Mahsa Amini protests

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Mahsa Amini protests
Part of the 2021–2022 Iranian protests, the Iranian Democracy Movement, Iranian protests against compulsory hijab, and the aftermath of the death of Mahsa Amini
Date16 September 2022 – present (2022-09-16 – present)
Location
Iran, with solidarity rallies worldwide[1]
Caused by
Goals
  • Dismantlement of the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Restoration of liberal democracy and the protection of civil and political rights
  • Revoking mandatory religious requirements, such as the mandatory hijab law, in public law
  • Dissolution of the Morality Police and abolition of Sharia law
  • Ending persecution and violence against women in Iran
  • Prosecuting the perpetrators of Mahsa Amini's death
Methods
StatusOngoing
  • Universities and schools postponing in-person classes until the first week of October 2022
Parties

Iran Iranian protesters

Support by most anti-Islamic Republic organizations
Lead figures
  • No centralized leadership (in Iran)
Casualties
Death(s)At least 41 killed (state media)[4]
At least 50 killed (Iran Human Rights)[5]
See casualties for details.
Injuries733+[6]
Arrested1,200 people (per Tasnim News Agency)[7]

The Mahsa Amini protests are an ongoing series of protests and civil unrest against the government of Iran that began in Tehran on 16 September 2022. The protests began as a reaction to the death of Mahsa Amini (Persian: مهسا امینی), a 22-year-old Iranian woman who died while in police custody. According to eyewitnesses, she was beaten by the Guidance Patrol, the Islamic "morality police" of Iran, who accused her of wearing an "improper" hijab in violation of Iran's mandatory hijab law.[8] Iranian police have denied that Amini was beaten while she was in custody.[9]

The Mahsa Amini protests began hours after her death in Tehran. Protests first began at the hospital where Amini was treated and then quickly spread to other cities, firstly in Amini's home province of Kurdistan, including in Saqqez, Sanandaj, Divandarreh, Baneh, and Bijar.[10][11] In response to these demonstrations, beginning on 19 September the Iranian government implemented regional shutdowns of Internet access. As protests grew, a widespread Internet blackout was imposed along with nationwide restrictions on social media.[12][13]

As of 23 September 2022, at least fifty protestors have been killed as a result of the government's intervention in the protests,[5] making the protests the deadliest since the 2019–2020 protests that resulted in more than 1,500 fatalities.[14] The government's response to the protests has largely been condemned, and the United States Department of the Treasury has sanctioned the Guidance Patrol and several high-ranking Iranian officials.

Background

See also: Death of Mahsa Amini

Iranian protests against compulsory hijab began in 2017. Mahsa Amini was a 22-year-old Kurdish Iranian woman who was arrested by the Guidance Patrol on 14 September 2022 because of an "improper hijab." The police were accused of beating her and inflicting a fatal head injury;[15] Amini was pronounced dead on 16 September. After her funeral, protests were held in different parts of Iran. A nationwide strike was later called from Kurdistan Province to Tehran on 18 September. Iranian Kurdistan parties and civil and political activists from Kurdistan declared Monday a general strike day.[16][17][18]

Timeline

Hours after Mahsa Amini died, a group of people gathered in protest against her alleged murder near Kasra Hospital, where Amini died, and chanted slogans such as "death to the dictator", "Guidance Patrol is a killer", "I will kill, I will kill the one who killed my sister",[19] "I swear by Mahsa's blood, Iran will be free", "Khamenei is a murderer, his government is invalid", and "oppression against women from Kurdistan to Tehran". These protests were met with the suppression and arrest of protesters. A number of women took off and burned their headscarves and chanted the slogan "Shameless Daesh".[20][21] Some people honked their car horns in the streets as a protest. Another protest against compulsory hijab-wearing laws took place that evening in Tehran's Argentina Square. Protesters chanted slogans against Iran's president and compulsory hijab-wearing laws. Released videos of the evening show the violent arrest of some of the protesters.[22][23]

17 September

Beginning on Saturday, after Amini's burial, Saqqez, her hometown, and the city of Sanandaj were the scenes of massive demonstrations. In response, the government used violent force to disperse protesters. Following the publication of an image of Amini's tombstone in Saqqez, its inscription became a slogan of the protests:

Persian: ژینا جان تو نمی‌میری. نامت یک نماد می‌شود
romanized: Žīnā Ǧān to ne-mī-mīrī. Nām-at Yek Namād mī-šavad
"Beloved Žina (Mahsa), you will not die. Your name will become a symbol." [24][25][26]

