Shelling of Newcastle
| Shelling of Newcastle | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Pacific War, World War II | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 Empire of Japan |
 Australia | ||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
|
Matsumura Kanji | |||||
| Strength | |||||
| One submarine | Coastal artillery | ||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||
| None | One house damaged, no casualties | ||||
The Shelling of Newcastle was conducted by the Japanese submarine I-21 in the early hours of 8 June 1942. The bombardment followed the Attack on Sydney Harbour on 31 May, and was conducted shortly after I-24 shelled the eastern suburbs of Sydney. During the attack I-21 fired 34 shells at Newcastle, including eight illumination rounds, but caused little damage. The Australian gunners at Fort Scratchley fired four shells at the submarine, but scored no hits.
Background
During 1942 and 1943 Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) submarines conducted a number of patrols along Australia's east coast.[1] On 16 May 1942 the submarine I-29 attacked the Soviet freighter Wellen 50 miles (80 km) south-east of Newcastle, but did not cause any damage to the ship. In response, a naval force was dispatched from Sydney to attempt to locate the submarine and ships were not permitted to sail between Newcastle and Sydney for 24 hours. On 23 May I-29's floatplane flew over Newcastle and Sydney searching for shipping which could be attacked by midget submarines.[2]
On the night of 31 May three Japanese midget submarines attacked shipping in Sydney Harbour. The ultimate aim was to sink the U.S. Navy Heavy Cruiser USS Chicago, although unsuccessful in this objective, the attack did result in the sinking of the accommodation ship HMAS Kuttabul. All three midget submarines were however lost in the attack.[3] Following this raid, the large submarines which had launched the midgets attacked shipping off the east coast; these included two attacks on ships near Newcastle on the night of 3 June. At 10:18 pm the coastal steamer Age was shelled by I-24 35 miles (56 km) south-east of Norah Head; she did not sustain any damage and docked at Newcastle at 1 am the next day. At about midnight on 3 June the coaster Iron Chieftain was torpedoed and sunk by I-24 near where Age had been attacked.[4][5]
Bombardment
During the early hours of 8 June I-24 and I-21 carried out brief bombardments of Sydney and Newcastle respectively. The purpose of these attacks was to generate what historian David Jenkins has called an "air of disquiet" rather than inflict significant damage on targets in the two cities.[6] Between 00:15 and 00:20 I-24 fired ten shells which landed in the suburbs of Bellevue Hill, Rose Bay and Woollahra. Only one of these shells exploded, and they caused little damage and only injured one person. While the Sydney Harbour defences spotted I-24's gun flashes, the submarine ceased its attack and submerged before the Australian gunners could open fire on it.[7]
I-21 began her bombardment of Newcastle two hours after the attack on Sydney. At this time submarine was 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from Newcastle, and was sailing eastwards as her 140 mm (5.5 in) deck gun was stern-mounted. Prior to the attack the submarine's gun crew had prepared 34 rounds of ammunition; these comprised 26 conventional rounds and eight illumination rounds.[8] The target of the attack was the BHP steelworks in the city.[9]
Between 2:15 am and 2:31 am I-21 fired 34 shells at Newcastle. These rounds landed over a wide area, however, and caused little damage.[9] Only one of the 20 conventional shells exploded, causing damage to a house on Parnell Place. Another shell damaged a nearby tram terminus but did not explode.[10] At 2:28 am the guns at Fort Scratchley near the entrance to Newcastle's harbour opened fire on I-21. The submarine's commanding officer, Commander Matsumura Kanji, continued the bombardment for another three minutes as he believed that it would take time for the Australian gunners to locate the submarine. By the time the attack concluded the fort's two guns had fired two salvos each, but none of the four shells struck I-21.[9][10]
Aftermath
I-21 and I-24 were not attacked by Allied ships during or after their bombardments as no anti-submarine warfare-capable vessels were available in either port.[11] While one person was injured by falling masonry and debris in Sydney, there were no casualties in Newcastle.[12] Although the bombardments caused little damage, they were successful in generating concern among Australians.[6]
Notes
- ^ Nichols, Robert. "Submarine war on Australia". Remembering 1942. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. "HIJMS Submarine I-29: Tabular Record of Movement". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ Board of Studies NSW. "Sydney Harbour". Australia's War 1939–1945. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ Gill (1968), pp. 74–75
- ^ Jenkins (1992), pp. 240–241
- ^ a b Jenkins (1992), p. 247
- ^ Jenkins (1992), pp. 247–249
- ^ Jenkins (1992), p. 250
- ^ a b c Carruthers (2006), p. 197
- ^ a b Jenkins (1992), p. 251
- ^ Stevens (2005), pp. 194–195
- ^ "Sydney and Newcastle, NSW: Wartime Attacks". Attorney-General’s Department Disasters Database. Attorney-General’s Department. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
References
- Carruthers, Steven L. (2006). Japanese Submarine Raiders, 1942 : A Maritime Mystery (Revised ed.). Narrabeen, NSW: Casper Publications. ISBN 0-9775063-0-4.
- Gill, G. Hermon (1968). Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
- Jenkins, David (1992). Battle Surface : Japan's Submarine War Against Australia 1942–44. Milsons Point, NSW: Random House Australia. ISBN 0-09-182638-1.
- Stevens, David (2005). A Critical Vulnerability: The Impact of the Submarine Threat on Australia’s Maritime Defence 1915–1954 (PDF). Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 15). Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia. ISBN 0-642-29625-1.
Further reading
- Jones, Terry; Carruthers, Steven (2013). A Parting Shot: Shelling of Australia by Japanese Submarines 1942. Narrabeen, NSW: Casper Publications. ISBN 9780977506347.