Jump to content

Fellatio

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Fellator)

For other uses, see Fellatio (disambiguation). "Blow job" redirects here. For other uses, see Blow job (disambiguation).
An illustration of a woman performing fellatio on a man

Fellatio (also known as fellation,[1] and in slang as blowjob, BJ, giving head, or sucking off)[2] is an oral sex act consisting of the stimulation of a penis by using the mouth.[3][4] Oral stimulation of the scrotum may also be termed fellatio,[5][6] or colloquially as teabagging.[7]

It may be performed by a sexual partner as foreplay before other sexual activities, such as vaginal or anal intercourse,[8][9] or as an erotic and physically intimate act of its own.[8][4] Fellatio creates a risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but the risk is significantly lower than that of vaginal or anal sex, especially for HIV transmission.[10][11][12]

Most countries do not have laws banning the practice of fellatio, though some cultures may consider it taboo.[8] People may also refrain from engaging in fellatio due to personal preference, negative feelings, or sexual inhibitions.[8] Commonly, people do not view oral sex as affecting the virginity of either partner, though opinions on the matter vary.[13][14][15][16]

Etymology

The English noun fellatio comes from the Latin fellātus, the past participle of the verb fellāre, meaning "to suck".[17] In fellatio, the -us is replaced by the -io while the declension stem ends in -ion-, which gives the suffix the form -ion (cf. French fellation). The -io(n) ending is used in English to create nouns from Latin adjectives and it can indicate a state or action wherein the Latin verb is being, or has been, performed.

Further English words have been created based on the same Latin root. A person who performs fellatio upon another (i.e. who fellates) may be termed a fellator. Latin's gender based declension means this word may be restricted to describing a male. The equivalent term for a female is fellatrix.

Practice

General

Illustration by Édouard-Henri Avril (1849–1928) depicting fellatio

The essential aspect of fellatio is oral stimulation of the penis (including the shaft and glans) through sucking with the mouth, use of the tongue for licking, using the lips, or some combination.[8] One method is the sex partner taking the penis into the mouth and moving smoothly up and down to a rhythm while being careful to avoid contact with the teeth.[8] Fellatio also includes oral stimulation of the scrotum, whether licking, sucking or taking the entire scrotum into the mouth.[5][6] During the act, orgasm may be achieved and semen may be ejaculated into the partner's mouth.[8][4] When the penis is thrust into someone's mouth, it is called irrumatio, though the term is rarely used.[18]

Performing fellatio can trigger the gag reflex.[19]

It is physically possible for men with sufficient flexibility, penis size, or both, to perform fellatio on themselves as a form of masturbation, in an act called autofellatio. However, few men possess the flexibility and penis length to safely perform the necessary frontbend.[20]

Deposition of semen

Further information: Semen § Ingestion

During fellatio, a partner may ingest semen from the penis. As late as 1976, some doctors were advising women in the eighth and ninth months of pregnancy not to swallow semen lest it induce premature labor, but it was later determined to be safe.[21]

The receiver of fellatio typically becomes sexually aroused. Once the prerequisite level of sexual stimulation has been achieved and ejaculation becomes imminent, the semen may be discharged onto his partner. The male may position his penis prior to ejaculation so that semen will be deposited onto his partner's face (known as a "facial"), or other body part such as their neck, chest or breast.[22]

Deep-throating

A woman with the full length of a man's penis inside her mouth.
An illustration of a woman deep-throating a man

Deep-throating is a sexual act in which a person takes a partner's entire erect penis into the mouth and throat. The technique and term became popularized by the 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat. Generally, the person receiving fellatio is in control.[23][24] For deep-throating, the penis must be long enough so that it can reach the back of the receiver's throat.[23]

Deep-throating can be difficult because of the natural gag reflex that is triggered when the soft palate is touched.[25][26] People have different sensitivities to this reflex. With practice, some learn to suppress it. Deep-throating leads to a different kind of sexual stimulation of the penis than regular fellatio: the tongue's movement is restricted during deep-throating and sucking becomes impossible;[27] the tightness of the pharynx can intensely stimulate the glans of the penis.

Other aspects

An illustration of two men performing fellatio on each other in the 69 position

The male receiving fellatio receives direct sexual stimulation, while his partner may derive satisfaction from giving him pleasure. Giving and receiving fellatio may happen simultaneously in sex positions like 69 and daisy chain.

