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Afro

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Marchije (talk | contribs) at 02:58, 24 April 2020 (Undid revision 952773993 by Jamie Tubers (talk) This contradicts the existing reference that states it comes from the term "Afro-American". While the "afro" prefix does generally denote something derived of Africa, we are speaking about the term specific to the hairstyle.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Afro (disambiguation).
Natural Afro
Musician Billy Preston with an afro in 1974

Afro, sometimes abbreviated to 'fro, is a natural growth of curly textured hair, in any length kinky hair texture (also known as a natural), or specifically styled with chemical curling products by individuals with naturally curly or straight hair.[1][2] The hairstyle can be created by combing the hair away from the scalp, dispersing a distintive curl pattern, and forming the hair into a rounded shape, much like a cloud or puff ball.[1][2][3][4][5]

In people with wavy or straight hair, the hairstyle is instead typically created with the help of permanent hair structure-changing creams or gels and/or other solidifying liquids to temporarily hold the hair in place. Particularly popular in the African-American community of the late 1960s and early 1970s,[3][5] the hairstyle is often shaped and maintained with the assistance of a wide-toothed comb colloquially known as an Afro pick.[2][3][4]

Etymology

"Afro" is derived from the term "Afro-American".[2] The hairstyle is also referred to by some as "natural"—particularly the shorter, less elaborate versions of the Afro—since in most cases the hair is left untreated by relaxers or straightening chemicals and is instead allowed to express its natural curl or kinkiness.[3][5]

History in the United States

Circassian beauties

One of P. T. Barnum's Circassian beauties sporting a fro

In the 1860s, a hairstyle similar to the afro was worn by the Circassian beauties. Sometimes known as "Moss-haired girls", they were a group of women exhibited in sideshow attractions in the United States by P. T. Barnum and others. These women claimed to be descendants of the Circassian people in the North Caucasus region, and were marketed to White audiences captivated by the "exotic East" as pure examples of the Caucasian race who were kept as sexual slaves in Turkish harems.[6][7] It has been argued that this portrayal of a Caucasian woman as a rescued slave during the American Civil War played on the racial connotations of slavery at the time so that the distinctive hairstyle affiliates the side-show white Circassian with African-American identity, and thus:[6]

... resonates oddly yet resoundingly with the rest of her identifying significations: her racial purity, her sexual enslavement, her position as colonial subject; her beauty. The Circassian blended elements of white Victorian True Womanhood with traits of the enslaved black woman in one curiosity.

African-American hairstyles prior to the 1960s

Global hair texture distribution.

During the history of slavery in the United States, most African Americans styled their hair in an attempt to mimic the styles of the predominantly white society in which they lived.[2][8] Fro-textured hair, characterized by its tight kinks, has been described as being kinky, coarse, cottony, nappy, or woolly.[8][9] These characteristics represented the antithesis of the European American standard of beauty, and led to a negative view of kinky hair. As a result, the practice of straightening gained popularity among African Americans.[8]

The process of straightening the hair often involved applying caustic substances, such as relaxers containing lye, which needed to be applied by an experienced hairstylist so as to avoid burning the scalp and ears.[3] Those who chose not to artificially treat their hair would often opt to style it into tight braids or cornrows.[8] With all of these hairstyling methods, one ran the risk of damaging the hair shaft, sometimes resulting in hair loss.[10]

1960s and 1970s

Angela Davis (center, no glasses) enters Royce Hall at UCLA for her first philosophy lecture in October 1969.

The effect of the Civil Rights Movement brought a renewed sense of identity to the African–American community, which also resulted in a redefinition of personal style that included an appreciation of black beauty and aesthetics, as embodied by the "Black is beautiful" movement.[9][11] This cultural movement marked a return to more natural, untreated hairstyles. The Afro became a powerful political symbol which reflected black pride and a rejection of notions of assimilation and integration—not unlike the long and untreated hair sported by the mainly White hippies.[2][8][9]

To some African Americans, the afro also represented a reconstitutive link to West Africa and Central Africa.[3] However, some critics have suggested that the afro hairstyle is not particularly African:[3][12] In his book Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies, cultural critic Kobena Mercer argued that the contemporary African society of the mid-20th century did not consider either hairstyle to denote any particular "Africanness"; conversely, some Africans felt that these styles signified "First-worldness".[3]

