Economy of Suriname
| Currency | Surinamese dollar (SRD) (since 2004) Surinamese guilder (SRG) (until 2003) |
|---|---|
| Calendar year | |
Trade organisations | WTO, CARICOM, Unasur, Mercosur (associate) |
| Statistics | |
| GDP | |
GDP growth |
|
GDP per capita | |
GDP by sector | agriculture: 10.4%; industry: 36.6%; services: 52.9% (2012 est.) |
| 22 % (2020) [2] | |
Population below poverty line | 70% (2002 est.) |
Labour force | 220,600 (2020) [5] |
Labour force by occupation | agriculture: 8%; industry: 14%; services: 78% (2004) |
| Unemployment | 7.47% (2020) [6] |
Main industries | bauxite and gold mining, alumina production; oil, lumbering, food processing, fishing |
| External | |
| Exports |  $2.51 billion (2018) |
Export goods | Gold, alumina, Wood, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas |
Main export partners |
|
| Imports | $1.84 billion (2018) |
Import goods | capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods |
Main import partners |
|
Gross external debt | $504.3 million (2005 est.) |
| Public finances | |
| Revenues | $826.6 million (2010 est.) |
| Expenses | $939.7 million (2010 est.) |
| Economic aid | Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million (2003) |
| Standard & Poor's:CCC Outlook: Stable[9] Moody's:[9] Caa2 Outlook: Stable Fitch:[9] CCC Outlook: Highly Vulnerable | |
| $647.3 million (2019) [10] | |
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. | |
The economy of Suriname was largely dependent upon the exports of aluminium oxide and small amounts of aluminium produced from bauxite mined in the country. However, after the departure of Alcoa, the economy depended on the exports of crude oil and gold. Suriname was ranked the 124th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.[11]
Agriculture
[edit]A member of CARICOM, Suriname also exports in small numbers rice, shrimp, timber, bananas, fruits, and vegetables. Fernandes Group is a soft drinks company bottled by Coca-Cola world-wide.[12]
Other agricultural products of Suriname palm kernels, coconuts, peanuts; beef, chickens; forest products; shrimp.
Rice
[edit]In 2018, Suriname produced 273 thousand tons of rice, 125 thousand tons of sugar cane, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as banana (48 thousand tons), orange (19 thousand tons) and coconut (14 thousand tons).[13]
Hardwood
[edit]Some big companies are getting the hardwood out of the jungle. However, proposals for exploitation of the country's tropical forests and undeveloped regions of the interior traditionally inhabited by indigenous and Maroon communities have raised the concerns of environmentalists and human rights activists both in Suriname and abroad. These opposing parties are not yet strong in Suriname.
Bananas
[edit]State-owned banana producer Surland closed its doors on April 5, 2002, after its inability to meet payroll expenses for the second month in a row; it is still unclear if Surland will survive this crisis.[14]
Th banana producer Surland was remodeled as Stichting Behoud Bananen Sector Suriname (SBBS). The rumour was that because of political differences Surland was manipulated in shutting down. The SBBS has made banana profitable for the first time in 20 years.[15] There is also wide production of plantains in Suriname.
Mineral industry
[edit]Gold
Currently gold exports make up 60-80% of all exports earnings. In 2021 the gold industry accounted for 8.5% of the GDP. The share of large-scale mining in total gold production is 58% compared to 42% of small-scale mining.[16] With an export value of USD 1.83 billion in 2023, the gold sector makes an important contribution to the economy.[17]
Bauxite
[edit]The backbone of Suriname's economy was the export of aluminium oxide (alumina) and small amounts of aluminium produced from bauxite mined in the country. In 1999, the aluminium smelter at Paranam was closed.[18] In November 2015 Suralco ceased the mining of bauxite completely.[19]
Oil
[edit]The exploration and exploitation of oil adds substantially to the economy of Suriname at about 10% of the GDP.[20] The national oil company, STAATSOLIE, is the motor behind Suriname's oil industry. Their core business is oil extraction and refining.
In 2012 STAATSOLIE produced 16,200 barrels (2,580 m3) a day.[21] Staatsolie currently refines 16,500 barrels a day at Tout Lui Faut refinery in the District of Wanica. Furthermore, they own a 96 MW powerplant and a 189 MW hydro powerplant. They also have their own retail gas stations under their Gow2 brand. They also claim to be a well-established bunker supplier in the Caribbean region.[22]
In 2022 they made a revenue of USD 840 million. In that year their contribution to the state treasury was USD 320 million. In 2023 they made a revenue of USD 722 million. The drop in revenue was because of the lower price for oil per barrel that year. Their contribution to the Surinamese state treasury was USD 335 million.