Fellatio is sometimes practiced when vaginal or anal penetration would create a physical difficulty for a sex partner. For example, it may be practiced during pregnancy instead of vaginal intercourse by couples wishing to engage in intimate sexual activity while avoiding the difficulty of vaginal intercourse during later stages of pregnancy.[28]

Other reasons why a woman may not wish to have vaginal intercourse include apprehension of losing her virginity or of becoming pregnant,[13][15] or because she may be menstruating.

Health aspects

Sexually transmitted infections

Chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), gonorrhea, herpes, hepatitis (multiple strains), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be transmitted through oral sex.[10][11][29] Any sexual exchange of bodily fluids with a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, poses a risk of infection. Risk of STI infection, however, is generally considered significantly lower for oral sex than for vaginal or anal sex, with HIV transmission considered the lowest risk with regard to oral sex.[11][12][30][31]

There is an increased risk of STI transmission if the receiving partner has wounds on their genitals, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in their mouth, or bleeding gums.[11][12][32] Brushing the teeth, flossing, or undergoing dental work soon before or after giving fellatio can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth.[11][12] These wounds, even when they are microscopic, increase the chances of contracting STIs that can be transmitted orally under these conditions.[11][12] Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common bacteria and viruses found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of the aforementioned factors, medical sources advise the use of condoms or other effective barrier methods when performing or receiving fellatio with a partner whose STI status is unknown.[10][11][12][29]

Links have been reported between oral sex and oral cancer with HPV-infected people.[33]

A 2007 study suggested a correlation between oral sex and throat cancer. It is believed that this is due to the transmission of HPV, a virus that has been implicated in the majority of cervical cancers and which has been detected in throat cancer tissue in numerous studies. The study concludes that people who had one to five oral sex partners in their lifetime had approximately a doubled risk of throat cancer compared with those who never engaged in this activity and those with more than five oral sex partners had a 250 percent increased risk.[34][35][36]

Pregnancy and semen exposure

See also: Paternal tolerance

Fellatio cannot result in pregnancy, as there is no way for ingested sperm to reach the uterus and fallopian tubes to fertilize an egg cell. At any rate, acids in the stomach and digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract break down and kill spermatozoa.

Clinical research has tentatively linked fellatio with immune modulation,[37] indicating it may reduce the chance of complications during pregnancy. The potentially fatal complication pre-eclampsia was observed to occur less in women who regularly engaged in fellatio, with those who also ingested their partner's semen being at the least risk.[38] The results were consistent with the fact that semen contains TGF-β1, the exchange of which between partners has a causal reduction in risk of pre-eclampsia caused by an immunological reaction. However, fellatio is not the only viable mechanism for the transmission of TGF-β1.[37][39][40]

Cultural views

Virginity

Oral sex is commonly used as a means of preserving virginity, especially among heterosexual pairings; this is sometimes termed technical virginity (which additionally includes anal sex, manual sex and other non-penetrative sex acts, but excludes penile-vaginal sex).[13][14][15][41] The concept of "technical virginity" or sexual abstinence through oral sex is particularly popular among teenagers in the United States,[15][32][42] including with regard to teenage girls who not only fellate their boyfriends to preserve their virginities, but also to create and maintain intimacy or to avoid pregnancy.[15] Other reasons given for the practice among teenage girls are peer-group pressure and as their introduction to sexual activity.[15] Additionally, gay males may regard fellatio as a way of maintaining their virginities, with penile-anal penetration defined as resulting in virginity loss, while other gay males may define fellatio as their main form of sexual activity.[13][16]

Legality

See also: Islamic views on oral sex

Fellatio is legal in most countries. Laws of some jurisdictions regard fellatio as penetrative sex for the purposes of sexual offenses with regard to the act, but most countries do not have laws which ban the practice, in contrast to anal sex or extramarital sex. In Islamic literature, the only forms of sexual activity that are consistently explicitly prohibited within marriage are anal sex and sexual activity during menstruation.[43] However, the exact attitude towards oral sex is a subject of disagreements between modern scholars of Islam. Authorities considering it "objectionable" do so because of the penis' supposedly impure fluids coming in contact with the mouth.[44] Others emphasize that there is no decisive evidence to forbid oral sex.[45]

In Malaysia, fellatio is illegal, but the law is seldom enforced. Under Malaysia's Section 377A of the Penal Code, the introduction of the penis into the anus or mouth of another person is considered a "carnal intercourse against the order of nature" and is punishable with imprisonment of 20 years maximum and whipping.[46]

Tradition

Depiction of fellatio on Attic red-figure kylix, c. 510 BC

Galienus called fellatio lesbiari since women of the island of Lesbos were supposed to have introduced the practice of using one's lips to give sexual pleasure.[47]

