
Emir Amr ibn al-Layth – ? Son of al-Layth 879–901 902 Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad
Emir Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr Abu'l-Hasan ? Son of Muhammad, son of Amr 901–908 ? Imprisoned in Baghdad
Emir Al-Layth – ? Son of Ali, son of al-Layth 909–910 928 Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928
Emir Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth – ? Son of Ali, son of al-Layth 910–911 ? Imprisoned in Baghdad
Emir Amr Abu Hafs 902 Son of Ya'qub 912–913 ? Overthrown by the Samanids
Emir Ahmad Ja’far Ahmad ibn Muhammad Abu Ja'far 21 June 906 Son of Muhammad, son of Amr 923–963 31 March 963 Killed by Abu’l-'Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman
Emir Khalaf ibn Ahmad Abu Ahmad November 937 Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad 963–1003 March 1009 Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, died in exile in 1009

Ghurid Kingdom (879–1215)

Main article: Ghurid dynasty
Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Note
Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)
Malik Amir Suri ? Father of Muhammad ibn Suri[20] ?–? ? was the first Malik of the Ghurid dynasty
Malik Muhammad ibn Suri ? Son of Amir Suri ?–1011 1011 Poisoned himself
Malik Abu Ali ibn Muhammad ? Son of Muhammad ibn Suri 1011–1035 1035 Overthrown and killed by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith
Malik Abbas ibn Shith ? 1035–1060 1060 Deposed and killed by the Ghaznavids, replaced by his son Muhammad ibn Abbas
Malik Muhammad ibn Abbas ? Son of Abbas ibn Shith 1060–1080 1080
Malik Qutb al-din Hasan ? Son of Muhammad ibn Abbas 1080–1100 1100
Malik Izz al-Din Husayn ? Son of Qutb al-din Hasan 1100–1146 1146
Malik Sayf al-Din Suri ? Son of Izz al-Din Husayn 1146–1149 1149
Malik Baha al-Din Sam I ? Son of Izz al-Din Husayn 1149 1149
Malik Ala al-Din Husayn ? Son of Izz al-Din Husayn 1149–1161 1161
Malik Sayf al-Din Muhammad ? Son of Ala al-Din Husayn 1161–1163 1163
Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1139 Son of Baha al-Din Sam I 1163–1202 1202
Sultan Mu'izz al-Din 1149 Son of Baha al-Din Sam I 1173–1206 1206
Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud ? Son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1206–1212 1212
Sultan Baha al-Din Sam III ? Son of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 1212–1213 1213
Sultan Ala al-Din Atsiz 1159 Son of Ala al-Din Husayn 1213–1214 1214
Sultan Ala al-Din Ali ? Son of Shuja al-Din Muhammad 1214–1215 1215

Ziyarid Kingdom (928–1043)

Main article: Ziyarid dynasty
Ziyarid dynasty at its greatest extent
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043)
Abolhajjaj, Emir Mardavij ? son of Ziyar 928–934 934
Abutaher Voshmgir ? son of Ziyar 934–967 967
Zahir od-Dowleh Bisotoon ? son of Voshmgir 967–976 976
Shams ol-Ma'ali, Abolhasan Qabus ? son of Voshmgir 976–1012 1012
Falak ol-Ma'ali Manuchehr ? son of Qabus 1012–1031 1031
Sharaf ol-Ma'ali Anushiravan ? son of Manuchehr 1031–1043 1043
Onsor ol-Ma'ali Keikavus ? son of Eskandar son of Qabus ? ?
Gilanshah ? son of Keykavous ? ?

Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)

Main article: Buyid dynasty
Buyid dynasty at its greatest extent

The Buyid Kingdom was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara and Shahanshah.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Note
Buyids of Fars (933–1062)
Emir, Amir al-umara Imad al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali 891 Son of Buya 934–949 949 Also Senior Buyid Emir (934–949)
Emir, Shahanshah Adud al-Dawla Fanna Khusraw 936 Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla 949–983 983 Senior Buyid Emir (976–983) and Emir of Iraq (978–983)
Emir, Amir al-umara Sharaf al-Dawla Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil 962 Son of Adud al-Dawla 983–989 989 Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987–989)
Emir, King Samsam al-Dawla Abu Kalijar Marzuban 964 son of Adud al-Dawla 989–998 998 Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983–986)
Emir, King, Shahanshah Baha' al-Dawla Abu Nasr Firuz 971 Son of Adud al-Dawla 998–1012 1012 Also Emir of Iraq (988–1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997–1012)
Emir Sultan al-Dawla Abu Shuja 992 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1012–1024 1024 Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012–1021)
Emir, Shahanshah Abu Kalijar Marzuban 1011 Son of Sultan al-Dawla 1024–1048 1048 Also Emir of Kerman (1028–1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037–1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044–1048)
Emir Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1048–1054 1062 Lost Fars to Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
Emir Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1051–1054 ? Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
Emir Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1054–1062 1062 Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan (935–1038)
Emir, Amir al-umara Rukn al-Dawla Abu Ali Hasan 898 Son of Buya 935–976 976 Also Senior Buyid Emir (949–976)
Emir Fakhr al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali 952 Son of Rukn al-Dawla 976–980

and

983–997

980 Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984–997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991–997)
Emir Mu'ayyad al-Dawla Abu Mansur 941 Son of Rukn al-Dawla 976–983 983 Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983)
Emir Majd al-Dawla Abu Taleb Rostam 993 Son of Fakhr al-Dawla 997–1029 1029 Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Emir Shams al-Dawla Abu Taher ? Son of Fakhr al-Dawla 997–1021 1021 Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Emir Sama' al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali ? Son of Shams al-Dawla 1021–1023 1023 Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan (945–1055)
Emir, Amir al-umara Mu'izz al-Dawla Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad 915 Son of Buya 945–966 966
Emir, Amir al-umara Izz al-Dawla Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar 943 Son of Mu'izz al-Dawla 966–979 979 Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976–978)
Emir, Shahanshah Adud al-Dawla Fanna Khusraw 937 Son of Rukn al-Dawla 977–983 983 Also Emir of Fars (949–983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976–983)
Emir, King Samsam al-Dawla Abu Kalijar Marzban 964 Son of Adud al-Dawla 983–987 998 Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983–986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989–998)
Emir, Amir al-umara Sharaf al-Dawla Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil 962 Son of Adud al-Dawla 987–989 989 Also Emir of Fars (983–989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987–989)
Emir Baha' al-Dawla Abu Nasr Firuz 970 Son of Adud al-Dawla 989–1012 1012 Also Senior Buyid Emir (997–1012) and Emir of Fars (999–1012)
Emir Sultan al-Dawla Abu Shuja 992 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1012–1021 1024 Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012–1021) and Emir of Fars (1012–1024)
Emir, Shahanshah, King Musharrif al-Dawla Abu 'Ali 1002 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1021–1025 1025 Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024–1025)
Emir Jalal al-Dawla Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla 994 Son of Baha' al-Dawla 1027–1043 1043
Emir, Shahanshah Abu Kalijar Marzuban 1011 Son of Sultan al-Dawla 1043–1048 1048 Also Emir of Fars (1024–1048), Emir of Kerman (1028–1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037–1048)
Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz ? Son of Abu Kalijar 1048–1055 1058 Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051–1055). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs

Ghaznavids Empire (977–1186)

Main article: Ghaznavids
Map of the Ghaznavid dynasty at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