Other players in the off-shore oil industry in Suriname are Total Energies, Apache, Shell and Petronas. These companies have signed product sharing contracts with STAATSOLIE for the exploration and extraction of off-shore oil. The first of these contracts was signed in 2015. [23] In 2023 they signed three more of such contracts. [24]
In 2020 the first off-shore oil was found. Currently STAATSOLIE, local partners and Surinamese companies, as well as the Surinamese government are actively anticipating on the development of the off-shore oil industry. [25][26][27] The first production will start with the development of oil block 58 in 2028 [28]in which STAATSOLIE has a share of 20%.[29] It's projected that Suriname will make around USD 7 billion in the first five production years. [30]
Currency
[edit]Moreover, in January 2002, the government renego STAATSOLIE and other local players are anticipating on the development of the off-shore oil industry.[31]tiated civil servant wages (a significant part of the work force and a significant portion of government expenditure), agreeing to raises as high as 100%. Pending implementation of these wage increases and concerned that the government may be unable to meet these increased expenses, the local currency weakened from Sf 2200 in January 2002 to nearly Sf 2500 in April 2002. On March 26, 2003, the Central Bank of Suriname (CBvS) adjusted the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar. This action resulted in further devaluation of the Surinamese guilder. The official exchange rate of the US$ was SF 2,650 for selling and SF 2,600 for purchasing. With the official exchange rate, the CBvS came closer to the exchange rate on the parallel market which sold the U.S. dollar for SF 3,250.
With the beginning of 2004 the Surinamese dollar (SRD) was introduced with an exchange rate of 1000 Surinamese gulden to 1 Surinamese dollar. Before 2004: Surinamese gulden (SRG) = 100 cent, SRD 1 = SRG 1000; coins had extremely low official value and a much higher collector's value; their official value has now been multiplied by 1000: the value in SRD cent is equal to the former value in SRG cent. The same applies for "currency notes" (SRG 1 and 2.50).
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,346.75 (2002), 2,178.5 (2001), 1,322.47 (2000), 859.44 (1999), 401 (1998)
Note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the government then allowed trading within a band of SRG 500 around the official rate
Between 2004 and 2022, the value of the new Surinamese dollar (SRD) was set by the central bank. The Central Bank of Suriname spent much of Suriname's foreign currency reserves supporting the official exchange rates as inflation and other factors caused the real value of the Surinamese dollar to decline against other reserve currencies. As with the previous Surinamese guilder, the difference between the official exchange rate and the decreasing real value of the currency allowed black market currency trading to thrive. In June 2021, the central bank devalued the SRD by 33% and announced the currency would float freely.[32] By June 2022, official exchange rates began to reflect the real floating exchange rate.[33]
External debt and restructuring
[edit]As of February 2021, Suriname's external debt stands at US$4 billion. Of this amount, the nation sought to restructure a total of US$675 million in loans. Suriname retained French investment bank Lazard to act as its financial advisor during the restructuring.[34]
Stock Exchange
[edit]The Suriname Stock Exchange (SSX) is the stock exchange of Suriname. The exchange was established in 1994 by the Association for Securities Trading in Suriname (VvES), founded on January 1, 1994.[35] Stock trading does not occur daily but twice a month on the first and third Thursday. There are twelve companies listed on the exchange.[36]
