Idelalisib
 Idelalisib structure | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /aɪˈdɛləlɪsɪb/ eye-DEL-ə-li-sib |
| Trade names | Zydelig |
| Other names | GS-1101, CAL-101 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a614040 |
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| Routes of administration | Oral |
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| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | >84%[5] |
| Metabolism | Aldehyde oxidase (~70%), CYP3A4 (~30%);[6] UGT1A4 (minor) |
| Metabolites | GS-563117 (inactive in vitro) |
| Onset of action | Tmax = 1.5 hours |
| Elimination half-life | 8.2 hours |
| Excretion | Feces (78%), urine (14%) |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.235.089 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C22H18FN7O |
| Molar mass | 415.432 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Idelalisib, sold under the brand name Zydelig, is a medication used to treat certain blood cancers.[5][4] Idelalisib acts as a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor; more specifically, it blocks P110δ, the delta isoform of the enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase.[7][8] It was developed by Gilead Sciences. It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth).
Medical uses
[edit]Idelalisib is a second-line medication for people whose chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has relapsed. Used in combination with rituximab,[9] idelalisib is to be used in people for whom rituximab alone would be considered appropriate therapy due to other existing medical conditions.[9] It appears to be effective and leads to improvement of lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. However, the lymphocyte counts take longer to decrease to normal levels with idelalisib. It is not recommended as a first-line treatment.[5]
Adverse effects
[edit]Clinical symptoms include diarrhea, fever, fatigue, nausea, cough, pneumonia, abdominal pain, chills and rash. Laboratory abnormalities may include: neutropenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia and elevated levels of liver enzymes. Idelalisib's safety and effectiveness to treat relapsed FL and relapsed SLL were established in a clinical trial with 123 participants with slow-growing (indolent) non-Hodgkin lymphomas. All participants were treated with idelalisib and were evaluated for complete or partial disappearance of their cancer after treatment (objective response rate, or ORR). Results showed 54% of participants with relapsed FL and 58% of participants with SLL experienced ORR.[10]
The US label for idelalisib has a boxed warning describing toxicities that can be serious and fatal, including liver toxicity, severe diarrhea, colon inflammation, lung tissue inflammation (pneumonitis) and intestinal perforation, and the manufacturer was required to put in place a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) under which the risk of toxicities would be managed.[11]
In March 2016, as reports were made from three ongoing clinical trials of serious adverse events and deaths, mostly due to infections, the European Medicines Agency opened a review of the drug and its risks.[12] On March 21, 2016 Gilead Sciences (the manufacturer of idelalisib) alerted healthcare providers about decreased overall survival and increased risk of serious infections in patients with CLL and indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL) treated with idelalisib.[13] The company also disclosed that it stopped six clinical trials in patients with CLL, SLL and iNHL due to an increased rate of adverse events, including deaths.[14] In 2016, the EMA recommended that people on idelalisib should be given medication against the lung infection Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and this should be continued for up to 6 months after idelalisib has stopped. In addition, people should be monitored for signs of infection.[15]
Pharmacology
[edit]Mechanism of action
[edit]PI3Kδ is expressed in normal and malignant B-cells. By inhibiting it, idelalisib induces apoptosis and prevents proliferation in cell lines derived from malignant B-cells and in primary tumor cells. It also inhibits several cell signaling pathways, including B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and the CXCR4 and CXCR5 signaling, which are involved in the trafficking and homing of B-cells to the lymph nodes and bone marrow.[5]
Binding profile
[edit]Idelalisib is a competitive inhibitor of the ATP binding site of the PI3Kδ catalytic domain. Its in vitro potency and selectivity relative to the other Class I PI3K isoforms is the following:[16]
| PI3K isoform | IC50 (nM) | IC50-based PI3Kδ-fold selectivity |
|---|---|---|
| PI3Kα | 8,600 | 453 |
| PI3Kβ | 4,000 | 211 |
| PI3Kγ | 2,100 | 110 |
| PI3Kδ | 19 | 1 |
Society and culture
[edit]Legal status
[edit]In July 2014, the FDA and EMA granted idelalisib approval to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia.[10][17]
It was also approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma (FL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), both in patients who had received at least two prior systemic therapies.[5] This approval was voluntarily withdrawn by the manufacturer in May 2022 after they failed to complete post-marketing confirmatory studies required by the FDA.[18] This has coincided with the withdrawal of every other PI3K inhibitor for follicular lymphoma: duvelisib in December 2021, umbralisib in January 2022, and copanlisib in November 2023.[19][20][21] These withdrawals are attributed to a possibly detrimental effect on survival seen in multiple studies of this drug class, likely due to toxic side effects.[22]
Economics
[edit]Idelalisib had annual sales of $168 million (USD) during the year of 2016, up from $132 million (USD) in 2015.[23]
References
[edit]- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
- ^ "Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2015". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ "Health Canada New Drug Authorizations: 2015 Highlights". Health Canada. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Zydelig EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Zydelig- idelalisib tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ "Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics Review: Zydelig (idelalisib)" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. p. 6. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ Spreitzer H (13 May 2013). "Neue Wirkstoffe – Ibrutinib und Idelalisib". Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German) (10/2013): 34.
- ^ Wu M, Akinleye A, Zhu X (May 2013). "Novel agents for chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 6: 36. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-6-36. PMC 3659027. PMID 23680477.
- ^ a b Furman RR, Sharman JP, Coutre SE, Cheson BD, Pagel JM, Hillmen P, et al. (March 2014). "Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (11): 997–1007. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1315226. PMC 4161365. PMID 24450857.
- ^ a b "FDA approves Zydelig for three types of blood cancers" (Press release). Food and Drug Administration. July 23, 2014. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "FDA approves Zydelig for three types of blood cancers". FDA (Press release). Retrieved 2016-03-14.
- ^ "European Medicines Agency — News and Events — EMA reviews cancer medicine Zydelig". www.ema.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
- ^ "Important Drug Warning: Decreased Overall Survival and Increased Risk of Serious Infections in Patients Receiving ZYDELIG (idelalisib)" (PDF). Gilead Sciences, Inc. March 21, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ "Drug Safety and Availability — FDA Alerts Healthcare Professionals About Clinical Trials with Zydelig (idelalisib) in Combination with Other Cancer Medicines". FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ "CHMP confirms recommendations for use of Zydelig". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 15 September 2016.
- ^ "Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use Assessment Report: Zydelig (idelalisib)" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ "European Medicines Agency recommends approval of two new treatment options for rare cancers" (Press release). European Medicines Agency. July 25, 2014.
- ^ "Gilead Sciences, Inc.; Withdrawal of Approval of Indications for Relapsed Follicular Lymphoma and Relapsed Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma for ZYDELIG (Idelalisib) Tablets" (Press release). Federal Register. May 26, 2022. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Secura Bio Withdraws Duvelisib Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma Indication in the United States". OncLive. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "FDA withdrew its approval for the cancer medicine Ukoniq (umbralisib) due to safety concerns". FDA Drug Safety Podcast. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Bayer withdraws follicular lymphoma drug after further trial fails". Reuters. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ Richardson NC, Kasamon Y, Pazdur R, Gormley N (May 2022). "The saga of PI3K inhibitors in haematological malignancies: survival is the ultimate safety endpoint". The Lancet. Oncology. 23 (5): 563–566. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00200-5. PMID 35429996.
- ^ "Annual Sales of Idelalisib reported using PharmaCompass' compilation of Annual Reports of Global Pharmaceutical Companies". Pharmacompass. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