# Laqab Personal Name Reign Succession right Notes
1 Nasir-ud-din Sabuktigin 977–997
2 No title Ismail 997–998 son of Sabuktigin
3 Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim Mahmud 998–1030 first son of Sabuktigin
4 Jalal ad-Dawlah Muhammad 1030
1st reign 		second son of Mahmud
5 Shihab ad-Dawlah Masud I 1030–1041 first son of Mahmud Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the battle of Dandanaqan
— Jalal ad-Dawlah Muhammad 1041
2nd reign 		second son of Mahmud Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
6 Shihab ad-Dawlah Mawdud 1041–1048 son of Masud I Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.[21]
7 ?
? 		Masud II 1048 son of Mawdud
8 Baha ad-Dawlah Ali 1048–1049 son of Masud I
9 Izz ad-Dawlah Abd al-Rashid 1049–1052 fifth son of Mahmud
10 Qiwam ad-Dawlah Toghrul 1052–1053 Turkish mamluk general Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.[22]
11 Jamal ad-Dawlah Farrukh-Zad 1053–1059 son of Masud I
12 Zahir ad-Dawlah Ibrahim 1059–1099 son of Masud I
13 Ala ad-Dawlah Mas'ūd III 1099–1115 son of Ibrahim
14 Kamal ad-Dawlah Shir-Zad 1115–1116 son of Masud III Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.[23]
15 Sultan ad-Dawlah Arslan-Shah 1116–1117 son of Masud III Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Ahmad Sanjar.[24]
16 Yamin ad-Dawlah Bahram Shah 1117–1157 son of Masud III Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a tributary of the Great Seljuq Empire. Bahram was assisted by Ahmad Sanjar, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.[25]
17 Muizz ad-Dawlah Khusrau Shah 1157–1160 son of Bahram-Shah
18 Taj ad-Dawlah Khusrau Malik 1160–1186 son of Khusrau-Shah

Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)

Main article: Seljuk Empire
A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Seljuqs (1029–1191)
Shahanshah, Sultan, Beg Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Tughril I Abu Talib Mohammad 995 Son of Mikha'il son of Seljuq 1029–1063 1063 Reigned until his death
Shahanshah, Sultan ʿAdud ad-Dawla Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad 1039 Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I 1063–1072 1072 Reigned until his death
Sultan Jalal ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Malik Shah I Abu'l-Fath Hasan 1055 Son of Alp Arslan 1072–1092 1092 Killed by Assassins
Sultan Nasir ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud I 1086 Son of Malik Shah I 1092–1094 1094 Reigned until his death, Child ruler
Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq 1080 Son of Malik Shah I 1094–1105 1105
Sultan Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar 1082 Son of Malik Shah I 1105–1118 1118
Sultan Muglith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Mahmud II 1104 Son of Muhammad I 1118–1131 1131 Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him.
Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Talib Toghrul II 1109 Son of Muhammad I 1132–1134 1134 Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar
Sultan As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa'd-Dīn Abu'l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar 1087 Son of Malik Shah I 1097–1157 1157 Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq.
Sultan Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Abu'l-Fath Mas'ud 1109 Son of Muhammad I 1134–1152 1152 Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him.
Sultan Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Malik Shah III 1128 Son of Mahmud II 1152–1153

and

1160

1153 Deposed by Khass Bey

Regained throne but then deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days.

Sultan Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Shuja Muhammad II 1128 Son of Mahmud II 1153–1160 1160 Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153–1155)
Sultan Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah 1118 Son of Muhammad I 1153–1155

and

1160–1161

1162 Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad II

Deposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials

Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Arslan 1134 Son of Toghrul II 1161–1176 1176 De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160–1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174–1176)
Sultan Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Talib Toghrul III ? Son of Arslan 1176–1194 1194 De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176–1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186–1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.

Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish

Sultan Sanjar II ? Son of Sulayman Shah 1189–1191 1191 De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189–1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Eldiguzids (1191)
Sultan Qizil Arslan ? Son of Ildeniz 1191 1191 Held de facto power (1186–1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation.

Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)

Main article: Khwarazmian Empire
Khwarazmian Empire at its greatest extent

An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family Relations Reign Death Note
Anushtegin dynasty (1153–1220)
Sultan Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Atsiz 1097/1105 son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm 1153–1156 1156 Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127
Sultan Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Il-Arslan ? son of Atsiz 1156–1172 1172
Sultan Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Tekish ? son of Il-Arslan 1172–1200 1200 With opposition from Sultan shah
Shah Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ? son of Tekish 1200–1220 1220 Eliminated by the Mongols
Sultan Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Mingburnu ? son of Muhammad 1220–1231 1231 Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors

Mongol Empire (1220–1256)

Main article: Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire at its greatest extent

