List of epidemics and pandemics
Appearance
This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease. Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.
Pre-1500
Death toll (estimate) | Location | Date | Article | Disease | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
75,000–100,000 | Greece | 429–426 BC | Plague of Athens | unknown, possibly typhus | [1] |
5 million; 30% of population in some areas | Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa | 165–180 | Antonine Plague | unknown, symptoms similar to smallpox | [2] |
Europe | 250–266 | Plague of Cyprian | unknown, possibly smallpox | [3] | |
25–50 million; 40% of population | Europe | 541–542 | Plague of Justinian | plague | [4] |
British Isles | 664-668 | Plague of 664 | plague | [5][page needed] | |
British Isles | 680-686 | plague | [5][page needed] | ||
Byzantine Empire | 746-747 | plague | [6] | ||
75–100 million; 30–60% of population | Europe, Asia and North Africa | 1346–1350 | Black Death | plague | [7] |
1500–1699
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
References
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- ^ "Past pandemics that ravaged Europe", BBC News, November 7, 2005
- ^ D. Ch. Stathakopoulos Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire (2007) 95
- ^ Rosen, William (2007), Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. Viking Adult; pg 3; ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
- ^ a b Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin books, 1995
- ^ The Politics of Despair: The Plague of 746-747 and Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire David Turner The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 85 (1990), pp. 419-434
- ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7.
- ^ a b American plague, New Scientist
- ^ a b Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Romero, Leticia Calderon; Maguire, James H. (2000). "Large Epidemics of Hemorrhagic Fevers in Mexico 1545–1815" (PDF). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (6): 733–739. Retrieved Jul 20, 2015.
- ^ a b Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Stahle, David W.; Cleaveland, Malcolm K.; Therrell, Matthew D. (April 2002). "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 360–362. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010175. ISSN 1080-6040.
- ^ American Indian Epidemics
- ^ "A History of Spain and Portugal". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010). "New hypothesis for cause of epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 281–286. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090276. PMC 2957993. PMID 20113559.
- ^ Mann, Charles C. (2005). "Native intelligence" (December).
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(help) - ^ Hays, J. N. (2005). Epidemics and pandemics their impacts on human history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 103. ISBN 978-1851096589.
- ^ Timothy Brook (1 September 1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
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- ^ Archives, The National. "Great Plague of 1665-1666 - The National Archives". Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Desjardins, B. (1996). "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population. 23 (1): 49–67.
- ^ Mazan, Ryan; Gagnon, Alain; Desjardins, Bertrand (2009). "The Measles Epidemic of 1714-1715 in New France". Canadian Studies in Population. 36 (3–4): 295–323.
- ^ Devaux, Christian A. (1 March 2013). "Small oversights that led to the Great Plague of Marseille (1720-1723): lessons from the past". Infection, Genetics and Evolution: Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 14: 169–185. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.016. ISSN 1567-7257. PMID 23246639. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
- ^ "Zabdiel Boylston and inoculation". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
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- ^ Gagnon, Alain; Mazan, Ryan (2009). "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population". Social Science & Medicine. 68 (9): 1609–1616. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.008.
- ^ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
- ^ Prichard, Augustin; Fothergill, John (1894). "Influenza in 1775". The Lancet. 143 (3673): 175–176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)66026-4.
- ^ Houston, CS; Houston, S (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". The Canadian journal of infectious diseases = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses. 11 (2): 112–5. PMC 2094753. PMID 18159275.
- ^ The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788-1908, JHL Cumpston, (1914, Government Printer, Melb.)This epidemic is unlikely to have been a natural event. see, Warren (2013) doi 10.1080/14443058.2013.849750 [After Cook] and coinciding with Colonisation
- ^ Epidemics
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- ^ Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9. Retrieved 29 March 2011.[page needed]
- ^ Yellow Fever – LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ "Aboriginal Health History". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
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- ^ A History of the Human Plague in Iran, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5[page needed]
- ^ "Smallpox decimates tribes; survivors join together - Timeline - Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936). "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences". Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, University of Manitoba Web site. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
- ^ a s, &NA; (July 1849). "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847-8". American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 18 (35): 148–54. doi:10.1097/00000441-184907000-00018.
