Jump to content

Korean diaspora

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Cara777 (talk | contribs) at 13:03, 25 April 2016. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Overseas Koreans
한민족 (韓民族) / 조선민족 (朝鮮民族)
Total population
7,012,492 (2013)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 China2,573,928[1]
 United States2,091,432[1][2]
 Japan892,704[1]
 Canada205,993[1]
 Russia176,411[1]
 Uzbekistan173,832[1]
 Australia156,865[1]
 Kazakhstan105,483[1]
 Philippines88,102[1]
 Vietnam86,000[1]
 Bangladesh60,000[1]
 Mexico51,800
 Brazil49,511[1]
 United Kingdom44,749[1]
 Indonesia40,284[1]
 Germany33,774[1]
 New Zealand30,527[1]
 Argentina22,580[1]
 Singapore20,330[1]
 Thailand20,000[1]
 Kyrgyzstan18,403[1]
 Malaysia14,000[1]
 France14,000[1]
 Hong Kong13,288[3]
 Ukraine13,083[1]
 Guatemala12,918[1]
 Colombia11,150[1]
 United Arab Emirates9,728[1]
 Saudi Arabia5,145[1]
 Paraguay5,126[1]
Others36,543[1]
Languages
Korean, English, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese and many others.
Related ethnic groups
Korean people
Korean diaspora
Hangul
재외국민/해외국민/동포/교포
Hanja
Revised Romanizationdongpo / gyopo
McCune–Reischauertongp'o / kyop'o

Template:Contains Korean text

The Korean diaspora consists of roughly seven million people, both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as more recent emigres from Korea. Nearly four-fifths of expatriate Koreans live in just three countries: China, the United States, and Japan.[1] Other countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities include Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, Canada, Philippines, Vietnam, Bangladesh and New Zealand. All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners.[4] Cumulatively, there were about 5.3 million Korean emigrants as of 2010.

Terminology

North Korea refers to Korean citizens living outside the Korean Peninsula as haeoe gungmin (해외국민, "overseas citizens"), while South Korea uses the term jaeoe gungmin (재외국민, "citizens abroad").[5]

Another broader term is gyopo (교포, also spelled kyopo); however, the term has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who, as a result of living as sojourners outside the "home country", have lost touch with their Korean roots. As a result, others prefer to use the term dongpo (동포, roughly "brethren" or "people of the same ancestry"). Dongpo has a more transnational implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, while gyopo has more of a purely national connotation referring to the Korean state.[6][7]

History

Origins

Prior to the modern era, Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries; as Jaeeun Kim described it, "The congruence of territory, polity, and population was taken for granted".[8] Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these emigrants became the ancestors of the two million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand ethnic Koreans in Central Asia.[9][10]

Korea under Japanese rule

Main article: Korea under Japanese rule

During the Japanese colonial period of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into indentured servitude to work in mainland Japan, Karafuto Prefecture (Sakhalin), and Manchukuo, especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans.[11][12] According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan as of 2005, of whom 515,570 were permanent residents, and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens.[13][14] Koreans amount to 40.4% of the non-Japanese population of the country. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal aliens.[citation needed]

Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan or its puppet state of Manchukuo, some Koreans also escaped Japanese-ruled territory entirely, heading to Shanghai, a major centre of the Korean independence movement, or to the already-established Korean communities of the Russian Far East. However, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia[15] in 1938.

After independence

Korea gained its independence after the Surrender of Japan in 1945 after World War II but was divided into North and South. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, ethnic Koreans in China (Joseonjok or Chaoxianzu) became officially recognised as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country. They are considered to be one of the "major minorities". Their population grew to about 2 million; they stayed mostly in northeastern China, where their ancestors had initially settled. Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997.[10][16]

Korean emigration to the United States is known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965.[17] Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, mostly in metropolitan areas.[1][18] A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War, in which the United States was a major ally of South Korea and provided the bulk of the United Nations troops that served there. Thousands were adopted by American (mostly Caucasian) families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas.

Europe and Latin America were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to Latin America was documented as early as the 1950s; North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile in 1953 and Argentina in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross. However, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to Latin America and established small businesses in the textiles industry.[19] Brazil has Latin America's largest Koreatown in São Paulo; there are also Koreatowns in cities such as Buenos Aires, Argentina; Guatemala City, Guatemala; Lima, Peru; and Santiago, Chile. Mexico City's Korean population is estimated to be around 30,000.[citation needed] Korean immigrants were increasingly settling in urban centers of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela, although return migration from South America back to Korea has ensued since then.