Mechanisms
[edit]
There are several Chambers of Commerce that are supporting the economy. The general Chamber of Commerce and Factories (KKF) is located in Paramaribo. It was founded on 1 May 1910 and has nearly 30,000 members in 2019 that provide more than 150,000 jobs.[37] Next to that, there are several international Chambers. One of them is the Suriname-Netherlands Chamber of Commerce that is established at the embassy of Suriname in The Hague. At the Chamber it is possible to found a Surinamese company in the Netherlands.[38][39] Furthermore there is a Suriname-Guyana Chamber of Commerce,[40] a Suriname-India Chamber of Commerce and Industry[41] and a Ghana-Suriname Chamber of Commerce.[42]
In 2021 the government of Suriname founded the Suriname Investment and Trade Agency (SITA) to support international investments in Suriname and exports of Surinamese products abroad.[43]
Statistics
[edit]The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates for 2020–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.[44]
| Uncollapse first | ||||||||
| Year | GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP) |
GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP) |
GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal) |
GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal) |
GDP growth
(real) |
Inflation rate
(in Percent) |
Unemployment
(in Percent) |
Government debt
(in % of GDP) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 2.19
|
n/a | 1.28
|
n/a |  -6.5%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1981 | 2.44
|
n/a | 1.43
|
n/a | 1.9%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1982 | 2.43
|
n/a | 1.47
|
n/a | -6.3%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1983 | 2.39
|
n/a | 1.42
|
n/a | -5.1%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1984 | 2.41
|
n/a | 1.39
|
n/a | -3.0%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1985 | 2.46
|
n/a | 1.40
|
n/a | -0.9%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1986 | 2.45
|
n/a | 1.43
|
n/a | -2.4%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1987 | 2.29
|
n/a | 1.57
|
n/a | -8.8%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1988 | 2.63
|
n/a | 1.86
|
n/a | 10.8%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1989 | 2.79
|
n/a | 2.18
|
n/a | 2.3%
|
n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 1990 | 2.85
|
6,984.2
|
0.58
|
1,413.6
|
-1.5%
|
n/a | n/a |  72.9%
|
| 1991 | 2.54
|
6,132.3
|
0.64
|
1,536.0
|
-13.8%
|
14.0%
|
n/a | 75.7%
|
| 1992 | 2.70
|
6,440.0
|
0.59
|
1,406.6
|
3.9%
|
33.0%
|
n/a |  64.4%
|
| 1993 | 2.70
|
6,352.8
|
0.47
|
1,093.1
|
-2.2%
|
139.1%
|
n/a | 51.1%
|
| 1994 | 2.57
|
5,963.0
|
0.52
|
1,213.3
|
-7.0%
|
255.8%
|
12.4%
|
30.5%
|
| 1995 | 2.92
|
6,676.7
|
0.99
|
2,270.8
|
11.3%
|
-49.3%
|
8.4%
|
16.3%
|
| 1996 | 3.31
|
7,470.8
|
1.23
|
2,790.0
|
11.2%
|
4.2%
|
10.9%
|
11.8%
|
| 1997 | 3.60
|
8,012.7
|
1.32
|
2,945.3
|
7.0%
|
17.0%
|
9.8%
|
16.8%
|
| 1998 | 3.72
|
8,182.7
|
1.59
|
3,495.3
|
2.2%
|
14.9%
|
10.6%
|
21.6%
|
| 1999 | 3.74
|
8,103.4
|
1.31
|
2,837.2
|
-0.9%
|
71.9%
|
12.0%
|
32.3%
|
| 2000 | 3.82
|
8,180.0
|
1.36
|
2,904.5
|
-0.1%
|
44.7%
|
13.8%
|
35.7%
|
| 2001 | 4.09
|
8,646.6
|
1.17
|
2,464.8
|
4.9%
|
0.9%
|
13.7%
|
37.2%
|
| 2002 | 4.31
|
9,001.5
|
1.47
|
3,075.4
|
3.7%
|
28.4%
|
9.7%
|
35.6%
|
| 2003 | 4.67
|
9,650.7
|
1.73
|
3,571.6
|
6.1%
|
13.1%
|
6.5%
|
31.3%
|
| 2004 | 5.15
|
10,444.0
|
2.0
|
4,057.7
|
7.4%
|
9.1%
|
8.4%
|
29.5%
|
| 2005 | 5.57
|
11,171.8
|
2.39
|
4,800.8
|
4.9%
|
20.1%
|
11.1%
|
27.1%
|
| 2006 | 6.07
|
12,042.7
|
2.81
|
5,577.1
|
5.8%
|
4.8%
|
12.3%
|
22.5%
|
| 2007 | 6.56
|
12,853.2
|
3.14
|
6,165.5
|
5.1%
|
8.3%
|
10.7%
|
16.4%
|
| 2008 | 6.96
|
13,456.3
|
3.78
|
7,316.5
|
4.1%
|
9.4%
|
9.4%
|
14.8%
|
| 2009 | 7.21
|
13,762.5
|
4.15
|
7,917.3
|
3.0%
|
1.3%
|
8.7%
|
14.6%
|
| 2010 | 7.68
|
13,453.2