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Khan Genghis Temujin 1162 Son of Yesugei Baghatur 1220–1227 1227 Ruling in Mongolia from 1206
Khan Tolui 1192 Son of Genghis 25 August 1227 – 13 September 1229 13 September 1229 Regent
Khan Ögedei c. 1186 Son of Genghis 13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241 1232
Khatun Töregene ? Wife of Ögedei 1242 – March 1246 ? Regent
File:Guyuk.jpg Khan Güyük c. 1206 Son of Ögedei and Töregene 1246–1248 1248
Khatun Oghul Qaimish ? Wife of Güyük 1248–1251 1251 Regent
File:Mongke.jpg Khan Möngke 10 January 1209 Son of Tolui 1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259 11 August 1259

Ilkhanate (1256–1357)

Main article: Ilkhanate
Ilkhanate at its greatest extent

Ilkhanate (1256–1335)

Portrait Title Throne name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Khan, Ilkhan Hulagu c. 1217 Son of Tolui 1256 – 8 February 1265 8 February 1265
Khan, Ilkhan Abaqa 1234 Son of Hulagu 1265 – 1 April 1282 1 April 1282
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Ahmad Nicholas Tekuder ? Son of Hulagu 1282–1284 1284 Killed by Arghun
Khan, Ilkhan Arghun c. 1258 Son of Abaqa 1284 – 7 March 1291 7 March 1291
Khan, Ilkhan Gaykhatu ? Son of Abaqa 1291–1295 1295 Killed by general Taghachar
Khan, Ilkhan Baydu ? Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu 1295 1295 Executed by Ghazan
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Mahmud Ghazan 5 November 1271 Son of Arghun 1295–1304 1304
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, Muhammad Khodabandeh Öljaitü 1280 Son of Arghun 1304 – 16 December 1316 16 December 1316
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Abu Sa'id Ala' ad-Din Bahadur 2 June 1305 Son of Öljaitü 1316 – 1 December 1335 1 December 1335
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Arpa Ke'un Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud ? Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui 1335 – 10 April 1336 10 April 1336 Killed in battle by Ali Padshah
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Nasir ad-Din Musa ? Son of Ali son of Baydu 12 April 1336 – 1337 1337 Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Togha Temür ? Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur 1335–1353 1353 In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, Muzaffar ad-Din Muhammad ? Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu 1336–1338 1338 Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek
Khatun Sati beg c. 1300 Daughter of Öljaitü 1338–1339 After 1345 Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, Izz ad-Din Jahan Temür ? Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu 1339–1340 ? Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Suleiman ? Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu May 1339 – 1345 ? Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death.
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Anushirwan ? ? 1344–1356 ? Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Luqman ? Son of Togha Temür 1353–1388 ? Puppet of Timur
Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan Ghazan II ? ? 1356–1357 ? Puppet of Malek Ashraf

Sarbadars (1332–1386)

Sarbadars in 1345
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Amir Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah ? 1337–1338 1338 Revolted against Togha Temür, stabbed to death by his brother
Amir Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah ? brother of Abd al-Razzaq 1338–1344 1344 Captured by the Paduspanids and executed.
Amir Muhammad Aytimur (1343–1346) ? Unrelated to predecessors 1344–1346 1346 Overthrown and executed
Amir Kulu Isfendiyar ? Unrelated to predecessors 1346–c. 1347 c. 1347
Amir Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah ? brother of Abd al-Razzaq c. 1347 ? Forced to abdicate by successor
Amir Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali ? Unrelated to predecessors 1347–1351/1352 1351/1352 Assassinated by a disgruntled official
Amir Yahya Karawi ? Unrelated to predecessors 1351/1352–1355/1356 1355/1356 Eliminated Togha Temür, assassinated.
Amir Zahir al-Din Karawi ? Nephew of Yahya Karawi 1355/1356 1355/1356 Deposed by vizier
Amir Haidar Qassab ? Unrelated to predecessors 1355/1356 1356 Assassinated by a Turkish slave
Amir Lutf Allah ? Son of Wajih ad-Din Masud 1356–1357/1358 or 1361 1357/1358 or 1361 Deposed and executed by his vizier
Amir Hasan al-Damghani ? Unrelated to predecessors 1357/1358 or 1361–1361/1362 1361/1362 Overthrown by Dervish rebels
Amir Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud ? Unrelated to predecessors 1361/1362–1376/1377

and

1376/1377–1381

? Restored, became vassal of Tamerlane in 1381
Amir Rukn ad-Din ? Unrelated to predecessors 1376/1377 ? Installed by Dervish rebels.