Oral sex depicted in the Kama Sutra

The Ancient Indian Kama Sutra, dating from the first century AD, describes oral sex,[48] discussing fellatio in great detail (the Kama Sutra has a chapter on auparishtaka (or oparishtaka), "mouth congress")[49] and only briefly mentioning cunnilingus. However, according to the Kama Sutra, fellatio is above all a characteristic of eunuchs (or, according to other translations, of effeminate homosexuals or trans women similar to the modern Hijra of India), who use their mouths as a substitute for female genitalia.[50]

Vātsyāyana, the author of the Kama Sutra, states that it is also practiced by "unchaste women", but mentions that there are widespread traditional concerns about this being a degrading or unclean practice, with known practitioners being evaded as love partners in large parts of the country. The author appears to somewhat agree with these attitudes, claiming that "a wise man" should not engage in that form of intercourse while acknowledging that it can be appropriate in some unspecified cases.[51][52]

The Moche culture of ancient Peru depicted fellatio in their ceramics.[53]

In some cultures, such as Cambodia, Chinese in Southeast Asia, northern Manchu tribes along Amur River,[54] Sambians in Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Telugus of India, Hawaii and other Pacific Islanders, briefly taking the penis of a male infant or toddler into one's mouth was considered a nonsexual form of affection or even a form of ritual, greeting, respect, parenting love, or lifesaving.[55][56][57][58] According to some sources, it was an ancient Chinese custom for grandmothers, mothers, and elder sisters to calm their baby boys with fellatio.[59][60] It has also been reported that some modern Chinese mothers have performed fellatio to their moribund sons as affection and means for lifesaving, because they culturally believe that when the penis is completely retracted into the abdomen, the boy or man will die.[58][61][62]

Other animals

Main articles: Animal sexual behavior and Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals § Oral sex
Female bats perform fellatio to increase copulation time. This species is the only non-primate known to exhibit this behaviour.[63]

Flying foxes (a type of bat) have been observed engaging in oral sex.[64] Indian flying fox males will lick a female's vulva both before and after copulation, with the length of pre-copulation cunnilingus positively correlated with length of copulation.[65] The fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx, has been observed to engage in fellatio during mating. Pairs spend more time copulating if the female licks the male than if she does not.[63][66] Male Livingstone's fruit bats have been observed engaging in homosexual fellatio, although it is unknown if this is an example of sexual behavior or social grooming.[67] Bonin flying foxes also engage in homosexual fellatio, but the behavior has been observed independently of social grooming.[64]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fellatio.