In the 1970s, however, Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants, with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration; the Middle East became the third most popular destination, with more than 800,000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985, and another 26,000 Koreans going to Iran. In contrast, aside from Germany (1.7% of all South Korean emigration in 1977) and Paraguay (1.0%), no European or Latin American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants.[20] The cultural and stylistic diversity of the Korean diaspora is documented and celebrated in the work of fine-art photographer CYJO, in her Kyopo Project, a photograpic study of over 200 of people of Korean descent.

Bergen County (버건 군), New Jersey: Broad Avenue in Koreatown (벼랑 공원 코리아타운), Palisades Park,[21] a borough known as the Korean village,[22] where Koreans comprise the majority (52%) of the population,[23][24] home to both the highest Korean-American density and percentage of any municipality in the United States.

South Korean media reports on the riots increased public awareness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States in the 1990s.[25] Although immigration to the United States briefly became less attractive as a result of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, during which many Korean American immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters, the Los Angeles and New York City metropolitan areas still contain by far the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea[26] and continue to attract the largest share of Korean immigrants. In fact, the per capita Korean population of Bergen County, New Jersey, in the New York Metropolitan Area, 6.3% by the 2010 United States Census[27][28] (increasing to 6.9% by the 2011 American Community Survey),[29] is the highest of any county in the United States,[28] including all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population per the 2010 U.S. Census,[30] while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park, New Jersey, within Bergen County, is both the highest density and percentage of any municipality in the United States,[31] at 52% of the population.[27]

Since the early 2000s, a substantial number of affluent Korean American professionals have settled in Bergen County (버겐 카운티), which is home to North American headquarters operations of South Korean chaebols including Samsung[32] and LG Corp,[33] and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the Bergen County Academies magnet high school[34] and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey.[35] Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck, New Jersey, within Bergen County, has undertaken an ambitious effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its growing Korean Medical Program, drawing over 1,500 ethnic Korean patients to its annual health festival.[36][37][38][39] Bergen County's Broad Avenue Koreatown in Palisades Park[40] has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture,[41] has been referred to as a "Korean food walk of fame",[42] with diverse offerings,[41] incorporating the highest concentration of Korean restaurants within a one-mile radius in the United States,[43] and Broad Avenue has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well;[44] and its Senior Citizens Center in Palisades Park provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit Gangnam Style by South Korean "K-pop" rapper Psy in September 2012;[45] while the nearby Fort Lee Koreatown is also emerging as such. The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands.[46]

Bergen County's growing Korean community[47][48][49] was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of Hackensack, New Jersey attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court judgeship in January 2011.[50] Subsequently in January 2012, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for New Jersey Supreme Court justice,[51][52][53] although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee,[54] and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[55] According to The Record of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county’s Korean American population – 2010 census figures put it at 56,773[56][57] (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 American Community Survey)[29] - has grown enough to warrant language assistance during elections,[27] and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect.[58][59][60] As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County.[61] Described as a historic event, the US$6 million Korean Community Center opened in Tenafly, New Jersey in January 2015, aimed at integrating Bergen County's Korean community into the mainstream.[62]

With the development of the South Korean economy, the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations, prior to repatriation back to Korea. With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China, attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao; as of 2006, their population is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000.[63] There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong, mostly expatriate businessmen and their families; according to Hong Kong's 2001 census, they numbered roughly 5,200, making them the 12th-largest ethnic minority group.[64] Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans. Koreans in Vietnam have grown in number to around 30,000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations, making them Vietnam's second-largest foreign community after the Taiwanese.[65] Korean migration to the Philippines increased in the early 2000s due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea, although this diaspora has declined since 2010; 370,000 Koreans visited the country in 2004, and roughly 46,000 Korean expatriates live there permanently.[66] Though smaller, the number of Koreans in Cambodia has also grown rapidly, almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009.[1] They mostly reside in Phnom Penh, with a smaller number in Siam Reap. They are largely investors involved in the construction industry, though there are also some missionaries and NGO workers.[67]

