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Afro

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Wadaad (talk | contribs) at 19:39, 2 November 2014 (Undid revision 631052751 by Marchije (talk) I speak Somali. The term does not refer to Northern Somalis at all. Neither does it say so in the text.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Afro (disambiguation).
Musician Billy Preston with an Afro in 1974

Afro, sometimes shortened to 'fro and also known as a "natural", is a hairstyle worn naturally by people with lengthy kinky hair texture or specifically styled in such a fashion by individuals with naturally curly or straight hair.[1][2] The hairstyle is created by combing the hair away from the scalp, allowing the hair to extend out from the head in a large, rounded shape, much like a halo, cloud or ball.[1][2][3][4][5]

In persons with naturally curly or straight hair, the hairstyle is typically created with the help of creams, gels or other solidifying liquids to hold the hair in place. Particularly popular in the African-American community of the late 1960s,[3][5] the hairstyle is often shaped and maintained with the assistance of a wide-toothed comb colloquially known as an afro pick.[2][3][4]

Etymology

Afro is derived from the term "Afro-American".[2] The hairstyle is also referred to by some as the "natural"—particularly the shorter, less elaborate versions of the Afro—since in most cases the hair is left untreated by relaxers or straightening chemicals and is instead allowed to express its natural curl or kinkiness.[3][5]

History in the United States

One of P.T. Barnum's Circassian beauties sporting an Afro

Circassian beauties

In the 1860s, a style similar to the Afro was worn by the Circassian beauties, sometimes known as "Moss-haired girls", a group of women exhibited in sideshow attractions in the United States by P. T. Barnum and others. These women were claimed to be from the Circassian people in the Northern Caucasus region, and were marketed to White audiences captivated by the "exotic East" as pure examples of the Caucasian race who were kept as sexual slaves in Turkish harems.[6][7] It has been argued that this portrayal of a Caucasian woman as a rescued slave during the American Civil War played on the racial connotations of slavery at the time so that the distinctive hairstyle affiliates the side-show white Circassian with black African-American identity, and thus:[6]

resonates oddly yet resoundingly with the rest of her identifying significations: her racial purity, her sexual enslavement, her position as colonial subject; her beauty. The Circassian blended elements of white Victorian True Womanhood with traits of the enslaved African American woman in one curiosity.

African-American hairstyles prior to the 1960s

During the history of slavery in the United States, most black African-Americans styled their hair in an attempt to mimic the styles of the predominantly white society in which they lived.[2][8] Afro-textured hair, characterized by its tight kinks, has been described as being kinky, coarse, cottony, nappy, or woolly.[8][9] These characteristics represented the antithesis of the European American standard of beauty, and led to a negative view of kinky hair. As a result, the practice of straightening gained popularity among black African-Americans.[8]

The process of straightening the hair often involved applying caustic substances, such as relaxers containing lye, which needed to be applied by an experienced hairstylist so as to avoid burning the scalp and ears.[3] In the late 1890s/early 1900s, Madam C. J. Walker also popularized the use of the hot comb in the United States.[8][9] Those who chose not to artificially treat their hair would often opt to style it into tight braids or cornrows.[8] With all of these hairstyling methods, if done improperly, one ran the risk of damaging the hair shaft, sometimes resulting in hair loss.[10]

1960s and '70s

Angela Davis (center, no glasses) enters Royce Hall at UCLA for her first philosophy lecture in October 1969.

The effect of the African-American Civil Rights Movement brought a renewed sense of identity to the black African-American community, which also resulted in a redefinition of personal style that included an appreciation of black beauty and aesthetics, as embodied by the "Black is beautiful" movement.[9][11] This cultural movement marked a return to more natural, untreated hairstyles. The Afro became a powerful political symbol which reflected black pride and a rejection of notions of assimilation and integration—not unlike the long and untreated hair sported by the mainly White hippies.[2][8][9]

To some black African-Americans, the Afro also represented a reconstitutive link to West Africa and Central Africa.[3] However, some critics have suggested that the Afro hairstyle is not particularly African:[3][12] In his book Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies, cultural critic Kobena Mercer argued that the contemporary African society of the mid-20th century did not consider either hairstyle to denote any particular "Africanness"; conversely, some Africans felt that these styles signified "First-worldness".[3]