{{cite journal}}
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- ^ [1] About Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853
- ^ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Pryor, E.G. (1975). "The Great Plague of Hong Kong" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1975. Hong Kong: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Hong Kong Branch (Hong Kong Branch): 69.
- ^ "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)[page needed]
- ^ "1902Encyclopedia.com". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). "Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871", Revista Persona.
- ^ "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles". Liverpool Mercury. 29 Sep 1875. Retrieved 9 Nov 2012.
- ^ Plague – LoveToKnow 1911
- ^ Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889–92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. Retrieved 29 March 2011.[page needed]
- ^ African trypanosomiasis, WHO
- ^ Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague: 1894–1901. Sacramento: New York University Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-8147-2232-6.
- ^ Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda
- ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague
- ^ In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague
- ^ Patterson, KD; Pyle GF (Spring 1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bull Hist Med. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692.
- ^ a b William E. Paul (1 May 2008). Fundamental immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6519-0. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Geschiedenis 24 - Polio in Staphorst. Geschiedenis24.nl (2010-11-17). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
- ^ "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co". Schenectady Gazette. Associated Press. January 24, 1975. p. 3. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^ UNAIDS (2010) report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- ^ Dutt, Ashok (2006). "SURAT PLAGUE OF 1994 RE-EXAMINED" (PDF). SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH: 755–60. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- ^ Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000
- ^ "Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Bertherat, E; Bekhoucha, S; Chougrani, S; Razik, F; Duchemin, JB; Houti, L; Deharib, L; Fayolle, C; et al. (2007). "Plague reappearance in Algeria after 50 years, 2003". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (10): 1459–62. doi:10.3201/eid1310.070284. PMC 2851531. PMID 18257987.
- ^ "World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Faruque, Shah M.; Johirul Islam, M.; Shafi Ahmad, Qazi; Faruque, A. S. G.; Sack, David A.; Balakrish Nair, G.; Mekalanos, John J. (2005). "Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (17): 6119–6124. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.6119F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502069102. JSTOR 3375263.
- ^ Staff Reporter. "Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal". The M&G Online. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Mali: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes
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- ^ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola, BBC
- ^ Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India
- ^ "Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital". News-Medical.net. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "WHO - Chikungunya in India". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Khan, E.; Siddiqui, J.; Shakoor, S.; Mehraj, V.; Jamil, B.; Hasan, R. (1 November 2007). "Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: experience at a tertiary care center". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (11): 1114–1119. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.06.016. Retrieved 4 July 2016. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
- ^ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
- ^ Xan Rice. "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Cholera death toll in India rises, BBC News
- ^ Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing, Associated Press
- ^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News
- ^ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, Reuters
- ^ "Somalia cholera death fears grow". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Cholera epidemic losing its sting
- ^ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters
- ^ Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123
- ^ Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008
- ^ "Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Vietnam PM urges action against diarrhea outbreak, Thanh Nien Daily
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- ^ "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". bmj.com. April 21, 2009.
- ^ "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-06-25.
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- ^ "Doctorswithoutborders.org". MSF USA. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed". Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children - Yahoo News. News.yahoo.com (2011-08-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
- ^ "BMC Infectious Diseases - Full text - Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Yuill, Thomas M; Woodall, John P; Baekeland, Susan (2013). "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak-Darfur Sudan and Chad". Int J Inf Dis. 17: e476–e478. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009.
- ^ Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia. World Health Organisation (2015-06-11). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
- ^ Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). Retrieved on 2015-06-20.
- ^ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/12/15-0756_article
- ^ "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas - SE 5 (February 6, 2015)". Pan American Health Organization. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
- ^ "Plague – Madagascar". WHO. World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ^ "Odisha grapples with jaundice outbreak". Deccan Herald. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Press Trust of India (March 21, 2015). "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark". The Indian Express. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
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(help) - ^ "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak". BBC News. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Death toll Gujarat". Business Standard. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ "Yellow fever - countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983". ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
Further reading
- Hunter, Philip (June 2007). "Inevitable or avoidable? Despite the lessons of history, the world is not yet ready to face the next great plague". EMBO reports. 8 (6): 531–534. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400987. ISSN 1469-221X. PMC 2002527.