|
4.68
|
8,806.0
|
5.2%
|
10.3%
|
7.2%
|
17.3%
|
| 2011 | 8.30
|
15,363.4
|
4.74
|
8,770.3
|
5.8%
|
5.2%
|
7.5%
|
18.7%
|
| 2012 | 9.15
|
16,889.6
|
5.33
|
9,844.7
|
2.7%
|
4.3%
|
8.1%
|
20.1%
|
| 2013 | 9.85
|
17,908.8
|
5.51
|
10,013.7
|
2.9%
|
0.6%
|
6.6%
|
27.9$
|
| 2014 | 10.23
|
18,301.2
|
5.61
|
10,042.7
|
0.3%
|
3.9%
|
5.5%
|
25.2% |
| 2015 | 9.62
|
16,962.5
|
5.13
|
9,036.3
|
-3.4%
|
25.1%
|
7.0%
|
41.1%
|
| 2016 | 8.51
|
14,777.8
|
3.32
|
5,761.8
|
-4.9%
|
52.4%
|
10.0%
|
74.8%
|
| 2017 | 10.23
|
17,879.6
|
3.59
|
6,156.5
|
1.6%
|
9.3%
|
7.0%
|
71.5%
|
| 2018 | 9.62
|
18,997.3
|
4.00
|
6,772.1
|
4.9%
|
5.4%
|
9.0%
|
66.1%
|
| 2019 | 8.51
|
19,292.1
|
3.98
|
6,662.9
|
1.1%
|
4.2%
|
8.8%
|
80.8%
|
| 2020 | 9.83
|
16,311.2
|
2.88
|
4,786.8
|
-15.9%
|
60.7%
|
11.1%
|
143.8%
|
| 2021 | 9.99
|
16,379.9
|
2.99
|
4,896.1
|
-2.7%
|
60.7%
|
11.2%
|
117.0%
|
| 2022 | 10.83
|
17,549.9
|
3.52
|
5,705.7
|
1.3%
|
54.6%
|
10.9%
|
123.2%
|
| 2023 | 11.51
|
18,427.1
|
3.47
|
5,556.5
|
2.3%
|
28.2%
|
10.6%
|
112.2%
|
| 2024 | 12.11
|
19,871.4
|
3.78
|
5,980.7
|
 3.0%
|
15.1%
|
10.3%
|
103.2%
|
| 2025 | 12.71
|
19,163.2
|
3.96
|
6,198.4
|
3.0%
|
11.1%
|
10%
|
96.2%
|
| 2026 | 13.33
|
19,871.4
|
4.19
|
6,468.5
|
3.0%
|
8.3%
|
9.9%
|
89.6%
|
| 2027 | 13.98
|
20,601.6
|
4.44
|
6,772.2
|
3.0%
|
6.0%
|
9.0%
|
83.6%
|
| 2028 | 14.68
|
22,138.3
|
4.69
|
7,070.5
|
3.0%
|
5.0%
|
8.5%
|
78.9%
|
Energy
[edit]Here follows the energy statistics of Suriname.[45]
| Uncollapse first |
| Electricity access |
| electrification - total population: 97.4% (2018) |
| electrification - urban areas: 99% (2018) |
| electrification - rural areas: 94.3% (2018) |
| Electricity capacity |
| installed generating capacity: 542,000 kW (2020 est.) |
| consumption: 2,938,391,000 kWh (2019 est.) |
| exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.) |
| imports: 808 million kWh (2019 est.) |
| transmission/distribution losses: 234 million kWh (2019 est.) |
| Electricity generation sources |
| fossil fuels: 40.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| solar: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| hydroelectricity: 58.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.) |
| Coal and gas |
| No production, consumption, exports, imports of reserves (2020 est.) |
| Petroleum |
| total petroleum production: 14,800 bbl/day (2021 est.) |
| refined petroleum consumption: 15,800 bbl/day (2019 est.) |
| crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| crude oil and lease condensate imports: 200 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| crude oil estimated reserves: 89 million barrels (2021 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production
7,571 bbl/day (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 101 |
| Refined petroleum products - exports
14,000 bbl/day (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 74 |
| Refined petroleum products - imports
10,700 bbl/day (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 145 |
| Carbon dioxide emissions
2.372 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.) |
| from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.) |
| from petroleum and other liquids: 2.361 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.) |
| from consumed natural gas: 11,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)country comparison to the world: 156 |
| Energy consumption per capita
82.356 million Btu/person (2019 est.) country comparison to the world: 71 |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ "SRD - Surinamese Dollar". Xe.currency. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "Suriname: Labor force". theglobaleconomy. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ "Suriname: Unemployment rate". theglobaleconomy. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ "Where does Suriname export to? (2018)".