Similarly, Brackette F. Williams stated in her book Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle that African nationalists were irritated by the Afro's adoption by African Americans as a symbol of their African heritage; they saw this trend as an example of Western arrogance.[13]

The Afro was adopted by both men and women and was a hairstyle that was easier to maintain by oneself, without requiring frequent and sometimes costly visits to the hairstylist as was often experienced by people who chose to braid, straighten or relax their hair. Due to the kinky pattern prominent in Afro-textured hair, as it grows longer it has a tendency to extend outward from the head, resulting in a domelike hairstyle which is easily molded and sculpted into the desired shape.[2][9] While the Afro was a much less invasive and time consuming hairstyle choice for many black African-Americans, some chose to achieve a bushier version of the Afro by backcombing or teasing the hair, a practice that can result in damage to the hair and scalp.[1][5]

In the mid-1960s, the Afro hairstyle began in a fairly tightly coiffed form, such as the hairstyle that became popular among members of the Black Panther Party. As the 1960s progressed towards the 1970s, popular hairstyles, both within and outside of the black African-American community, became longer and longer.[1] As a result, the late 60s/early 70s saw an expansion in the overall size of Afros.[1] Some of the entertainers and sociopolitical figures of the time known for wearing larger afros include political activist Angela Davis, actress Pam Grier, rock musician Jimi Hendrix, and the members of the musical groups The Jackson 5 and The Supremes.[4]

A little girl wearing a hairstyle of several sections of hair bound with elastics, a style called afro puffs

In contrast, the Afro's popularity among black African-Americans had already started to wane by the early 1970s;[1][5] the introduction of the Afro to the mainstream and its adoption by people of non-African descent caused the Afro to lose its radical, political edge.[2] The 1970s saw an increase in the popularity of braided hairstyles such as cornrows among both sexes of African-Americans.

1990s and 2000s

The Afro saw some resurgence in both the 1990s and 2000s.[4][11] These Afros would take varied forms—some incorporating elements such as braids, beads or twists—as well as various sizes—from close-cropped natural hairstyles all the way to expansive Afro wigs.[11]

Some African-Americans who have been known for wearing Afros or Afro wigs during these two decades include NBA basketball players Ben Wallace, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Beasley, as well as musicians Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu, Macy Gray, Ludacris, Questlove, Cindy Blackman, Wiz Khalifa, and Lenny Kravitz. Beyoncé Knowles also donned a large Afro wig for her role as Foxxy Cleopatra in the 2002 film Austin Powers in Goldmember.

Similar styles internationally

A young adult male sporting a "Jewfro"

A Jewfro (portmanteau of the words Jew and afro) or Isro (portmanteau of the words Israel and afro) refers to a curly hairstyle worn by certain people usually of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, who often have very tightly curled hair. Similar hairdos worn by non-Jewish people are usually considered, with humor, to be Jewfros. Its name is inspired by the afro hairstyle, which it resembles.[14]

The term has its roots in the 1960s and 1970s when many prominent figures were described as sporting the hairstyle. The Los Angeles Times called college football star Scott Marcus a flower child with "golden brown hair...in ringlets around his head in what he calls a Jewish afro style".[15]

The New York Times in a 1971 article on Harvard University's "hairy" basketball team, wrote that Captain Brian Newmark, "hasn’t had a haircut since last May and his friends have suggested his hairdo is a first cousin to the Afro...in the case of the Jewish Junior from Brooklyn, though, the bushy dark hair that is piled high on his head has been called an Isro."[16] Novelist Judith Rossner was described in a Chicago Tribune profile as the "grown-up Wunderkind with an open, oval face framed by a Jewish Afro."[17]

The Hadendoa Beja of Northeast Africa were called Fuzzy-Wuzzies by British colonial troops during the Mahdist War of the late 19th century due to their often large and mop-like hairstyles, which they shaped with the assistance of butter or mutton fat.[18] Similarly, young males from the Garre Rahanweyn and Gaalje'el nomadic clans of southern Somalia were known to grow their hair long and carefully comb it into rather large bushes,[19] which they would then hold in place with ghee and sometimes also darken with charcoal.[20] Referred to as guud weeyne,[20] this elaborate hairstyle was quite distinct from that of the jileec (soft or straight-haired) also found among Somalis.[21]

