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India–Japan relations

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India–Japan relations
Map indicating locations of India and Japan

India
Japan

Throughout history, India–Japan relations have traditionally been strong. For centuries, the people of India and Japan have engaged in cultural exchanges, primarily as a result of Buddhism which spread indirectly from India to Japan, via China and Korea. During the Second World War, Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army fought under the Japanese Imperial Army against the British.[1] India is the largest recipient of Japanese official development assistance (ODA).[2]

Political relations between the two nations have remained warm since India's independence. Japanese companies, such as Sony, Toyota, and Honda, have manufacturing facilities in India, and with the growth of the Indian economy, India is a big market for Japanese firms. Japanese firms in fact, were some of the first firms to invest in India. The most prominent Japanese company to have an investment in India is automobiles multinational Suzuki, which is in partnership with Indian automobiles company Maruti Suzuki, the largest car manufacturer in the Indian market, and a subsidiary of the Japanese company.

In December 2006, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership". Japan has helped finance many infrastructure projects in India, most notably the Delhi Metro system. Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006 to the JET Programme, starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in 2007. Also, in the year 2007, the Japanese Self-Defence Forces and the Indian Navy took part in a joint naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, known as Malabar 2007, which also involved the naval forces of Australia, Singapore and the United States. The year 2007 was declared "India-Japan Friendship Year."[2]

According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 42% of Japanese people view India positively, with 4% expressing a negative view.[3]

Historical relations

Great Buddha (Vairocana) Tōdai-ji temple, Japan
Benzaiten, one of the Seven Gods of Fortune in Japan, Benzaiten evolved from the Indian deity, Saraswati.

Cultural exchanges between India and Japan began early in the 6th century with the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from India. The Indian monk Bodhisena arrived in Japan in 736 to spread Buddhism and performed eye-opening of the Great Buddha built in Tōdai-ji,[2] and would remain in Japan until his death in 760. Buddhism and the intrinsically linked Indian culture had a great impact on Japanese culture, still felt today, and resulted in a natural sense of amicability between the two nations.[4]

As a result of the link of Buddhism between India and Japan, monks and scholars often embarked on voyages between the two nations. Buddhist monks from India had been visiting Japan from the 8th century.[5] Ancient records from the now-destroyed library at Nalanda University in India describe scholars and pupils who attended the school from Japan.[6] One of the most famous Japanese travellers to the Indian subcontinent was Tenjiku Tokubei (1612–1692), named after Tenjiku ("Heavenly Abode"), the Japanese name for India.

The cultural exchanges between the two countries created many parallels in their folklore. Modern popular culture based upon this folklore, such as works of fantasy fiction in manga and anime, sometimes bear references to common deities (deva), demons (asura) and philosophical concepts. The Indian goddess Saraswati for example, is known as Benzaiten in Japan. Brahma, known as 'Bonten', and Yama, known as 'Enma', are also part of the traditional Japanese Buddhist pantheon. In addition to the common Buddhist influence on the two societies, Shintoism, being an animist religion, is similar to the animist strands of Hinduism, in contrast to the religions present in the rest of the world, which are monotheistic. Sanskrit, a classical language used in Buddhism and Hinduism, is still used by some ancient Chinese priests who immigrated to Japan, and the Siddhaṃ script is still written to this day, despite having passed out of usage in India. It is also thought that the distinctive torii gateways at temples in Japan, may be related to the torana gateways used in Indian temples.

In the 16th century, Japan established political contact with Portuguese colonies in India. The Japanese initially assumed that the Portuguese were from India and that Christianity was a new "Indian faith". These mistaken assumptions were due to the Indian city of Goa being a central base for the Portuguese East India Company and also due to a significant portion of the crew on Portuguese ships being Indian Christians.[7] Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, Indian lascar seamen frequently visited Japan as crew members aboard Portuguese ships, and later aboard British ships in the 18th and 19th centuries.[8]

During the anti-Christian persecutions in 1596, many Japanese Christians fled to the Portuguese colony of Goa in India. By the early 17th century, there was a community of Japanese traders in Goa in addition to Japanese slaves brought by Portuguese ships from Japan.[9]

Relations between the two nations have continued since then, but direct political exchange began only in the Meiji era (1868–1912), when Japan embarked on the process of modernisation.[10] Japan-India Association was founded in 1903.[11] Further cultural exchange occurred during the mid-late 20th century through Asian cinema, with Indian cinema and Japanese cinema both experiencing a "golden age" during the 1950s and 1960s. Indian films by Satyajit Ray, Guru Dutt and Rajinikanth were influential in Japan, while Japanese films by Akira Kurosawa, Yasujirō Ozu and Takashi Shimizu have likewise been influential in India.