References

  1. ^ "fellation". Merriam-Webster. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-04-10.
  2. ^ "Oral Sex". BBC Advice. BBC. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12.
  3. ^ Krychman, Michael (2009). 100 Questions & Answers About Women's Sexual Wellness and Vitality: A Practical Guide for the Woman Seeking Sexual Fulfillment. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-76375-448-8. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Wayne Weiten; Margaret A. Lloyd; Dana S. Dunn; Elizabeth Yost Hammer (2008). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st century. Cengage Learning. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-495-55339-7. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Nilamadhab Kar; Gopal Chandra Kar (2005). Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 106. ISBN 978-81-8061-405-7. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Robert Crooks; Karla Baur (2010). Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-495-81294-4. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2013. Fellatio (fuh-LAY-shee-oh) is oral stimulation of the penis and scrotum.
  7. ^ Tom Dalzell; Terry Victor (2007). Sex Slang. Psychology Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-203-93577-4. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Janell L. Carroll (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. pp. 265–267. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  9. ^ "What is oral sex?". NHS Choices. NHS. 2009-01-15. Archived from the original on 2010-10-01.
  10. ^ a b c "Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Dianne Hales (2008). An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011. Cengage Learning. pp. 269–271. ISBN 978-0-495-39192-0. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  12. ^ a b c d e f William Alexander; Helaine Bader; Judith H. LaRosa (2011). New Dimensions in Women's Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-4496-8375-7. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d See here Archived 2020-08-14 at the Wayback Machine and 47-49 Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine for male virginity, how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and for how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 978-0-8147-1652-6. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
  14. ^ a b Bryan Strong; Christine DeVault; Theodore F. Cohen (2010). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-534-62425-5. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2011. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins' [...] Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation).
  15. ^ a b c d e f Sonya S. Brady; Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher (2007). "Adolescents' Reported Consequences of Having Oral Sex Versus Vaginal Sex" (PDF). Pediatrics. 119 (2): 229–236. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.321.9520. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1727. PMID 17272611. S2CID 17998160. Archived from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  16. ^ a b Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). "Like a Virgin". The Advocate. Here Publishing. pp. 44–45. 0001-8996. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  17. ^ The Chambers Dictionary. Allied Chambers (India) limited. 2002. p. 592. ISBN 978-8-18606-225-8. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  18. ^ "irrumatio in Sex-Lexis". Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  19. ^ Bullough, Bonnie; Bullough, Vern (1994). Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub. p. 427. ISBN 978-0-82407-972-7. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  20. ^ Savage, Dan (1998). Savage Love: Straight Answers from America's Most Popular Sex Columnist. Penguin Books. p. 242. ISBN 978-0452278158.
  21. ^ Sandra Margot; Tonianne Robino (2002). The Pregnant Couple's Guide to Sex, Romance, and Intimacy. Citadel Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-8065-2323-1.
  22. ^ Staff, Dalzell Victor Eds; Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-25938-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  23. ^ a b Wright, Anne (2009). Grandma's Sex Handbook. Intimate Press, USA. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-578-02075-4. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  24. ^ Freud, Sigmund (1916). Leonardo da Vinci: A PSYCHOSEXUAL STUDY OF AN INFANTILE REMINISCENCE. New York: MOFFAT YARD & COMPANY. pp. 39. Retrieved January 7, 2012. The situation contained in the phantasy, that a vulture opened the mouth of the child and forcefully belabored it with its tail, corresponds to the idea of fellatio, a sexual act in which the member is placed into the mouth of the woman.
  25. ^ McDougal, David; Van Lieshout, Dave; Harting, John. "Medical Neurosciences". UW-Madison Medical school. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  26. ^ "About WordNet - WordNet - About WordNet". Princeton University. 2010. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  27. ^ Gentry, Cynthia W. (2005). The Bedside Orgasm Book: 365 Days of Sexual Ecstasy. Gloucester, Massachusetts USA: Fair Winds Press. p. 260. ISBN 1-59233-101-7. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  28. ^ "Is it safe to swallow semen during pregnancy?". BabyCenter. Archived from the original on 2008-02-15. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  29. ^ a b "Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2011. Also see Fact Sheet Archived 2018-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Robert J. Pratt (2003). HIV & AIDS: A Foundation for Nursing and Healthcare Practice. CRC Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-340-70639-8. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  31. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2010). Sex and Society, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7614-7906-2. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  32. ^ a b "Oral Sex and HIV Risk" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  33. ^ "The HPV Connection". Archived from the original on 2014-02-27.
  34. ^ D'Souza G; Kreimer AR; Viscidi R; et al. (2007). "Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (19): 1944–1956. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065497. PMID 17494927. S2CID 18819678.
  35. ^ Khamsi, Roxanne, "Oral sex can cause throat cancer" Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, New Scientist, London, 9 May 2007.
  36. ^ "New Scientist: "Oral sex can cause throat cancer" – 09 May 2007". newscientist.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  37. ^ a b Robertson, Sarah A; Ingman, Wendy V; O'Leary, Sean; Sharkey, David J; Tremellen, Kelton P (1 October 2002). "Transforming growth factor β—a mediator of immune deviation in seminal plasma". Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 57 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1016/S0165-0378(02)00015-3. ISSN 0165-0378. PMID 12385837.
