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The site of MBC Dramia, where dramas for Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation are produced

Korean drama (Korean: 한국드라마; RR: hanguk deurama) or K-drama refers to televised dramas in Korean language, made in South Korea, mostly in a miniseries format, with distinctive features that set it apart from regular Western television series or soap operas. Korean dramas can be set in contemporary times or in historical settings, the Korean word for the latter being sageuk (사극). Different genres apply to these two types, from romantic comedies and action series to fusion science fiction dramas.

South Korea started to broadcast television series in the 1960s, today's mini deurama format of 12–24 episodes started in the 1990s, transforming traditional historical series to this format, as well, creating the notion of "fusion sageuks". Korean dramas are usually shot within a very tight schedule, often a few hours before actual broadcast, screenplays are flexible and may change anytime during production, depending on viewers' feedback, putting actors in a difficult position. Production companies often have financial issues.

Korean dramas are popular worldwide, partially due to the spread of the Korean wave, with streaming services that offer multiple language subtitles. Some of the most famous dramas have been broadcast via traditional television channels, as well, for example Dae Jang Geum (2003) was sold to 91 countries.

Format

Kim Soo-hyun at the press conference of Moon Embracing the Sun. Kim is one of the most popular Korean actors, also in foreign countries, like China.[1][2]
Ha Ji-won starred in several famous Korean dramas, like Damo or Secret Garden

Korean dramas are usually helmed by one director and written by one screenwriter, thus having a distinct directing style and language, unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.[3] Series are likely to have only one season, with 12–24 episodes. Historical series (sageuk[4]) may be longer, with 50 to 200 episodes, but they also run for only one season.

The broadcast time for flagship dramas is 22:00 to 23:00, with episodes on two consecutive nights: Mondays and Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, and weekends. Different dramas appear on each of the nationwide networks, Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS), Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) and on the cable channels, Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company (jTBC), Channel A, tvN, and Orion Cinema Network (OCN).

The 19:00 to 20:00 evening time slot is usually for daily dramas that run from Monday through Friday. Dramas in these slots are in the telenovella format, rarely running over 200 episodes. Unlike the American soap operas, these daily dramas are not also scheduled during the day-time. Instead, the day-time schedule often includes reruns of the flagship dramas. The night-time dailies can achieve very high ratings. For example, the evening series Temptation of a Wife peaked at 40.6%, according to TNS Korea.[5]

Sageuk series

Traditional historical series tend to be long, very detailed and may likely contain archaic language, covering wars, concentrating on kings, famous military leaders or political intrigues. These series are mostly favoured by older people. At the beginning of the 2000s "fusion sageuk" was introduced, where colorful historical backgrounds were combined with modern drama making techniques, occasionally mixing the plot with fantasy, romance, action or science fiction, attracting younger generations. Famous fusion sageuks include Hur Jun, Damo, Hwang Jini, Dong Yi, Dae Jang Geum, Tamra Island, Chuno or Moon Embracing the Sun.[4][6]

Contemporary series

Series set in contemporary times usually run for one season, for 12−24 episodes of 60 minutes. They are often centered on a love story, with family ties and relationships being in the focus. Characters are mostly idealised, with Korean male protagonists described as handsome, intelligent, emotional, ready to love one woman for a lifetime. This has also been a contributing factor to the popularity of Korean dramas among women, as the image of Korean men became different from that of other Asian men.[3][7][8][9]

The daily dramas are also usually set in contemporary times, describing a family conflict or family relationships, centered on Korean women, who sacrifice themselves for family happiness.[10]

Most popular contemporary dramas include Winter Sonata, My Lovely Sam Soon, The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince, Full House, Boys Over Flowers, Iris, Secret Garden and My Love From the Star.[11][12]

History

Radio broadcasting, including the broadcasting of radio dramas in Korea began in 1927 under Japanese rule, with most programming in Japanese, around 30% in Korean.[13] After the Korean War, radio dramas such as Cheongsilhongsil (1954) reflected the country's mood.[14]

Television broadcasting began in 1956 with the launch of an experimental station, HLKZ-TV, which was shut down a few years later due to a fire. The first national television channel was Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), which started up in 1961.[15] The first Korean television film was a 15 minute piece titled The Gate of Heaven (천국의 문, Cheongugui mun), on HLKZ-TV.[16]