Indian Independence Movement

A dinner party given to Rash Behari Bose (The second from the right) in his honour by his close Japanese friends, Mitsuru Tōyama, a Pan-Asianism leader (centre, behind the table), and Tsuyoshi Inukai, future Japanese prime minister (to the right of Tōyama). 1915.

Japan’s emergence as a power in the early 20th century was positively viewed in India and symbolised what was seen as the beginning of an Asian resurgence. In India, there was great admiration for Japan’s post-war economic reconstruction and subsequent rapid growth.[12] Sureshchandra Bandopadhyay, Manmatha Nath Ghosh and Hariprova Takeda were among the earliest Indians who visited Japan and had written on their experiences there.[13] Correspondences between distinguished individuals from both nations had a noticeable increase at the time; historical documents show a friendship between Japanese thinker Okakura Tenshin and Indian writer Rabindranath Tagore, Okakura Tenshin and Bengali poet Priyamvada Banerjee.[14] As part of the British Empire, many Indians resented the British rule. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was ended on 17 August 1923. As a result, during the two World Wars, the INA adopted the "an enemy of our enemy is our friend" attitude, legacy that is still controversial today given the war crimes committed by Imperial Japan and its allies.

Many Indian independence movement activists escaped from British rule and stayed in Japan. The leader of the Indian Independence Movement, Rash Behari Bose created India–Japan relations. Future prime minister Tsuyoshi Inukai, pan-Asianist Mitsuru Tōyama and other Japanese supported the Indian Independence movement. A. M. Nair, a student from India, became an Independence Movement activist. Nair supported Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose during the war and Justice Radha Binod Pal after the war.

In 1899 Tokyo Imperial University set up a chair in Sanskrit and Pali, with a further chair in Comparative religion being set up in 1903. In this environment, a number of Indian students came to Japan in the early twentieth century, founding the Oriental Youngmen's Association in 1900. Their anti-British political activity caused consternation to the Indian Government, following a report in the London Spectator.

During World War II

Since India was under British rule when World War II broke out, it was deemed to have entered the war on the side of the Allies. Over 2 million Indians participated in the war; many served in combat against the Japanese who conquered Burma and reached the Indian border. Some 67,000 Indian soldiers were captured by the Japanese when Singapore surrendered in 1942, many of whom later became part of the Indian National Army (INA). In 1944-45, the combined British and Indian forces defeated the Japanese in a series of battles in Burma and the INA disintegrated.[15]

Indian National Army

Major Iwaichi Fujiwara of Japan greets Captain Mohan Singh of the Indian National Army, April 1942

Subhas Chandra Bose, who led the Azad Hind, a nationalist movement which aimed to end the British raj through military means, used Japanese sponsorship to form the Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army (INA). The INA was composed mainly of former prisoners of war from the British Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore. They joined primarily because of the very harsh, often fatal conditions in POW camps. The INA also recruited volunteers from Indian expatriates in Southeast Asia. Bose was eager for the INA to participate in any invasion of India, and persuaded several Japanese that a victory such as Mutaguchi anticipated would lead to the collapse of British rule in India. The idea that their western boundary would be controlled by a more friendly government was attractive. Japan never expected India to be part of its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Indian independence followed from the Japanese fight against western colonialism.[16]

The Japanese Government built, supported and controlled the Indian National Army and the Indian Independence League.. Japanese forces included INA units in many battles, most notably at the U Go Offensive at Manipur. The offensive culminated in Battles of Imphal and Kohima where the Japanese forces were pushed back and the INA lost cohesion.

Modern relations

File:Yasukuni Radha Binod Pal Commending Stele.jpg
Monument honouring Radhabinod Pal, at Tokyo's Yasukuni Shrine, Japan

At the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Indian Justice Radhabinod Pal became famous for his dissenting judgement in favour of Japan. The judgement of Justice Radhabinod Pal is remembered even today in Japan.[2] This became a symbol of the close ties between India and Japan.

A relatively well-known result of the two nations' was in 1949, when India sent the Tokyo Zoo two elephants to cheer the spirits of the defeated Japanese empire.[17][18]

India refused to attend the San Francisco Peace Conference in 1951 due to its concerns over limitations imposed upon Japanese sovereignty and national independence.[12][19] After the restoration of Japan's sovereignty, Japan and India signed a peace treaty, establishing official diplomatic relations on 28 April 1952, in which India waived all reparation claims against Japan.[12] This treaty was one of the first treaties Japan signed after World War II.[4] Diplomatic, trade, economic, and technical relations between India and Japan were well established. India's iron ore helped Japan's recovery from World War II devastation, and following Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi's visit to India in 1957, Japan started providing yen loans to India in 1958, as the first yen loan aid extended by Japanese government.[4] Relations between the two nations were constrained, however, by Cold War politics. Japan, as a result of World War II reconstruction, was a U.S. ally, whereas India pursued a non-aligned foreign policy, often leaning towards the Soviet Union. Since the 1980s, however, efforts were made to strengthen bilateral ties. India’s ‘Look East’ policy posited Japan as a key partner.[12] Since 1986, Japan has become India's largest aid donor, and remains so.[4]