Variations of the afro have been worn by one or both sexes in the many disparate cultures of the African continent. Due to the hairstyle's links to members of the African-American Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the Afro was seen by several outside cultures as a dangerous symbol of political unrest, including Tanzania where the Afro was banned in the 1970s because it was seen as a symbol of neocolonialism and as part of an American cultural invasion.[1][2][22][23] In the 1950s and 60s, South African women were also known to wear their hair in an Afro-type style.[2]

The Afro did not rise to the same level of popularity among the Afro-Caribbean community as it did in the United States, in part because of the popularity of dreadlocks, which played an important role in the Rastafari movement.[2] Not unlike the Afro's significance among the members of the American Black Power movement, dreadlocks symbolized black pride and empowerment amongst the Rastafari of the Caribbean.[3][10] The hairstyle was also banned in Cuba during the 1960s.[24]

Tools

The long, wide teeth of the afro pick or afro comb were designed to dig down to the scalp allowing the hair roots to be stretched straight into a desired style or shape using a picking motion.[2][3][4]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Garland, Phyl, “Is The Afro On Its Way Out?”, Ebony, Feb 1973 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sherrow, Victoria, Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 21-23 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mercer, Kobena, Welcome to the jungle: new positions in Black cultural studies, Routledge, 1994, p. 104-113 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  4. ^ a b c d e Hair Designing - A Complete Course, by Various, Global Media, 2007, section 2 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  5. ^ a b c d e "Modern Living: Beyond the Afro", Time, Oct 25, 1971 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  6. ^ a b Linda Frost, Never one nation: freaks, savages, and whiteness in U.S. popular culture, 1850-1877, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, p.68-88
  7. ^ The Circassian beauty archive A collection of historic Images - Circassian Beauties
  8. ^ a b c d e f Moore Campbell, Bebe, “What happened to the Afro?”, Ebony, June 1982. Last retrieved February 20, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d e Boyce Davies, Carole, Encyclopedia of the African diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2008, pp. 493-495. Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010.
  10. ^ a b Gittens, Sandra, African-Caribbean Hairdressing, Cengage Learning EMEA, 2002, p. 256. Last retrieved February 20, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Irvine, Martha, "The Afro Strikes Back", Associated Press, Mar 8, 2002 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  12. ^ Rielly, Edward J., The 1960s, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 86. Last retrieved February 20, 2010.
  13. ^ Williams, Brackette F., Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle, Duke University Press, 1991, p. 260. Last retrieved February 20, 2010.
  14. ^ Shkolnikova, Svetlana (January–February 2011). "The Jewfro Grows Up and Out". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Dan Hafner, "Louisville's 'Flower Child'; Barefooted Punter Arrives in Shoes and Mod Outfit", Los Angeles Times, Dec 17, 1970. Sec III, pg. G1.
  16. ^ Murray Chass, "Harvard's Hairy Five Makes Some Foes Bristle", The New York Times, February 28, 1971, pg. S4.
  17. ^ Stephen E Rubin, "Tempo; Judith Rossner's novel success is hard to put down", Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1977, pg. 11.
  18. ^ Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 119. ISBN 1576079252.
  19. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1993). Understanding Somalia: guide to culture, history and social institutions. HAAN Associates. p. 59. ISBN 1874209413.
  20. ^ a b Uppsala universitet. African Studies Programme (1987). "Working Papers in African Studies" (33–35): 21–22. Retrieved 8 October 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ Mouton (2000). "Cahiers d'études africaines". 40 (1): 34. Retrieved 8 October 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ Meisler, Stanley, "Afro Hairdo Riles Africa's Blacks", The Milwaukee Journal, Sep 22, 1970 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  23. ^ "Afro Hairdo Banned by Nation in Africa", The Milwaukee Journal, Aug 27, 1971. Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  24. ^ Sawyer, Mark Q., Racial politics in post-revolutionary Cuba, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 65-66 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  • Media related to Afro at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of afro at Wiktionary


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