Chobanids (1335–1357)

Chupanids at their greatest extent
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Amir Hassan Kuchak c. 1319 Son of Timurtash son of Chupan 16 July 1338 – 15 December 1343 15 December 1343 Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Sati Beg and Suleiman Khan.
Amir Yagi Basti ? Son of Chupan 1343–1344 1344 Assassinated by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Amir Surgan c. 1320 Son of Chupan and Sati Beg 1343–1345 1345 Driven out by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Amir Malek Ashraf ? Brother of Hassan Kuchak 1343–1357 1357 Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Anushirwan. Hung by Jani Beg of the Golden Horde.
Amir Temürtas ? Son of Malek Ashraf 1360 1360 Short-lived puppet of the Golden Horde.

Jalayirids (1335–1432)

Jalayirids at their greatest extent
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Ulus Beg Taj-ud-Din Hasan Buzurg ? Son-in-law of Chupan 1336–1356 1356 Ruled through Ilkhanate puppets Muhammad Khan and Jahan Temür.
Bahadur Khan Mu'izz-ud-dunya wa'd-Din Shaikh Uvais c. 1337–1374 Son of Hasan Buzurg 1356–1374 1374
Shaikh Hasan ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1374–1374 1374 Killed by the Amirs
Shaikh Jalal-ud-Din Husain I (1374–1382) ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1374–1382 1382 Executed by his rebellious brother Ahmed
Shaikh Bayazid ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1382–1384 1384 In opposition to Husain and Ahmed
Sultan Ghiyath ud-Din Ahmad ? Son of Shaikh Uvais 1383–1410 1410 In exile 1393–4, 1400–2, 1403–5. Killed in battle by Qara Yusuf
Sultan Ala ud-Dunya Shah Walad ? Son of Ali, son of Uvais 1410–1411 1411
Sultan Mahmud ? Son of Shah Walad 1411 1425 Under regency of Tandu Khatun
Sultan Uvais ? Son of Shah Walad 1415–1421 1421
Sultan Muhammad ? Son of Shah Walad 1421 1421
Sultan Mahmud ? Son of Shah Walad 1421–1425 1425 Second reign
Hussain ? Son of Ala-ud-Dawlah, son of Ahmed 1425–1432 1432 Defeated by Kara Koyunlu

Injuids (1335–1357)

Injuids at their greatest extent
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Sharaf ad-Din Mahmud Shah ? 1304–1335 1335 Highly autonomous master of the Ilkhanate royal estates (the injü), removed by Abu Sa'id, executed by Arpa Ke'un.
Amir Ghiyath ad-Din Kai-Khusrau ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1335–1338/9 1338/9
Amir Jalal ad-Din Mas'ud Shah ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1338–1342 1342 In opposition to Kai-Khusrau. Jalayirid partisan. Assassinated by Chupanids.
Amir Shams ad-Din Muhammad ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1339/40 1339/40 In opposition to Mas'ud Shah. Murdered by his Chupanid supporter.
Amir Shaikh Abu Ishaq ? Son of Mahmud Shah 1343–1357 ? Defeated & executed by the Muzaffarids

Muzaffarids (1314–1393)

Muzaffarids at its greatest extent
Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Emir Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar 1301 1314–1358 1368 Founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty
Emir Shah Shuja ? 1358–1384 1384
Emir Zain al-Abidin ? 1384–1387 1387
Emir Shah Yahya ? 1387–1391 1391 Only ruled in Shiraz
Emir Shah Mansur ? 1391–1393 1393