  38. ^ Koelman, CA; et al. (2000). "Correlation between oral sex and a low incidence of preeclampsia: A role for soluble HLA in seminal fluid?". Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 46 (2): 155–166. doi:10.1016/S0165-0378(99)00062-5. PMID 10706945.
  39. ^ Taylor, Robert N. (January 1997). "Review: Immunobiology of Preeclampsia". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 37 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00195.x. ISSN 1046-7408. PMID 9138457. S2CID 42576690.
  40. ^ Chaouat, Gérard; Robillard, Pierre-Yves; Dekker, Gustaaf (1 October 2005). "Fourth International Workshop on Immunology of Pre-eclampsia, December 2004, Reunion, France". Journal of Reproductive Immunology. Proceedings of Post-Congress Kyoto Symposium. 67 (1): 103–111. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2005.09.004. ISSN 0165-0378. PMID 16315347.
  41. ^ Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 978-1-134-92242-0. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2013. The social construction of 'sex' as vaginal intercourse affects how other forms of sexual activity are evaluated as sexually satisfying or arousing; in some cases whether an activity is seen as a sexual act at all. For example, unless a woman has been penetrated by a man's penis she is still technically a virgin even if she has had lots of sexual experience.
  42. ^ Jayson, Sharon (2005-10-19). "'Technical virginity' becomes part of teens' equation". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2011-04-28. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  43. ^ "Regarding 'Oral Sex'". Understanding-islam.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  44. ^ "Articles and Essays". Zawaj.Com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  45. ^ "Islam's Stance on Oral Sex - IslamonLine.net - Ask The Scholar". IslamonLine.net. Archived from the original on 2010-03-24. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  46. ^ "Illegal but not abnormal". The Star. March 1, 2009. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  47. ^ "Priapeia, translated by Leonard Smithers and Richard Francis Burton: Irrumation". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  48. ^ "The actual kama sutra or kamasutra: Part II: On Sexual Union: Chapter IX. On Holding the Lingam in the Mouth by Kamashastra". Kamashastra.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  49. ^ "The age-old question: Spit or swallow?". The Badger Herald. 9 April 2003. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  50. ^ Penrose, Walter (2001). "Hidden in History: Female Homoeroticism and Women of a "Third Nature" in the South Asian Past". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 10 (1): 3–39. doi:10.1353/sex.2001.0018. ISSN 1043-4070. JSTOR 3704787.
  51. ^ Bastia, Binaya Kumar (2006). "Socio-cultural aspect of sexual practices and sexual offences – An Indian scenario". Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine. 13 (4): 208–210. doi:10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.02.002. PMID 16564197.
  52. ^ Nag, Moni (1996). "Paradox of eroticism and sexual abstinence in Hindu culture". Global Bioethics. 9 (1–4): 171–185. doi:10.1080/11287462.1996.10800961. ISSN 1128-7462.
  53. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1997.
  54. ^ Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich Shirokogorov (1997). Social Organization of the Manchus: a study of the Manchu clan organization (Chinese Translation). Translated by Gao, Bingzhong. corrected by Liu Xiaomeng. Shanghai: Commercial Press. pp. 1, 12–13. ISBN 978-7-100-01912-5. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  55. ^ Gloria Leifer (2014). Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 575. ISBN 978-1-4557-7015-1. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  56. ^ Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich Shirokogorov (1924). Social Organization of the Manchus: a study of the Manchu clan organization. Ardent Media. pp. 122, 123. ISBN 978-0-404-56946-4. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  57. ^ Robin Grille (2014). Parenting for a Peaceful World. New Society Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-55092-581-4. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  58. ^ a b A. Kleinman; T.Y. Lin (2013). Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture: Volume 2 of Culture, Illness and Healing. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 375. ISBN 978-94-017-4986-2. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  59. ^ Avodah K. Offit (1995). Night Thoughts: Reflections of a Sex Therapist. Jason Aronson, Incorporated. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-4616-2975-7. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  60. ^ Irwin M. Marcus; John J. Francis (1975). Masturbation: from infancy to senescence. International Universities Press. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-8236-3150-6. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
  61. ^ C. Michele Thompson (2015). Vietnamese Traditional Medicine: A Social History. NUS Press. p. 375. ISBN 978-9971-69-835-5. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  62. ^ Martin Roth; Russell Noyes (1988). Handbook of Anxiety: Biological, clinical, and cultural perspectives. Elsevier. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-444-90475-1. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
  63. ^ a b Tan, Min; Gareth Jones; Guangjian Zhu; Jianping Ye; Tiyu Hong; Shanyi Zhou; Shuyi Zhang; Libiao Zhang (October 28, 2009). Hosken, David (ed.). "Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time". PLoS ONE. 4 (10): e7595. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7595T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007595. PMC 2762080. PMID 19862320.
  64. ^ a b Sugita, N. (2016). Homosexual Fellatio: Erect Penis Licking between Male Bonin Flying Foxes Pteropus pselaphon. PLoS ONE, 11(11), e0166024.
  65. ^ Maruthupandian, J., & Marimuthu, G. (2013). Cunnilingus apparently increases duration of copulation in the Indian flying fox, Pteropus giganteus. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59743.
  66. ^ "Fellatio keeps male fruit bats keen - life - 29 October 2009 - New Scientist". www.newscientist.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-26. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  67. ^ Courts, S. E. (1996). An ethogram of captive Livingstone's fruit bats Pteropus livingstonii in a new enclosure at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. DODO-JOURNAL OF THE WILDLIFE PRESERVATION TRUSTS, 32, 15–37.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fellatio&oldid=1252314896"