The first television series was aired by KBS in 1962. Their commercial competitor, TBC had a more aggressive program policy and aired controversial dramas, as well.[17] The first historical TV series (sageuk) aired was Gukto manri (국토만리), directed by Kim Jae-hyeong (김재형), depicting the Goryeo era.[6][18] In the '60s, television sets were of limited availability, thus dramas could not reach a larger audience.[19]

In the 1970s, television sets started to spread among the general population, and dramas switched from portraying dramatic historical figures to introducing national heroes like Lee Sun-shin or Sejong the Great.[19] Contemporary series dealt with personal sufferings, one of the influential series was Kim Soo-hyun's Stepmother (새엄마, Saeeomma), aired by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) in 1972 and 1973.[20] As technology and funding was limited, Korean channels could not make series in resource-heavy genres like action and science fiction; American and other foreign series were imported instead.[21]

Chae Si-ra, the leading actress of Eyes of Dawn

The 1980s saw a turn in Korean television, as color TV became available. Modern dramas tried to evoke nostalgia from urban dwellers by depicting rural life. Kim Soo-hyun's first real commercial success, Love and Ambition (사랑과 야망, Saranggwa yamang), aired on MBC in 1987 is regarded as a milestone of Korean television,[22] having recorded a 78% viewership, "streets became quiet at around the airing time of the drama as 'practically everyone in the country' was at home in front of the TV", according to The Korea Times.[14] The most outstanding classical sageuk of the era is considered to be 500 Years of Joseon (조선왕조500년, Joseonwangjo 500 nyeon), a serial that ran for eight years, consisting of 11 separate series. The serial was produced by Lee Byung-hoon, who later directed one of the biggest international successes of Korean drama, Dae Jang Geum.[6][19][22]

The 1990s brought another important milestone for Korean television. As technology developed, new opportunities arose, and the beginning of the decade marked the launch of a new commercial channel, Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS), which facilitated and re-initiated a race for catching viewers' attention.[23] The first real commercial success among Korean television series was Eyes of Dawn (여명의 눈동자, Yeomyeongui nundongja), aired in 1991 by MBC, starring Chae Si-ra and Choi Jae-seong. The series led the viewers through turbulent times from the Japanese rule to the Korean War.[23] New channel SBS also produced successful series, one of them being Sanglass in 1995. Sanglass was a "trendy drama", which the Korean Culture and Information Service considers an important milestone, having changed the way Korean dramas are made, introducing a new format.[23] In this decade, the new miniseries format became widespread, with 12 to 24 episodes.[24] This era marked the start of export for Korean dramas, setting off the Korean wave.

The beginning years of the 2000s gave birth to a new genre, called "fusion sageuk", essentially changing the ways to produce historical series, with such successful pieces like Hur Jun, Damo or Dae Jang Geum.[6]

Production

Korean series used to be produced by the television channels themselves, in the 21st century, however, they are usually outsourced to independent production companies. In 2012, as much as 75% of all K-dramas were produced this way. Competition is fierce among these companies, out of 156 registered firms only 34 produced dramas that were actually aired in 2012.[25]

Lee Seung-gi, of Gu Family Book is considered a top star

The budget of the production is shared between the producing company and the broadcaster. The broadcasting channel usually covers around 50% of expenses, in case of employing top stars and famous scriptwriters, they may cover even more. The rest of the budget has to be brought in by the production company, with the help of sponsors, whose names are featured in the ending rolls. In case of product placements, incomes are shared by the producer and the channel. The channel keeps 100% of the advertisement income during airtime; this could amount to 300-400 million South Korean won. A typical Korean drama may cost as much as 250 million won per episode, and sageuks (historical dramas) cost more than that. For example, Gu Family Book cost 500 million won per episode.[25] Kim Jong-hak producer spent as much as 10 billion won on Faith, which was considered a commercial failure, resulting in the inability of Kim paying crew salaries and other due payments. Kim, who produced such successful dramas, like Eyes of Dawn and Sandglass, committed suicide, after he was accused with embezzlement.[26][27]