Comfort women controversy in USA

In May 2012, officials in the borough of Palisades Park in Bergen County, New Jersey rejected requests by two diplomatic delegations from Japan to remove a small monument from a public park, a brass plaque on a block of stone, dedicated in 2010 to the memory of so-called comfort women, tens of thousands of women and girls, many Korean, who were forced into sexual slavery by Japanese soldiers during World War II.[68][69] Days later, a South Korean delegation endorsed the borough's decision.[70] However, in neighboring Fort Lee, New Jersey, various Korean American groups could not reach consensus on the design and wording for such a monument as of early April 2013.[71][72] In October 2012, a similar memorial was announced in nearby Hackensack, New Jersey, to be raised behind the Bergen County Courthouse, alongside memorials to the Holocaust, the Irish Potato Famine, and the Armenian Genocide,[59] and was unveiled in March 2013.[73][74] An apology and monetary compensation of roughly US$8 million by Japan to South Korea in December 2015 for these transgressions largely fell flat in Bergen County, where the first U.S. monument to pay respects to comfort women was erected.[75]

East Sea controversy in USA

According to The Record, the Korean-American Association of New Jersey petitioned Bergen County school officials in 2013 to use textbooks that refer to the Sea of Japan as the East Sea as well.[76] In February 2014, Bergen County lawmakers announced legislative efforts to include the name East Sea in future New Jersey school textbooks.[77][78]

Sewol ferry tragedy memorial in the United States

In May 2014, the Palisades Park Public Library in New Jersey created a memorial dedicated to the victims of the April 16, 2014 sinking of the Sewol ferry off the coast of South Korea.[79]

Nail salon abuse in New York

According to an investigation by The New York Times in 2015, abuse by Korean nail salon owners in New York City and Long Island was rampant, with 70 to 80% of nail salon owners in New York being Korean, per the Korean American Nail Salon Association; with the growth and concentration in the number of salons in New York City far outstripping the remainder of the United States since 2000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Abuses routinely included underpayment and non-payment to employees for services rendered, exacting poor working conditions, and stratifying pay scales and working conditions for Korean employees above non-Koreans.[80]

Return migration

Koreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both North and South Korea ever since the restoration of Korean independence; perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong-Il, born in Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, where his father Kim Il-sung had been serving in the Red Army.[81][82] Postwar migrations of Koreans from throughout the Japanese Empire back to the Korean Peninsula were characterised both bureaucratically and popularly as "repatriation", a restoration of the congruence between the Korean population and its territory.[83] The pre-colonial Korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries or criteria determining who was a citizen; however, the Japanese colonial government had registered all Koreans in a separate family registry, a separation which continued even if an individual Korean migrated to Manchuria or Japan; thus North and South Korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating Korean, and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them, the way Germany had done for post-World War II German expellees.[84]

The largest-scale repatriation activities took place in Japan, where Chongryon sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean residents to North Korea; beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984, nearly 90,000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state, though their ancestral homes were in South Korea. However, word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan, decreasing the popularity of this option. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan, who published a book about his experience, The Aquariums of Pyongyang.[85][86] South Korea, however, was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo during the colonial period; returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan had a large influence on the process of nation-building in South Korea.[87]

Until the 1980s, Soviet Koreans did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the Korean nation.[88] However, roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II, when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan's refusal to grant them transit rights. In 1985, Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea; however, only an additional 1,500 took this offer, with the vast majority of the population remaining on the island of Sakhalin or moving to the Russian Far East instead.[89]

With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s, economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans' decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle. 356,790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea since the reform and opening up of China; almost two-thirds are estimated to be Chaoxianzu.[90] Similarly, some Koryo-saram from Central Asia have also moved to South Korea as guest workers, to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy; remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan, for example, were estimated to exceed USD100 million in 2005.[91] Return migration through arranged marriage is another option, portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film Wedding Campaign, directed by Hwang Byung-kook.[92] However, the Koryo-saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language and the fact that their dialect, Koryo-mar, differs significantly from the Seoul dialect considered standard in the South.[91]

Return migration from the United States has been much less common than that from Japan or the former Soviet Union, as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s Japan or post-Soviet collapse Central Asia. However, an increasing number of aspiring Korean American singers and actors, finding their career progress in Hollywood blocked, choose to go to South Korea through talent and modelling agencies; prominent examples include singer Brian Joo (of R&B duo Fly to the Sky) and actor Daniel Henney (who initially spoke no Korean).[93][94][95]