18 September

The people of Sanandaj once again took to the streets on Sunday night to protest against the death of Mahsa. They chanted the slogans "death to the dictator", "shame on us, shame on us / our bastard leader", and "death to Khamenei". As a sign of protest, a group of women took off their hijabs. According to unconfirmed sources quoted by the BBC, security forces fired on the demonstrators.[27] A number of students from Tehran University held a protest rally on Sunday with placards in their hands.[28] A heavy presence of security forces was reported in Tehran and Mashhad.[29]

19 September

On 19 September, the government cut off mobile internet service in central Tehran. According to videos on social media, protests continued in downtown Tehran, the northern city of Rasht, the central city of Isfahan, as well as in Western Kurdish territory.[30] According to Hengaw, a Nordic organization that monitors human rights in Iran, three protesters were killed by security forces in Kurdistan Province.[31]

A 23-year-old man named Farjad Darvishi was killed by police while protesting in the Waliasr town of Urmia, Iran. He was allegedly shot by police security agents during the demonstration, and died from his wounds on his way to the hospital.[32][33][34]

20 September

According to the Voice of America, unconfirmed social media videos showed anti-government protests in at least 16 of Iran's 31 provinces, including "Alborz, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Isfahan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Tehran, and West Azerbaijan." Protesters in Sari appeared to tear down pictures of the Ayatollah and his predecessor from a city building. Iranian state media reported that three people had been killed in Kurdistan protests.[35] According to Hengaw, two male protesters (Zakaria Khial, 16 years old, and Farjad Darvishi, 23 in Piranshahr and Urmia, respectively) were killed by security forces in West Azerbaijan,[36][37] and a female protester was similarly killed in Kermanshah. The prosecutor in Kermanshah denied state responsibility, stating that people were being killed by "anti-revolutionary elements". Iranian state media reported a police assistant's death from protesters in the southern city of Shiraz.[31] In the city of Kerman, a woman was filmed removing her hijab and cutting off her ponytail during a protest. Some witnesses interviewed by CNN characterized the day's protests as "flash protests" that sought to form and then disperse quickly before security forces could intervene.[38]

21 September

Women in Sari were recorded burning their hijabs in protest. According to Hengaw, a man allegedly shot by security forces on 19 September died two days later.[31] Hengaw stated that a total of ten demonstrators had been killed by security forces; Amnesty International stated it had confirmed eight of those deaths. Amnesty International also condemned what it called the "unlawful use of birdshot and other munitions" against the protesters. WhatsApp and Instagram, the only mainstream social media and messaging apps permitted in Iran, were restricted by the government; in addition, there was a widespread internet shutdown, especially on mobile networks. Iran's Basij, a state militia, held pro-government counter-rallies in Tehran. In other countries, demonstrations of solidarity with the protesters occurred in countries including Canada, Italy, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States.[39]

According to Iran International, there was a brief exchange of fire between the Iranian Army and the IRGC in Saqqez.[40]

According to two semi-official Iranian news agencies, a member of the Basij was stabbed to death in Mashhad.[41]

22 September

Protesters in Tehran and other cities burned police stations and cars.[41] The protests continued despite widespread internet outages throughout Iran.[42] People in different areas of north and south of the capital, Tehran, continued their protests with different slogans.[43][44] Iranian state media stated that at least 17 people had been killed to date, while the Oslo-based Iran Human Rights NGO counted at least 31 civilians dead.[45]

23 September

Protests continued in Tehran, heavy fighting was reported in Isfahan at dusk. Аlso in many other cities including Tehran, Mashhad, and Babol people continued to protest.[46] Universities were closed, and shifted to virtual teaching mode.[47] It was reported that in the city of Oshnavieh, after days of very heavy protesting and clashing, protestors took control of the city; however the Iranian government denied this.[48]

The same day, thousands of people in multiple cities across Iran participated in pro-government rallies in condemnation of the riots and in support of the hijab.[49][50] According to a live state television broadcast, demonstrators chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Israel."[51]

The United States Department of State issued a general license allowing corporations access to the Iranian internet market.[52] In response, American entrepreneur Elon Musk said that he would activate his satellite internet firm, Starlink, to provide internet services to Iran.[53] However, the updated license did not cover hardware supplied by Starlink but the firm and similarly others were allowed to apply for permission to the US Treasury.[54]