- ^ "Where does Suriname import from? (2018)".
- ^ a b c Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ "Total reserves". World bank. Retrieved 11 Dec 2020.
- ^ "Euromoney Country Risk". Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "Fernandes on the move : market screening tool for Fernandes". University of Twente. June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "Suriname production in 2018, by FAO".
- ^ "Hét branchemedium voor de AGF-sector". Agf.nl. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ "Parbode Surinaams opinie maandblad". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Overheidsinkomsten uit goudsector stijgen dit jaar verder". Dagblad Suriname (in Dutch). 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Starnieuws - Column: De bijdrage van goud aan de economie van Suriname". m.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Alcoa in Surinam". Alcoa. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
- ^ CIA Factbook, Suriname - Economie, geraadpleegd juli 2019
- ^ "Staatsolie - Suriname's National Energy, Oil & Gas Company - AGM Approves 2022 Financial Statements; Contribution of US$ 320 million to the State treasury". www.staatsolie.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Annual Report 2012" (PDF). Staatsolie. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
- ^ Staatsolie (2024-02-19). Staatsolie General Commercial 2023. Retrieved 2024-07-12 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Staatsolie en Apache Corporation sluiten PSC voor offshore-blok 58". Suriname Herald (in Dutch). 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Staatsolie - Staatsolie sluit nog drie offshore-productiedelingscontracten met internationale olie- en gasbedrijven". www.staatsolie.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "De West - Olie- en gasindustrie van Suriname boekt vooruitgang in 2023 - DE WEST". dagbladdewest.com. 2024-01-08. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Veel in de planning voor Staatsolie in 2023". Dagblad Suriname (in Dutch). 2023-01-28. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ Mangoenwirono, Suzie (2024-03-08). "Local content cruciaal voor ontwikkeling Suriname". Overheid van de Republiek Suriname. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Block 58 offshore Suriname moves closer to development". Offshore. 2024-06-05. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Starnieuws - Jagesar: Staatsolie mikt op 20% belang in Blok 58-project". www.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Olie-inkomsten Suriname $ 7 miljard in eerste vijf productiejaren | Suriname Nieuws Centrale". surinamenieuwscentrale.com (in Dutch). 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "De West - Olie- en gasindustrie van Suriname boekt vooruitgang in 2023 - DE WEST". dagbladdewest.com. 2024-01-08. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
- ^ "Surinam devalues its currency by 33%". Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ^ "Surinamese Dollar to US Dollar Exchange Rate Chart | Xe".
- ^ Suriname taps Lazard to advise on debt restructuring plan, Reuters, October 8, 2020
- ^ Dagblad Suriname, Vereniging voor Effectenhandel in Suriname herdenkt 25-jarig bestaan, 13 January 2019 (in Dutch)
- ^ SSX, Bulletins (in Dutch)
- ^ United News, KKF viert 109-jarig bestaan, 18 juli 2019 (in Dutch)
- ^ STVS, Suriname-Nederland Kamer van Koophandel opgericht, 11 May 2018 (in Dutch)
- ^ De Ware Tijd, Handelskamer moet ondernemerschap Suriname en Nederland bevorderen, 12 April 2018 (in Dutch)
- ^ Suriname Herald, Suriname en Guyana slaan handen ineen voor oprichting Kamer van Koophandel, 31 August 2023 (in Dutch)
- ^ De Ware Tijd, ‘Bedrijfsleven gaat mee met hechtere relaties Suriname-India’, Ivan Cairo, 6 November 2018 (in Dutch)
- ^ Dagblad Suriname, Surinaamse Diaspora Dr. Barryl Biekman benoemd tot voorzitter van de Ghana Suriname Kamer van Koophandel, 17 August 2020 (in Dutch)
- ^ United News, Investsur eruit SITA erin, 14 November 2021 (in Dutch)
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
- ^ "Suriname", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-05-16, retrieved 2023-05-26
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
[edit]- With Aid and Migrants, China Expands Its Presence in a South American Nation in The New York Times by Simon Romero published April 10, 2011
- Amazon Gold Rush: Gold Mining in Suriname web map, published October 12, 2015
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