Relations between the two nations reached a brief low in 1998 as a result of Pokhran-II, an Indian nuclear weapons test that year. Japan imposed sanctions on India following the test, which included the suspension of all political exchanges and the cutting off of economic assistance. These sanctions were lifted three years later. Relations improved exponentially following this period, as bilateral ties between the two nations improved once again,[20] to the point where the Japanese prime minister, Shinzo Abe was to be the chief guest at India's 2014 Republic Day parade.[21]

Economic

In August 2000, Japanese Prime Minister Mori visited India. At this meeting, Japan and India agreed to establish "Japan-India Global Partnership in the 21st Century." Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee visited Japan in December, 2001, where both Prime Ministers issued "Japan-India Joint Declaration", consisting of high-level dialogue, economic co-operation, and military and anti-terrorism co-operation. In April, 2005, Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi visited India and signed Joint Statement "Japan-India Partnership in the New Asian Era: Strategic Orientation of Japan-India Global Partnership" with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[4]

Japan is currently India’s fourth largest source of foreign direct investment; Japanese companies have made cumulative investments of around $2.6 billion in India since 1991. The 2007 annual survey conducted by the Japan Bank for International Co-operation ranked India as the most promising overseas investment destination for Japanese companies over the long term. In recent years, Japan has assisted India in infrastructure development projects such as the Delhi Metro Rail Project. Both sides are discussing the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project and Dedicated Freight Corridor Projects on the Mumbai-Delhi and the Delhi-Howrah routes.[12] The Japanese government has also expressed interest to help establish a Chennai-Bangalore Industrial corridor and a Dedicated Freight project in the south, connecting the cities of Bangalore and Chennai.

In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it would provide the latter a low-interest loan worth US$4.5 billion to construct a railway project between Delhi and Mumbai. This is the single largest overseas project being financed by Japan and reflected growing economic partnership between the two nations.[22] India is also one of the only three countries in the world with whom Japan has security pact, the other two being Australia and the United States.[23] As of March 2006, Japan was the third largest investor in India with an estimated total investment of US$2.12 billion.[24]

Kenichi Yoshida, a director of Softbridge Solutions Japan, stated in late 2009 that Indian engineers were becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it [] important for Japanese industry to work together with India."[25][26] In November 2009, the Japanese steel manufacturer JFE Steel agreed to partner with JSW Steel, India's third-largest steel producer, to construct a joint steel plant in West Bengal.[27]

During Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Japan in 2010, both countries agreed to foster increased business exchanges, people-to-people contact and signed a memorandum of understanding to simplify visa procedures for each other's citizens. Under the memorandum, any Japanese coming to India for business or work will be straightway granted a three-year visa and similar procedures will be followed by Japan.[28] Other highlights of this visit includes abolition of customs duties on 94 per cent of trade between the two nations over the next decade. As per the agreement, tariffs will be removed on almost 90 per cent of Japan's exports to India and 97 per cent of India's exports to Japan[29]

Trade between the two nations has also steadily been growing:[4]

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13[30]
Exports from India to Japan 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.6 3.2 4.1 4.1 5.09 6.33 6.10
Exports from Japan to India 1.9 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.1 8.63 11.96 12.41

(Billions of USD)

On 26 October 2010, Japan and India concluded negotiations on a bilateral Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement(CEPA).[31]

Military

Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force and Indian Navy warships took part in the Malabar 2007 naval exercises off India's western coast, one of the many such multilateral exercises Japan has taken part in symbolising close military co-operation between India and Japan.

India and Japan also have close military ties. They have shared interests in maintaining the security of sea-lanes in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean, and in co-operation for fighting international crime, terrorism, piracy and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The two nations have frequently held joint military exercises and co-operate on technology.[12] India and Japan concluded a security pact on 22 October 2008.[32][33]

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is seen by some to be an "Indophile" and, with rising tensions in territorial disputes with Japan's neighbors, has advocated closer security cooperation with India.[34][35][36]

In July 2014, the Indian Navy participated in Exercise Malabar with the Japanese and US navies, reflecting shared perspectives on Indo-Pacific maritime security. India is also negotiating to purchase US-2 amphibious aircraft for the Indian Navy.[37]

Cultural

Japan and India have strong cultural ties, based mainly on Japanese Buddhism, which remains widely practiced through Japan today. The two nations announced 2007, the 50th anniversary year of Indo-Japan Cultural Agreement, as the Indo-Japan Friendship and Tourism-Promotion Year, holding cultural events in both the countries.[38][39]

Osamu Tezuka, kamisama of manga wrote biographical manga Buddha from 1972 to 1983. Recently, Japan has also supported the reconstruction of Nalanda University, an ancient Buddhist centre of learning and has agreed to provide financial assistance, and recently approached the Indian government with a proposal.[40]

Bollywood has become more popular among the Japanese people in recent decades,[41][42] and the Indian yogi and pacifist Dhalsim is one of the most popular characters in the Japanese video game series Street Fighter.