Timurid Empire (1370–1467)

Main article: Timurid Empire
Locator map of the Timurid Empire, c. 1400
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Amir, Beg, Gurkani, Sahib Qiran, Sultan Timur Timur bin Taraghai Barlas, later Timur Gurkani 9 April 1336 Son of Muhammad Taraghai 1370 – 18 February 1405 End of 1453
Emir Pir Muhammad Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir c. 1374 Grandson of Timur 18 February 1405 – 22 February 1407 22 February 1407
Emir, Sultan, Shah Khalil Sultan Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah c. 1384 Grandson of Timur 18 February 1405 – 13 May 1409 13 May 1409
Mirza Shah Rukh Shah Rukh 30 August 1377 Son of Timur 18 February 1405 – 12 March 1447 12 March 1447
Mirza, Sultan Ulugh Beg Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay 22 March 1394 Son of Shahrukh Mirza 12 March 1447 – 27 October 1449 27 October 1449 Deposed and murdered by his successor

Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu (1375–1497)

Main articles: Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu

Qara Qoyunlu

Qara Qoyunlu (greatest extent)
Portrait Title Regnal Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death Family relations Notes
Bey Qara Muhammad Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja ? 1378–1388 1388 First Bey of Kara Koynulu
Bey Qara Yusuf Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad ? 1388–1420 1420 Reign ended by Timurid invasion
Bey Qara Iskander Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf ? 1420–1436 1436 Killed
Bey،Padishah-i Iran Jahan Shah Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf 1397 1438 – 11 November 1467 11 November 1467 Son of Qara Yusuf Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
Bey Hasan Ali Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah ? 11 November 1467 – 1468 1468 Son of Jahan Shah Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

Aq Quyunlu

Ag Qoyunlu (greatest extent)
Portrait Title Regnal Name Personal Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Bey Qara Osman Qara Yuluk (Nickname) ? 1378–1435 1435 For aiding Timur, he was given Diyarbakir in 1402
Bey Ali Nur al-Din Ali ibn Qara Yülük ? Son of Qara Osman 1435–1438 1438
Bey Hamza ? 1403–1435 1444
Bey Jahangir M‘uizz al-Din Jahangir ibn Ali ibn Qara Yülük ? Son of Qara Osman 1444–1453 1453
Shahanshah of Iran Iran، Pādišah-ī Īrān،Bey Uzun Hassan Uzun Hassan ibn Jahangir ? Son of Jahangir 1453 – 6 January 1478 6 January 1478
Bey Khalil Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan ? Son of Uzun Hasan 1478–1479 1479
Bey Yaqub Yaqub ibn Uzun Hasan ? Son of Uzun Hasan 1479–1490 1490
Bey Baysongur Baysongur ibn Yaqub ? Son of Yaqub 1490–1491 1491
Bey Rostam Rostam ibn Maqsud ? Son of Maqsud 1491–1497 1497
Bey Ahmad Govde Ahmad Govde ibn Muhammad ? Son of Muhammad 1497 1497


Sources:[26][27]

Note: Medieval Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the rise of the Safavid Empire

Safavid Empire (1501–1736)

Main articles: Safavid Iran and Safavid dynasty
The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Shah, Sultan, Kagan-i Suleyman shan, Pādišah-ī Īrān Ismail I 1487 son of Sultan Heidar 7 November 1502 – 23 May 1524 23 May 1524
Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Kagan-i Suleyman shan Tahmasp I 1514 son of Ismail I 23 May 1525 – 25 May 1576 25 May 1576
Shah Ismail II 1537 son of Tahmasp I 25 May 1576 – 24 November 1577 24 November 1577 Poisoned (?)
Shah, Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan Mohammad I 1532 son of Tahmasp I 25 May 1576 – 1 October 1587 1596 Deposed
Shahanshah, Sultan, Great Abbas I the Great[28] 1571 son of Mohammad I 1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629 19 January 1629
Shah, Mirza Safi Sam Mirza 1611 son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I 19 January 1629 – 12 May 1642 12 May 1642
Shah Abbas II 1632 son of Safi 12 May 1642 – 26 October 1666 26 October 1666
Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama Suleiman I Safi Mirza 1645 son of Abbas II 26 October 1666 – 29 July 1694 29 July 1694
Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem Sultan Husayn 1668 son of Suleiman I 29 July 1694 – 11 September 1722 11 September 1722 Deposed and killed by Ashraf Hotak
Afghan Rebellion
Shah Mahmud Hotak 1697? son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak 23 October 1722 – 22 April 1725 22 April 1725 Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan
Shah Ashraf Hotak ? cousin of Mahmud Hotak 22 April 1725 – 5 October 1729 5 October 1729 Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan
Safavid Restoration
Shah Tahmasp II 1704 son of Sultan Husayn 11 September 1722 – 16 April 1732 1740 Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed and killed by Nader
Shah Abbas III 1730 son of Tahmasp II 16 April 1732 – 22 January 1736 1739 Under control of Nader. Deposed and killed by Nader

Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)

Main articles: Afsharid Iran and Afsharid dynasty
Afsharid dynasty at its greatest extent
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Shahanshah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf, Zel- ol Allah Nader Shah Nadhar Qoli Khan 1698 son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar 22 January 1736 – 19 June 1747 19 June 1747 Before crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed
Shah Adil Shah Ali Qoli Beig 1719/20 son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader 19 June 1747 – 29 July 1748 1749 Deposed, blinded and killed by Ebrahim
Shah Ebrahim Afshar Mohammd Ali Beig 1724 son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader 29 July 1748 – 3 September 1748 1749 Deposed and killed by Shahrukh Afshar
Shah Shahrukh Afshar 1734 son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi 3 September 1748 – 1796 1796 Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)
Brief Safavid control[29] (1749–1750)
Shah Suleiman II of Persia Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi ? Pretender to the Safavid throne 1749–1750 ? Removed and blinded
Afsharid restoration[30] (1750–1796)
Shah Shahrukh Afshar 1734 son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi 3 September 1748 – 1796 1796 Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)

Zand Kingdom (1751–1794)

Main article: Zand dynasty
Map of the Zand dynasty during the reign of Lotf Ali Khan
Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Reign Death Family relations Notes
Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
Khan, Vakil e-Ro'aayaa Karim Khan Zand Mohammad Karim 1705 1751 – 6 March 1779 6 March 1779 son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha Had Ismail III as a Safavid prince, who reigned as a figurehead under the authority of Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari briefly from 1750 to 1751, and then under the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand from 1751 till his death in 1773.
Khan Mohammad Ali Khan Zand 1760 6 March 1779 – 19 June 1779 19 June 1779 son of Karim
Khan Abol-Fath Khan Zand 1755 6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779 1787 son of Karim
Khan Zaki Khan Zand ? 6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779 22 August 1779 son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha
Khan Sadeq Khan Zand Mohammad Sadeq ? 22 August 1779 – 14 March 1781 1782 son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
Khan Ali-Morad Khan Zand 1720 14 March 1781 – 11 February 1785 11 February 1785 son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh
Khan Jafar Khan ? 18 February 1785 – 23 January 1789 23 January 1789 son of Sadeq
Khan Sayed Morad Khan ? 23 January 1789 – 10 May 1789 10 May 1789 son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh
Khan Lotf Ali Khan 1769 23 January 1789 – 20 March 1794 20 March 1794 son of Ja'far Deposed, blinded and killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Qajar Empire (1794–1925)