Similarly, Brackette F. Williams stated in her book Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle that African nationalists were irritated by the fro's adoption by African Americans as a symbol of their African heritage; they saw this trend as an example of Western arrogance.[13]

The afro was adopted by both men and women and was a hairstyle that was easier to maintain by oneself, without requiring frequent and sometimes costly visits to the hairstylist as was often experienced by people who chose to braid, straighten or relax their hair. Due to the kinky pattern prominent in fro-textured hair, as it grows longer it has a tendency to extend outward from the head, resulting in a domelike hairstyle which is easily molded and sculpted into the desired shape.[2][9] While the afro was a much less invasive and time-consuming hairstyle choice for many African Americans, some chose to achieve a more voluminous version of the afro by backcombing or teasing the hair, a practice that can result in damage to the hair and scalp.[1][5]

In the mid-1960s, the afro hairstyle began in a fairly tightly coiffed form, such as the hairstyle that became popular among members of the Black Panther Party. As the 1960s progressed towards the 1970s, popular hairstyles, both within and outside of the African-American community, became longer and longer.[1] As a result, the late 1960s/early 1970s saw an expansion in the overall size of fros.[1] Some of the entertainers and sociopolitical figures of the time known for wearing larger afros include political activist Angela Davis, actress Pam Grier, rock musician Jimi Hendrix, singer Miriam Makeba, and the members of the musical groups The Jackson 5 and The Supremes.[4][14]

A young girl wearing a hairstyle of several sections of hair bound with elastics, a style called afro puffs

In contrast, the afro's popularity among African Americans had already started to wane by the early 1970s;[1][5] the introduction of the afro to the mainstream and its adoption by people of non-African descent caused the afro to lose its radical, political edge.[2] The 1970s saw an increase in the popularity of braided hairstyles such as cornrows among both sexes of African Americans.

1990s and 2000s

The afro saw some resurgence in both the 1990s and the 2000s.[4][11] These afros would take varied forms, some incorporating elements such as braids, beads or twists, as well as various sizes, from close-cropped natural hairstyles all the way to expansive afro wigs.[11]

Some African Americans who have been known for wearing afros or afro wigs during these two decades include NBA basketball players Ben Wallace, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Beasley, as well as musicians Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu, Macy Gray, Ludacris, Questlove, Cindy Blackman, Wiz Khalifa, and Lenny Kravitz. Beyoncé also donned a large afro wig for her role as Foxxy Cleopatra in the 2002 film Austin Powers in Goldmember.

On July 3, 2019, California became the first state in the United States to prohibit discrimination over natural hair. Governor Gavin Newsom signed the CROWN Act into law, banning employers and schools from discriminating against hairstyles such as afros, braids, twists, and locks.[15] Likewise, later in 2019 Assembly Bill 07797 became law in New York state; it "prohibits race discrimination based on natural hair or hairstyles."[16]

Similar styles internationally

A young man sporting a "Jewfro"

A "Jewfro" (portmanteau of the words Jew and afro) or "Isro" (portmanteau of the words Israel and afro) refers to an afro when worn by Jews.[17]

The term has its roots in the 1960s and 1970s when many prominent figures were described as sporting the hairstyle. The Los Angeles Times called college football star Scott Marcus a flower child with "golden brown hair ... in ringlets around his head in what he calls a Jewish afro style".[18]

The New York Times in a 1971 article on Harvard University's "hairy" basketball team, wrote that Captain Brian Newmark "hasn't had a haircut since last May and his friends have suggested his hairdo is a first cousin to the fro ... in the case of the Jewish Junior from Brooklyn, though, the bushy dark hair that is piled high on his head has been called an Isro."[19] Novelist Judith Rossner was described in a Chicago Tribune profile as the "grown-up Wunderkind with an open, oval face framed by a Jewish Afro."[20]

The Hadendoa Beja of northeastern Africa were called Fuzzy-Wuzzies by British colonial troops during the Mahdist War of the late 19th century due to their often large and mop-like hairstyles, which they shaped by applying butter or mutton fat.[21] In Somalia, some young men of the nomadic and sedentary communities would grow their hair long and carefully comb it into rather large bushes, which they would then hold in place with ghee.[22] This elaborate hairstyle was quite distinct from another coiffure found among other Somalis, who would instead grow long and fluff out their fine, straight hair and place a chewing stick and comb in the center.[23]