Starting from July 3, 2014 Japan issues multiple entry visas for the short term stay of Indian nationals.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Shadow Warriors of Nakano - A History of the Imperial Japanese Army's Elite Intelligence School - Stephen C. Mercado, p. 81, ISBN 978-1-57488-443-2
  2. ^ a b c d "PM'S ADDRESS TO JOINT SESSION OF THE DIET". Indian Prime Minister's Office. 14 December 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  3. ^ 2013 World Service Poll BBC
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Japan-India Relations". Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 November 2008. Cite error: The named reference "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 37. ISBN 0-8264-6074-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  6. ^ Garten, Jeffrey (9 December 2006). "Really Old School". New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  7. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 0-8264-6074-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  8. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN 0-8264-6074-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  9. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 0-8264-6074-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  10. ^ "India-Japan relations". Retrieved 8 November 2008. [dead link]
  11. ^ "History of The Japan-India Association". Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "Ambassador Ronen Sen's remarks at a luncheon meeting of the Japan Society in New York". Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  13. ^ Das, Subrata Kumar. "Early light on the land of the rising sun". The Daily Star. Retrieved 16 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Ambassador's Message". Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  15. ^ Ian Sumner (2001). The Indian Army 1914-1947. Osprey Publishing. pp. 23–29.
  16. ^ Joyce C. Lebra, Jungle Alliance, Japan and the Indian National Army (1971) p 20
  17. ^ Nayar, Mandira (15 February 2007). "India, Japan and world peace". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  18. ^ Mathai, M.O. (1979). My Days with Nehru. Vikas Publishing House.
  19. ^ "Nehru and Non-alignment". P.V. Narasimha Rao. Mainstream Weekly. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  20. ^ Mansingh, Lalit. "India-Japan Relations" (PDF). Retrieved 11 November 2008. [dead link]
  21. ^ "Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to be Republic Day chief guest". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. PTI. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  22. ^ http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg
  23. ^ "India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia?". Reuters. 25 October 2008.
  24. ^ India 2008, Pg 496
  25. ^ "FOCUS: Indian engineers becoming backbone of Japan's IT". Minato, Tokyo. Kyodo News. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
  26. ^ "Backbone of Japan's IT industry? Indian engineers!". Mumbai. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
  27. ^ Sunil Nair (19 November 2009). "JSW Steel, Japan JFE to consider steel plant in India". Reuters. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
  28. ^ "India, Japan to ease visa procedures". business.rediff.com. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  29. ^ "Indo-Japan deal impact". business.rediff.com. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  30. ^ "Bilateral Trade with Japan" (Press release). PIB. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  31. ^ "India, Japan agree on landmark trade pact". Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  32. ^ "India And Japan Sign Security Pact". IndiaServer. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  33. ^ "Joint Declaration on Security Co-operation between Japan and India". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  34. ^ Ankit Panda (8 January 2014). "India-Japan Defense Ministers Agree To Expand Strategic Cooperation". The Diplomat. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  35. ^ Japan and India Bolster Trade and Defense Ties TIME
  36. ^ Three reasons why Shinzo Abe’s visit to India is a game changer RT
  37. ^ David Brewster. "Malabar 2014: a Good Beginning. Retrieved 13 August 2014".
  38. ^ "Japan-India Friendship Year 2007". Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  39. ^ "India, Japan committed to developing cultural ties". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 23 October 2007.
  40. ^ "Amartya Sen to head Nalanda University panel". Rediff. 26 May 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  41. ^ Bollywood bigwigs hope Japan fans are in it for keeps Japan Times
  42. ^ Japan: The fast emerging market for Bollywood films CNN-IBN
  43. ^ "Japan to issue multiple entry visa to Indians for short stay". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 3 July 2014.

Further reading

  • Green, Michael. Japan, India, and the Strategic Triangle with China Strategic Asia 2011–12: Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers – China and India (2011)
  • Joshi, Sanjana. "The Geopolitical Context of Changing Japan-India Relations." UNISCI Discussion Papers 32 (2014): 117-136. online
  • Naidu, G. V. C. "India and East Asia: The Look East Policy." Perceptions (2013)18#1 pp: 53-74. online
  • Nakanishi, Hiroaki. "Japan-India civil nuclear energy cooperation: prospects and concerns." Journal of Risk Research (2014): 1-16. online

External links

  • Research, Reference and Training Division (2008). India 2008 (PDF). New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. ISBN 81-230-1488-0.

External links

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