In Korea, much of the budget is spent on top star appearance fees, at times they may take up as much as 55-65% of the whole budget, while – in comparison – in Japan it is 20-30%, and roughly 10% in the USA.[25] Everything else, including salaries of lesser-known actors, extras, and technical staff, location rent and other expenses, have to be covered from the remaining amount. Often, production companies overrun their budgets and cannot pay salaries. In 2012 actors were holding a demonstration in front of the headquarters of KBS, expressing their concerns. Actors are usually paid after the last episode is aired, at the end of the month. In case of series made by smaller production companies for cabel channels, there were cases when the companies went bankrupt and could not pay their actors and crew, while the channel relegated all responsibilities of payment to the bankrupt production firm.[28] The biggest stars may earn as much as 100 million won per episode,[29] Bae Yong-jun, the star of Winter Sonata reportedly received 250 million won per episode for The Legend in 2007.[25]

Shooting

Kwon Sang-woo, lead actor of Queen of Ambition
MBC Dramia

As producing a series involves high expenses, production companies seek to shoot the episodes in the shortest time possible. In contrast to practices elsewhere, the first four episodes of Korean series are usually shot in advance, but the rest are shot continuously as the series is being aired. Scripts are not finished in advance, and may change according to viewer feedback and viewership ratings. These changes may occur a couple of hours before daily shooting, and sometimes the crew might only get a couple of ready pages. The production usually works with three camera crews, who work in a rotating manner to speed up filming. Because of unregulated script changes and tight shooting schedules, actors are almost continuously on standby on location, and have no time to leave the set or sleep properly. The Korean media have a separate word to describe irregular, short sleeps that actors resort to, in often uncomfortable positions, or within the set: jjok-jam (쪽잠), or "side-sleeping". Dramas usually air with two episodes a week, which have to be shot within that week. Some Korean actors have admitted to receiving IV therapy during filming, due to extreme schedules and exhaustion.[28][29][30]

Production teams used to send two tapes to the channels (one as a backup copy), however, now due to tight filming schedules, a 70 minute episode might arrive to the broadcasting station on seven separate tapes in ten-minute installments. It happens that while the episode is being broadcast, the crew would be still shooting the last minutes or cutting the rest of the episode. This is the reason why during the airing of Episode 19 of Man from the Equator, screens countrywide went black for 10 minutes. Actor Kwon Sang-woo was openly complaining that he was still shooting Queen of Ambition 30 minutes before the last episode began airing.[28] In South Korea some production teams still do planning and scheduling manually, instead of using dedicated software.[31]

The larger broadcasting companies have their own dedicated shooting locations for historical dramas (saeguk), with extensive and elaborate sets. MBC's series are shot at MBC Dramia in Gyeonggi,[32] while KBS dramas utilise the Mungyeongsaejae Studio (문경새재 KBS촬영장) in North Gyeongsang[33] and their studio in Suwon.[34]

Crew

Actors

See also: List of South Korean actors
Lee Byeong-heon
IU

Some of the leading actors of Korean dramas have become popular outside of South Korea, as well, due to the Korean wave. First wave stars include:[35]

Stars of the younger generation include:[35]

In the 2000s it became customary to cast popular K-pop idols in dramas. Their critical reception is mixed, however, some of them became successful as actors, including:[35][40]

Scriptwriters and directors

Pyo Min-soo

Scriptwriters and directors of Korean dramas are often as well known as actors are. An overwhelming majority of scriptwriters (90% according to the Beijing Metro Reader) are women, who not only write love stories but action series, as well.[42] Compared to Korean cinema, television is more appealing for scriptwriters, as contract conditions are better, acknowledgment is greater and the job is higher paid. Famous scriptwriters tend to have a say in their field.[43] The most well-know scriptwriters include the Hong Sisters, who wrote popular series like You're Beautiful and Master's Sun; Kim Eun-sook, the screenwriter of Lovers in Paris and Secret Garden; Lee Kyung-hee, famous for A Love to Kill and The Innocent Man; male writer Choi Wan-kyu of Midas and Triangle; Noh Hee-kyung, the author of That Winter, The Wind Blows; or Park Ji-eun, who wrote My Love From the Star and My Husband Got a Family.[44]

Acknowledged TV directors include Lee Byung-hoon, who directed Dae Jang Geum and Yi San;[6] Kim Jong-hak, the director of Eyes of Dawn, and Sandglass,[45] who committed suicide; and Pyo Min-soo, the director of Full House and Iris II.[46] While scriptwriters are mostly women, directors are usually men, there are only very few female directors in Korean television.[47] Some of them rose to prominence, like Lee Na-jeong (이나정), who directed The Innocent Man,[48] or Lee Yun-jeong (이윤정), whose most famous work is The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince. The latter director is also the first female television producer employed by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC).[49]