Relevant Wikipedia articles

Continent Country Article/s MOFAT statistics, 2013[1] Proportion of Korean diaspora
Asia  China Koreans in China, Koreans in Hong Kong, Anti-Korean sentiment in China 2,573,928 36.7%
Americas  United States Korean American; Korean American writers; Korean-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce; Korean Americans in New York City; Koreatown, Fort Lee; Koreatown, Long Island; Koreatown, Los Angeles; Koreatown, Manhattan; Koreatown, Palisades Park; Koreatown, Philadelphia; List of Korean Americans; List of U.S. cities with significant Korean American populations; Koreans in Hawaii 2,091,432 29.82%
Asia  Japan Koreans in Japan, Massacre of Koreans after the 1923 earthquake 892,704 12.73%
Americas  Canada Korean Canadian 205,993 2.94%
Europe/Asia  Russia Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union, Sakhalin Koreans, North Koreans in Russia, South Koreans in Russia, 176,411 2.52%
Asia  Uzbekistan Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union, Koreans in Uzbekistan/Koryo-saram 173,832 2.48%
Oceania  Australia Korean Australian 156,865 2.24%
Asia  Kazakhstan Koreans in Kazakhstan/Koryo-saram, Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union 105,483 1.5%
Asia  Philippines Koreans in the Philippines 88,102 1.26%
Asia  Vietnam Koreans in Vietnam 86,000 1.23%
Americas  Brazil Korean Brazilian 49,511 0.71%
Europe  United Kingdom Koreans in the United Kingdom 44,749 0.64%
Asia  Indonesia Koreans in Indonesia 40,284 0.57%
Europe  Germany Koreans in Germany 33,774 0.48%
Oceania  New Zealand Koreans in New Zealand 30,527 0.44%
Americas  Argentina Koreans in Argentina 22,580 0.32%
Asia  Singapore Koreans in Singapore 20,330 0.29%
Asia  Thailand Koreans in Thailand 20,000 0.29%
Asia  Kyrgyzstan Koreans in Central Asia, Demographics of Kyrgyzstan 18,403 0.26%
Asia  Malaysia Koreans in Malaysia 14,000 0.2%
Europe  France Koreans in France 14,000 0.2%
Europe  Ukraine Koreans in Ukraine 13,083 0.19%
Americas  Guatemala Koreans in Guatemala 12,918 0.18%
Americas  Mexico Korean immigration to Mexico, Pequeño Seúl 11,364 0.16%
Asia  India Koreans in India 10,397 0.15%
Asia  United Arab Emirates Koreans in the United Arab Emirates, Koreans in the Arab world 9,728 0.14%
Asia  Saudi Arabia Koreans in the Arab world 5,145 0.07%
Americas  Paraguay Koreans in Paraguay 5,126 0.07%
Asia  Cambodia 4,372 0.06%
Asia  Taiwan Koreans in Taiwan 4,304 0.06%
Others 77,147 1.1%
Total 7,012,492 100%

