Khorasani Turkic
Khorasani Turkic | |
---|---|
خراسان تركچىسى | |
Native to | Iran |
Region | Greater Khorasan |
Native speakers | (1 million cited 1993)[1][2] |
Turkic
| |
Persian alphabet | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kmz |
Glottolog | khor1269 |
Khorasani Turkic (Khorasani Turkic: خراسان تركچىسى, Pronunciation: [xorɑsɑn tyrktʃesi]; Persian: Zebān-e Torkī-ye Xorāsānī زبان ترکی خراسانی) is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in northern North Khorasan Province and Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.[3]
Geographic distribution
Khorasani Turkic is spoken in the Iranian provinces of North Khorasan, near Bojnord, and Razavi Khorasan, near Sabzevar, Quchan. The Oghuz dialect spoken in western Uzbekistan is sometimes considered a dialect of Khorasani Turkic.
Dialects
Khorasani Turkic is split into North, South and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad near Sabzevar; the western around Bojnord.
Classification and related languages
Khorasani Turkic belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish, Turkmen, and Salar, as well as the Oghuz dialect spoken in Uzbekistan. Khorasani Turkic is most closely related to Oghuz Uzbek and Turkmen and is close to the Azerbaijani dialects spoken in Iran.[clarification needed]
Khorasani Turkic was first classified as a separate dialect by Javad Heyat in the book Tarikh-e zabān o lahcayā-ye Türki (History of the Turkic dialects).[4]
According to some linguists, it's been considered linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, but it's not considered as a dialect of either.[5]
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | q | |||||
Affricate | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||
Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | ɣ | h | |||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
Flap | r | |||||||||||
Lateral | l | |||||||||||
Approximant | j |
Vowels
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | i | y | ɯ | u |
Mid | e | ø | o | |
Open | æ | ɑ | ɒ |
Open back vowel rounding follow /u/ or /i/ muxabbat love [muxɒbbɑt] and insan human [insɒn] but yoldaşlık friendship [joldɑʃlɯk]. Some words rounding /ɑ/ follow /o/ for long vowel. May be happen not all speaker, plural have no rounding never. Persian may not come by phone a vowel, consonant challenge the sound Turkic.
Morphology
Nouns
Pluralization
Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix -lAr, which has the two forms -lar and -lær, depending on vowel harmony. Plular /ɑ/ never rounding even follow /u/ or /i/ for.
Case
Nouns in Khorasani Turkic take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow a vowel or a consonant:
Case | After Vowels | After Consonants |
---|---|---|
Nominative | No Ending | |
Genitive | niŋ/nin | iŋ/in |
Dative | ya/yæ | a/æ |
Accusative | ni/nɯ | i/ɯ |
Locative | da/dæ | |
Ablative | dan/dæn | |
Instrumental | nan/næn |
Possession
Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
First Person | (I)m | (I)mIz |
Second Person | (I)ŋ | (I)ŋIz |
Third Person | (s)I | lArI |
Pronouns
Khorasani Turkic has six personal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regular nouns.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
First Person | mæn | bɯz |
Second Person | sæn | siz |
Third Person | o | olar |
Verbs
Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in -max.
Examples
- Excerpt from Tulu (1989) p. 90
Translation | IPA | In Latin Alphabet |
---|---|---|
Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad. | ɑl ɣəssa bir ziyæːd pæːdiʃæːhiː bæːɾɨdɨ | Al ğässa bir ziüäd pädişähi bärıdı. |
Almighty God had given him no son. | xodɒːʷændi æːlæm ona hit͡ʃ ɔɣul ataː elæmɑmiʃdi | Xodavändi äläm ona hiç oğul ata elämamişdi. |
There he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?" | bæːdæn vaziːɾæ dədi, ej vaziːɾ, mændæ ki ɔɣul joxdɨ, mæn næ t͡ʃaːɾæ eylem | Bädän vazirä dädi: "Ey vazir, mändä ki oğul yoxdı. Män nä çarä eylem?" |
The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?" | vaziːɾ dədi, pɒːdiʃaː-i ɢɨblæ-ji ɒːlæm, sæn bu mɒːlɨ-æmwɒːlɨ næjlijæsæn | Vazir dädi: "Padişai qıbläyi aläm, sän bu malıämvalı näyliyäsän?" |
References
- ^ Doerfer, G. & Hesche, W.1993. Chorasantürkisch, Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, İndices. (Turcologica 16.) Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 7,14
- ^ Encyclopædia Iranica :TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW
- ^ "Ethnologue report for Khorasani Turkic"
- ^ [1] Horasan Türkçesi ne İlgili Folklor Çalışmaları
- ^ Sultan Tulu, “Horasan Türkçesi ile İlgili Folklor Çalışmaları”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 1, 1994, s. 48-51.
Tulu, Sultan (1989). Chorasantürkische Materialien aus Kalāt bei Esfarāyen. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. ISBN 3-922968-88-0.
Doerfer, Gerhard; Hesche, Wolfram (1993). Chorasantürkisch: Wörterlisten, Kurzgrammatiken, Indices. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7.