Music

Baek Ji-young

Music plays an important role in Korean dramas. Original soundtracks, abbreviated OST, are explicitly made for each series, and in contrast to American series, fans have a need to buy the soundtrack album of dramas. This trend started in the 1990s, when producers swapped purely instrumental soundtracks for songs performed by popular K-pop singers. Tom Larsen, director of YA Entertainment, a distributor of Korean TV series, thinks that Korean soundtracks are polished enough musically to be considered standalone hits.[50]

During the 2000s it became customary for lead actors to participate in original soundtracks, also partially due to the employment of K-pop stars as actors. Actor Lee Min-ho, and leader of boy band SS501, Kim Hyun-joong both recorded songs for Boys Over Flowers, while actor Jang Keun-suk and singer Lee Hong-gi of F.T. Island sang for You're Beautiful.[51]

OST songs of popular K-dramas can also become hits on regular music charts, with good sales of both physical and digital albums. Songs from the OST album of Secret Garden, for example, had high digital sales and high ranking on music charts.[52] My Destiny, performed by Lyn for My Love from the Star led music charts in Hong Kong and Taiwan, as well as in South Korea and performed well in other Asian countries, too.[53] It also won the Best OST award at the 2014 Paeksang Arts Awards.[54] Performers of OST songs for action series Iris held two concerts in Japan in front of an audience of 60,000 people.[55]

OST composers usually look for singers who have previously had success in the genre. Songs are written to reflect the mood of the series and their structure. these songs are also capable of reaching high ranks on charts and high sales. Sometimes performers give their own songs for a series, for example Baek Ji-young thought her song That Man, originally written for her own album, would fit Secret Garden. There are popular OST singers, who are often employed, like Baek Ji-young, Lyn and Lee Seung-cheol.[56] Rarely, foreign singers are invited to perform songs for Korean OST, for example Swedish artist Lasse Lindh sang several songs for series like Angel Eyes, Soul Mate and I Need Romance.[57]

Rating system

Further information: Television content rating systems § South Korea

The television rating system is regulated by the Korea Communications Commission, and was implemented in 2000. According to the system, programs, including Korean dramas, are rated according to the following principles (ratings irrelevant to dramas are omitted):[58]

  • Republic_Of_Korea_Broadcasting-TV_Rating_System(12).svg: programs that may be inappropriate for children under 12, like mild violence, themes or language.
  • Republic_Of_Korea_Broadcasting-TV_Rating_System(15).svg: programs that may be inappropriate for children under 15. Most dramas and talk shows are rated this way. These programs may include moderate or strong adult themes, language, sexual inference, and violence.
  • Republic_Of_Korea_Broadcasting-TV_Rating_System(19).svg: programs intended for adults only. These programs might include adult themes, sexual situations, frequent use of strong language and disturbing scenes of violence.

Reception

Princess Hours teddy bear exhibition at N Seoul Tower

According to a researcher at the University of Vienna, popularity of Korean dramas have their foundation in Confucian values they transmit, with which Asian viewers can easily identify. Respect for elders, filial piety, family-orientedness and the display of perceived "Asian moral values" play an important role in Korean series.[59] YA Entertainment, the American distributor of Korean dramas believes that part of the attractiveness of these series come from the quality of camera work, carefully chosen, scenic locations, spectacular costumes, while the "final product is very stylish and attractive, with arguably some of the highest TV production values in the world."[60] Korean series follow their own formula, are innovative and don't conform to Western television productions.[60] Stephan Lee from Entertainment Weekly called Korean dramas "fascinating and weirdly comforting".[61]

Exports of Korean series yielded 37,5 million USD in 2003, which was triple the amount reached in 1999.[62] According to data from Korea Creative Content Agency, in 2013 K-dramas constituted 82% of the culture content export of South Korea, with an income of 167 million USD, which is four times more than a decade before.[31]