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah 재외동포현황/Current Status of Overseas Compatriots. South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  2. ^ Note that the 2006 American Community Survey gave a much smaller figure of 1,520,703. See S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  3. ^ "Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities" (PDF), Publications and Products of the 2006 Population By-census (xvi), Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong, 2007-12-28, retrieved 2008-01-23
  4. ^ Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). Korean Migration to the Wealthy West. New York: Nova Publishers.
  5. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, pp. 42–43
  6. ^ Song 2005, p. 221
  7. ^ Kim 1999, p. 227
  8. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, p. 27
  9. ^ Lee Kwang-kyu (2000). Overseas Koreans. Seoul: Jimoondang. ISBN 89-88095-18-9.
  10. ^ a b Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China" (PDF). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Institute for International Economics. pp. Ch. 6: 101–131. Retrieved 2009-06-24. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Ban, Byung-yool (2004-09-22). "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective". Korea Times. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  12. ^ NOZAKI, Yoshiki; INOKUCHI Hiromitsu; KIM Tae-Young. "Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century". Japan Focus.
  13. ^ 平成１５年末現在における外国人登録者統計について (Japanese).
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ Ligaya Mishan (July 3, 2014). "Giving Uzbekistan Some Beach Flair - Uzbek food in Queens and Brooklyn". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
  16. ^ Zhang Tianlu (2004-03-26). "中国少数民族人口问题研究 (Research on the topic of Chinese minority ethnic group populations)". National Population and Family Planning Commission of China. Archived from the original on 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2007-01-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) See section "民族人口生活质量问题研究".
  17. ^ [2]
  18. ^ S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
  19. ^ Choi, Kate H. (2004). "Who is Hispanic? Hispanic ethnic identity among African Americans, Asian Americans, and whites" (PDF). Department of Sociology, University of Texas. Retrieved 2007-01-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Korea Statistical Yearbooks for 1972, 1976, 1978. Quoted in Bonacich, Edna; Light, Ivan (1991). Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965-1982. United States: University of California Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0-520-07656-7.
  21. ^ Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc. 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  22. ^ "Palisades Park Municipal Court". SpinJ Corporation. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  23. ^ "Palisades Park borough, New Jersey QuickLinks". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  24. ^ Kirk Semple (May 18, 2012). "In New Jersey, Memorial for 'Comfort Women' Deepens Old Animosity". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Abelmann, ; Lie, John (1997). Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. Massachusetts, United States: Harvard University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Chi-Hoon Kim (2015). "Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City: A Food Lover's..." Oxford University Press, Google Books. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
  27. ^ a b c Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold (2011-10-12). "Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  28. ^ a b Richard Newman (2012-08-30). "Korean company to buy Fort Lee bank". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  29. ^ a b "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates - Geographies - Bergen County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
  30. ^ James O'Neill (February 22, 2015). "Mahwah library hosts Korean tea ceremony to celebrate new year". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  31. ^ RICHARD PÉREZ-PEÑA (2010-12-15). "PALISADES PARK JOURNAL As Koreans Pour In, a Town Is Remade". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  32. ^ "Samsung Electronics America, Inc. Company Profile". Hoover's Inc. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  33. ^ Kim Lueddeke (June 25, 2015). "LG deal in Englewood Cliffs may help protect the rest of the Palisades". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  34. ^ "Bergen County Academies Parent Partnership Organization - Korean PPO". Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  35. ^ "The Korean-American Association of New Jersey". Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  36. ^ Aaron Morrison (September 27, 2014). "Korean Medical Program draws 1,500 to Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  37. ^ Karen Rouse (September 29, 2013). "North Jersey Korean health fair data help track risks". North Jersey MediaGroup. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  38. ^ Barbara Williams (2012-10-20). "Annual Korean health fair draws crowds at Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  39. ^ Barbara Williams (2012-11-24). "Holy Name will screen 2,000 for Hepatitis B". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  40. ^ Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press - An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc. 2006. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
  41. ^ a b Jersey Dispatch: Bergen County Koreatown
  42. ^ Karen Tina Harrison (2007-12-19). "Thriving Korean communities make Fort Lee and Palisades Park a boon to epicures". Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  43. ^ "Palisades Park, NJ: K-Town West of Hudson". WordPress.com. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  44. ^ Elisa Ung (February 9, 2014). "Ung: Destination spot for desserts". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  45. ^ Sachi Fujimori, Elyse Toribio (2012-09-22). "'Gangnam Style' dance craze catches fire in North Jersey". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  46. ^ Mary Diduch (September 14, 2013). "Koreans in North Jersey give thanks at harvest festival". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  47. ^ John C. Ensslin (2011-12-20). "North Jersey Korean-Americans relieved but worried about transition". © 2011 North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
  48. ^ "Korean War vets honored at Cresskill church". © 2011 North Jersey Media Group. 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  49. ^ "Hackensack attorney appointed to court". © 2011 North Jersey Media Group. 2011-01-15. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  50. ^ "Hackensack attorney appointed to court". © 2011 North Jersey Media Group. 2011-01-15. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  51. ^ Monsy Alvarado (January 24, 2012). "North Jersey Koreans welcome state Supreme Court nomination". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