Variations of the afro have been worn by one or both sexes in the many disparate cultures of the African continent. Due to the hairstyle's links to members of the African-American Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the afro was seen by several outside cultures as a dangerous symbol of political unrest, including Tanzania where the Afro was banned in the 1970s because it was seen as a symbol of neocolonialism and as part of an American cultural invasion.[1][2][24][25] In the 1950s and 1960s, South African women were also known to wear their hair in a fro-type style.[2]

The afro did not rise to the same level of popularity among the Afro-Caribbean community as it did in the United States, in part because of the popularity of dreadlocks, which played an important role in the Rastafari movement.[2] Not unlike the fro's significance among the members of the American Black Power movement, dreadlocks symbolized black pride and empowerment among the Rastafari of the Caribbean.[3][10]

File:Luke Kelly SInger 1.jpg
Frontman of the Dubliners, Luke Kelly

The afro was also somewhat common in Ireland. The Irish afro was most famously worn by Irish Traditional singer Luke Kelly.

Tools

The long, wide teeth of the "afro pick" or afro comb were designed to dig down to the scalp allowing the hair roots to be stretched straight into a desired style or shape using a picking motion.[2][3][4]

Documentary

The creation and marketing of the Afro is featured in Bayer Mack's 2019 documentary, No Lye: An American Beauty Story, that chronicles the rise and decline of the black-owned ethnic beauty industry.[26]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Garland, Phyl, "Is The Afro On Its Way Out?", Ebony, February 1973. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sherrow, Victoria, Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, pp. 21–23. Rretrieved February 20, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mercer, Kobena, Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies, Routledge, 1994, pp. 104–113. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hair Designing - A Complete Course, by Various, Global Media, 2007, section 2. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Modern Living: Beyond the Afro", Time, October 25, 1971. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  6. ^ a b Linda Frost, Never One Nation: Freaks, Savages, and Whiteness in U.S. Popular Culture, 1850-1877, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, pp. 68-88.
  7. ^ The Circassian beauty archive A collection of historic Images - Circassian Beauties Archived July 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c d e Moore Campbell, Bebe, "What happened to the Afro?", Ebony, June 1982. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d Boyce Davies, Carole, Encyclopedia of the African diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2008, pp. 493-495. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  10. ^ a b Gittens, Sandra, African-Caribbean Hairdressing, Cengage Learning EMEA, 2002, p. 256. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Irvine, Martha, "The Afro Strikes Back", Associated Press, March 8, 2002. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  12. ^ Rielly, Edward J., The 1960s, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 86. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  13. ^ Williams, Brackette F., Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle, Duke University Press, 1991, p. 260. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  14. ^ Jaggi, Maya (April 29, 2000). "The return of Mama Africa". The Guardian.
  15. ^ "California bans racial discrimination based on hair in schools and workplaces". JURIST. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  16. ^ "New York bans discrimination against natural hair". TheHill. 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  17. ^ Shkolnikova, Svetlana (January–February 2011). "The Jewfro Grows Up and Out". Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
  18. ^ Dan Hafner, "Louisville's 'Flower Child'; Barefooted Punter Arrives in Shoes and Mod Outfit", Los Angeles Times, December 17, 1970. Sec III, p. G1.
  19. ^ Murray Chass, "Harvard's Hairy Five Makes Some Foes Bristle", The New York Times, February 28, 1971, p. S4.
  20. ^ Stephen E. Rubin, "Tempo; Judith Rossner's novel success is hard to put down", Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1977, p. 11.
  21. ^ Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 119. ISBN 1576079252.
  22. ^ Uppsala universitet. African Studies Programme (1987). "Working Papers in African Studies" (33–35): 21–22. Retrieved December 16, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ N. H. Wilson, Guy A. Taylor (1948). Nada: The Southern Rhodesia Native Affairs Department Annual, Issues 25-30. Southern Rhodesia. Dept. of Native Affairs. p. 86. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  24. ^ Meisler, Stanley, "Afro Hairdo Riles Africa's Blacks", The Milwaukee Journal, September 22, 1970. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  25. ^ "Afro Hairdo Banned by Nation in Africa", The Milwaukee Journal, August 27, 1971. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  26. ^ "EXTRA! EXTRA! READ ALL ABOUT IT! 'NO LYE: AN AMERICAN BEAUTY STORY' GIVES EXCELLENT HISTORY LESSON". EURweb.com. 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  • Media related to Afro at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of afro at Wiktionary


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