Main articles: Qajar Iran and Qajar dynasty
Map of the Qajar dynasty during the reign of Agha Mohammad Shah
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Agha Mohammad Shah
  • آقا محمد شاه
(1742-03-14)14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797(1797-06-17) (aged 55)20 March 179417 June 1797
(assassinated)		Son of Mohammad Hasan KhanQajarAgha Mohammad Shah of Qajar Iran
Fath-Ali Shah
  • فتحعلى‌شاه قاجار
(1772-09-05)5 September 1772 – 23 October 1834(1834-10-23) (aged 62)17 June 179723 October 1834Son of Hossein Qoli Khan, brother of Agha Mohammad ShahQajarFath-Ali Shah of Qajar Iran
Mohammad Shah
  • محمد شاه
(1808-01-05)5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848(1848-09-05) (aged 40)23 October 18345 September 1848Son of Abbas Mirza, son of Fath-Ali ShahQajarMohammad Shah of Qajar Iran
Naser al-Din Shah
  • ناصرالدین شاه
(1831-07-16)16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896(1896-05-01) (aged 64)5 September 18481 May 1896
(assassinated)		Son of Mohammad ShahQajarNaser al-Din Shah of Qajar Iran
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah
  • مظفرالدین شاه
(1853-03-23)23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907(1907-01-03) (aged 53)1 May 18963 January 1907Son of Naser al-Din ShahQajarMozaffar ad-Din Shah of Qajar Iran
Mohammad Ali Shah
  • محمدعلی شاه
(1872-06-21)21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925(1925-04-05) (aged 52)3 January 190716 July 1909
(deposed)		Son of Mozaffar ad-Din ShahQajarMohammad Ali Shah of Qajar Iran
Ahmad Shah
  • احمد شاه
(1898-01-21)21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930(1930-02-21) (aged 32)16 July 190915 December 1925
(deposed)		Son of Mohammad Ali ShahQajarAhmad Shah of Qajar Iran

Pahlavi Empire (1925–1979)

Main articles: Pahlavi Iran and Pahlavi dynasty
Map of the Pahlavi dynasty with modern international borders
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Reza Shah
(1878-03-15)15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944(1944-07-26) (aged 66)15 December 192516 September 1941
(abdicated)		Son of Abbas-Ali KhanPahlaviReza Shah of Pahlavi Iran
Mohammad Reza Shah
  • محمدرضا شاه
(1919-10-26)26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980(1980-07-27) (aged 60)16 September 194111 February 1979
(deposed)		Son of Reza ShahPahlaviMohammad Reza Shah of Pahlavi Iran

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Behistun Inscription: This is Phraortes. He lied, saying: "I am Khshathrita, of the dynasty of Cyaxares. I am king in Media."
  2. ^ G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30–36.
  3. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
  4. ^ Hoschander, Jacob (1918). "The Book of Esther in the Light of History". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 9 (1/2). Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Oxford University: 1–41. doi:10.2307/1451208. JSTOR 1451208. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  5. ^ a b CNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) II. Early-mid 2nd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 16.23 g, 11h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint.
  6. ^ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2010). "The "Unbekannter König III" and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis". Nameye Iran-E Bastan, 15.
  7. ^ a b Assar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC" Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
  10. ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC"
  11. ^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
  12. ^ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
  13. ^ See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
  14. ^ See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
  15. ^ In Persian it means "King of Kings"
  16. ^ "The great king of Armenians"
  17. ^ "The penetrator of the shoulders"
  18. ^ "Queen"
  19. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 168-169.
  20. ^ In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
  21. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 22-24.
  22. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 45.
  23. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 90.
  24. ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 93-95.
  25. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 297.
  26. ^ Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701–702 and 707
  27. ^ H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
  28. ^ بزرگ.
  29. ^ "Ottoman and Persian Empires 1730–1875 by Sanderson Beck".
  30. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press
  31. ^ Steele, Robert (22 March 2021). "Crowning the "Sun of the Aryans": Mohammad Reza Shah's Coronation and Monarchical Spectacle in Pahlavi Iran". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 53 (2): 175–193. doi:10.1017/S002074382000121X. ISSN 0020-7438.
  32. ^ تاریخ بیست ساله ایران، حسین مکی، نشر ناشر، ۱۳۶۳ تهران
  33. ^ نجفقلی پسیان و خسرو معتضد، از سوادکوه تا ژوهانسبورگ: زندگی رضاشاه پهلوی، نشر ثالث، ۷۸۶ صفحه، چاپ سوم، ۱۳۸۲، ویژه:منابع کتاب/9646404200|ISBN 964-6404-20-0

Bibliography

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