  52. ^ Kate Zernike (January 23, 2012). "Christie Names a Gay Man and an Asian for the Top Court". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  53. ^ Juliet Fletcher (January 23, 2012). "Christie nominates gay black man, Asian to N.J. Supreme Court - video". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  54. ^ Baxter, Christopher (2012-03-25). "In rejecting Supreme Court nominee Phillip Kwon, Dems send Gov. Christie a message". Star Ledger. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  55. ^ SHAWN BOBURG AND JOHN REITMEYER (2012-07-26). "Update: Philip Kwon, rejected N.J. Supreme Court nominee, scores a top Port Authority job". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  56. ^ Monsy Alvarado (2012-09-04). "Bergen County swears in first female Korean-American assistant prosecutor". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
  57. ^ Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold (2011-10-12). "Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
  58. ^ John C. Ensslin (2012-08-20). "After decades of work, Bergen County Koreans have earned political respect". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  59. ^ a b Rebecca D. O'Brien (2012-10-14). "New Jersey's Korean community awakens politically". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  60. ^ Monsy Alvarado (2012-10-09). "Korean-Americans to sponsor three debates". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  61. ^ Monsy Alvarado (May 12, 2014). "South Korean officials, Menendez lead Englewood discussion on improving joint economy". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  62. ^ Deena Yellin (January 30, 2015). "Korean Community Center opens in Tenafly". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  63. ^ "到了中国就不想回国 在华韩国人激增 (After arriving in China, they don't want to go home; number of South Koreans in China increasing sharply)". Wenhua Ribao. 2006-04-01. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  64. ^ "2001 Population Census Thematic Report – Ethnic Minorities" (PDF). Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department. 2001-12-17. Retrieved 2006-12-21. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  65. ^ Kelly, Tim (2006-09-18). "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail". Forbes. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  66. ^ Meinardus, Ronaldo (2005-12-15). ""Korean Wave" in Philippines". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  67. ^ Lindstrom, Nora (2009-02-19). "Phnom Penh, South Korean Style". The Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-21. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ Kirk Semple (May 18, 2012). "In New Jersey, Memorial for 'Comfort Women' Deepens Old Animosity". The New York Times. Retrieved June 9, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  69. ^ S.P. Sullivan (June 8, 2013). "Sexual slavery issue, discussed internationally, pivots around one little monument in N.J." New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  70. ^ Monsy Alvarado (July 12, 2012). "Palisades Park monument to 'comfort women' stirs support, anger". © 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
  71. ^ Dan Ivers (April 6, 2013). "Critics cause Fort Lee to reconsider monument honoring Korean WWII prostitutes". New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  72. ^ Linh Tat (April 4, 2013). "Controversy puts planned 'comfort women' memorial in Fort Lee on hold". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  73. ^ S.P. Sullivan (March 8, 2013). "Bergen County marks International Women's Day with Korean 'comfort women' memorial". © 2013 New Jersey On-Line LLC. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
  74. ^ Monsy Alvarado (March 8, 2013). "Memorial dedicated to women forced into sexual slavery during WWII". 2013 North Jersey Media Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
  75. ^ Matthew McGrath (December 28, 2015). "Mixed reaction to Japan apology on 'comfort women'". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  76. ^ Linh Tat (May 16, 2013). "Korean group petitions schools over textbook". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  77. ^ Matt Friedman (February 14, 2014). "New Jersey lawmakers cause international stir with bill to rename 'Sea of Japan'". New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
  78. ^ John C. Ensslin and Michael Linhorst (February 14, 2014). "What's in a name: Bergen state lawmakers push Korean claim that Sea of Japan is East Sea". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
  79. ^ Monsy Alvarado (May 2, 2014). "Palisades Park library creates memorial for South Korean ferry victims". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  80. ^ Sarah Maslin Nir, contributors Sarah Cohen, Jiha Ham, Jeanne Li, Yuhan Liu, Julie Turkewitz, Isvett Verde, Yeong-Ung Yang and Heyang Zhang, and research by Susan C. Beachy (May 7, 2015). "The Price of Nice Nails - Manicurists are routinely underpaid and exploited, and endure ethnic bias and other abuse, The New York Times has found". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2015. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ Chung, Byoung-sun (2002-08-22). "Sergeyevna Remembers Kim Jong Il". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-19. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ Sheets, Lawrence (2004-02-12). "A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  83. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, p. 32
  84. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, pp. 40–41
  85. ^ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2005-02-07). "Japan's Hidden Role In The 'Return' Of Zainichi Koreans To North Korea". ZNet. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  86. ^ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2007-03-13). "The Forgotten Victims of the North Korean Crisis". Nautilus Institute. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  87. ^ Han, Suk-jung (2005-07-10). "Imitating the colonizers: The Legacy of the Disciplining State from Manchukuo to South Korea". ZNet. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  88. ^ Brubaker & Kim 2010, p. 33
  89. ^ Lee, Jeanyoung. "Ethnic Korean Migration in Northeast Asia" (PDF). Kyunghee University. Retrieved 2006-11-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  90. ^ Kim, Hyung-jin (2006-08-29). "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes". Yonhap News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  91. ^ a b Baek, Il-hyun (2005-09-14). "Scattered Koreans turn homeward". Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on November 27, 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  92. ^ Kim, Tae-jong (2005-08-21). "Farmer Looks for Love in Upcoming 'Wedding Campaign'". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  93. ^ Song, Jason (2007-01-01). "Called to star in Asia". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved 2007-02-14. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  94. ^ Ito, Robert (2007-02-11). "Stuck in Asia, dreaming of Hollywood". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  95. ^ Mo, Sin-jeong (2006-05-02). "'플라이투더스카이' 브라이언 "난 뼛속까지 한국인" (Brian of Fly to the Sky: "I'm Korean to the bone")". Daum Media. Retrieved 2007-03-27.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Korean diaspora.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_diaspora&oldid=717052655"