International reception

See also: Korean wave

Asia

The first Korean drama to gain widespread popularity in Japan was Winter Sonata, which was broadcast on the NHK satellite channel NHK BS2 in 2003. The program was aired twice in the same year due to high demand from viewers.[9] NHK also hosted a classical concert featuring Winter Sonata's tunes performed by Korean musicians.[9] Korean dramas boost tourism between Korea and Japan,[9] and is considered a possible way of improving strained relationships between the two countries, as series have become increasingly popular with Japanese viewers.[63][64] Conversely, the series Iris had several pivotal scenes shot in Akita, Japan, which led to an increase of Korean tourists in that part of Japan.[65][66][67]

In 2006, South Korean programs on Chinese government TV networks accounted for more than all other foreign programs combined.[68] Hong Kong has its own channel for airing Korean dramas, TVB J2, but ATV also airs Korean series in prime-time slots.[69]

Korean dramas have become popular in India, particularly in Manipur, where Hindi films and TV serials were banned in 2000. As a result, local television stations began broadcasting subtitled Korean dramas instead. Many young people in Northeast India, Mizoram, Nagaland, Kolkata and Tamil Nadu copy the hairstyles and clothes of the Korean actors.[70][71] As a part of cultural exchange Indian Public Broadcaster i.e. DDNational telecasted Emperor of the Sea and Dae Jang Geum.[72]

When Dae Jang Geum was on air in Thailand, Korean food started gaining wide popularity.[73] Due to lop-sided nature of entertainment exports favoring South Korea, the Thai government requested increased introduction of popular Thai films to South Korean media outlets. This led to the signing of an Agreement of Cultural Cooperation between the two countries in August 2004.[74]

In Singapore, Prime 12 (now known as Suria) originally aired the only Korean drama series Sandglass in 1996 on a weekly basis. Since 2001, Korean dramas are shown on Chinese language channel MediaCorp Channel U on a daily basis.[75]

In Sri Lanka, The Independent Television Network aired Full House in 2009 and it proved popular. Dae Jang Geum aired on Rupavahini in 2012 and was dubbed in Sinhala under the title Sujatha Diyani (සුජාත දියණී), meaning "The Pure, Valuable Daughter". The Independent Television Network and Rupavahini air Korean dramas some of which include, Yi San and Sungkyunkwan Scandal which was known as Asaliya Mala (අසලියා මල).[76][77]

Watching films or TV dramas from South Korea is a serious offence in North Korea, punishable by execution,[78] but people still manage to acquire them on CD's and DVD's.[79]

North America

In November 2008, Netflix began offering several Korean dramas as part of its video selection. In August 2009, DramaFever began offering free subtitled video streaming service, with video advertisements, in the United States.[80] As of May 2010, Korean dramas began airing on a DramaFever channel on Hulu.

Viki streams most of the popular dramas from the last few years, with subtitles in 70 languages.[81]

Additionally, Korean dramas are available at online DVD retailers. Some Korean dramas, however, are not available for region 1 (North America) encoding and NTSC video format. Amazon offers streaming of Winter Sonata for a fee.[82]

Viewership ratings

Viewership ratings are provided by two companies in South Korea, AGB Nielsen Media Research and TNmS. Originally Media Service Korea was the only company providing such information, and it was later acquired by Nielsen Media Research. In 1999 TNS Media Korea also began such service, and later changed its name to TNmS. AGB collects viewership data based on 2050 households, while TNmS has 2000 households with measuring devices. Drama ratings usually vary between the two companies by 2-3%.[83]

Korean dramas with the highest views of all time

See also: List of South Korean dramas
Korean dramas with the highest views of all time
# Drama Channel Viewership Date
1. First Love KBS2 65.8% April 20, 1997
2. What is Love MBC 64.9% May 24, 1992
3. Sandglass SBS 64.5% February 6, 1995
4. Hur Jun MBC 63.7% June 27, 2000
5. Sunny Place of Youth KBS2 62.7% November 12, 1995
6. You and I MBC 62.4% April 12, 1998
7. The Son and the Daughter MBC 61.1% March 21, 1993
8. Taejo Wang Geon KBS 60.2% May 20, 2001
9. Eyes of Dawn MBC 58.4% February 6, 1992
10. Dae Jang Geum MBC 57.8% March 23, 2004

The list was compiled from data by AGB Nielsen Media Research, based on the episode of the highest viewership since 1992, when AGB Nielsen entered the Korean market.[84]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Television series of South Korea.

Notes

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References

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