24 September

Heavy protests at the contested city of Oshnavieh continued. Protests also continued in Shiraz and Tehran, in front of Tehran University.[55] Iranians living abroad marched in different cities of the world, including in Erbil, Berlin, Stuttgart, and Melbourne in support of the Iranian people.[56][57][58]

Inside Gilan province police and Iranian revolutionary guards arrested 739 people, including at least 60 women.[59] 88 guns were found and confiscated in Khuzestan province.[60] IRGC made multiple arrests in Kerman.[61]

The New York Times reported that security forces were "opening fire on the crowds" in multiple cities, and stated "The videos posted online and the scale of the response from the authorities are difficult to independently verify, but video and photographs sent by witnesses known to The New York Times were broadly in line with the images being posted widely online." The Committee to Protect Journalists reported at least 11 journalists arrested, including Niloofar Hamedi, the reporter who originally broke Mahsa Amini's story.[62]

Mahsa Amini solidarity protests in Stuttgart, Germany

25 September

Protests continued in various parts of the capital of Tehran (Narmak, Ekbatan, Valiasr, Aryashahr), Karaj (Mehrshahr and Gohardasht), Sanandaj, Qaen, Kashmar, and Babol despite the widespread outage of the internet network in Iran. Also, protests against the Iranian government continued in different cities of the world such as London, Brussels, and New York City.[63][64][65][66][67] A Basij paramilitary member died of injuries he had sustained in Urmia on 22 September, making them one of the several Basijis to have been killed in the demonstrations. [68]

26 September

Despite the gathering of Iranian government's supporters in Tehran's Revolution Square and the threat of violent confrontation against the protesters, people came to the streets at night in different areas of Tehran, Bushehr, Sanandaj, Qazvin, Yazd, Urmia, Shiraz, and Mashhad. The police attempted to halt the protests again. Iranians residing in Canada, France, Norway, and Austria marched in support of their compatriots in Iran.[69][70][71]

Civil boycotts

Many students have boycotted attending schools and universities, in-person or virtual. Schoolyear in Iran starts on the first day of Mehr (22 September). As a direct consequence of the unrests nationwide, universities and schools declared that the in-person agenda has been halted, and the curricula are to be conducted online until October 2022. With internet access being denied to the public, it is not at all clear how the schools will operate.

Similarly, many teachers and professors have declared their support for the movement, and have boycotted their teaching in response.

  • Ammar Ashoori, a professor in the faculty of Arts and Architecture at the Islamic Azad University, stood in solidarity with the protests. He was threatened to take down his supportive posts for the protests on social media by the custodian dean of the Faculty of Arts, or to face elimination of the courses he was to teach, to which he responded by boycotting his teaching and resigning in protest to this attack to his right to freedom of speech.[72]
  • Renowned Iranian director, producer, actor, and film-maker Mehran Modiri stood in solidarity with the people's movement and declared a boycott on IRIB and warned them to not show a single frame of Dorehami, a show that he had directed, from the state media.[74]
  • In an act of civil disobedience and in solidarity with the memory of Mahsa, Iranian actress Maryam Palizban removed her veil.[75]
  • IRIB radio hostess Marzieh Sadaei boycotted her service to the regime, and resigned in favor of "peace, justice, and democracy"[76]
  • Iranian actor and show host Soroush Sehat supported the people's movement in an Instagram post, making it clear he has no fear of any consequences and that nothing is more important to lose than the lives that are being lost.[77]

Resignations

In protest of the regime's oppression directed at women, Sajjad Esteki resigned to play for the national handball team under the flag of the Islamic Republic.[78] Similarly, Olympian fencer Mojtaba Abedini resigned to fence for the Islamic Republic.[79]

Slogans

Demonstrators have employed a variety of slogans and placards in these protests, which directly criticize the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its leader, Khamenei. Protesters have shown strong opposition to acts of Human Rights Violations perpetrated by Iran's Guidance Patrol in particular.[80] "Woman, Life, Freedom" (Persian: زن، زندگی، آزادی, romanized: Zan, Zendegī, Āzādī, Kurdish: ژن، ژیان، ئازادی, romanized: Jin, Jiyan, Azadî) is a popular slogan of the protests.[81]

  • "Woman, life, freedom"; One of the main slogans of the protesters
    "Woman, life, freedom"; One of the main slogans of the protesters

Casualties

According to Iran Human Rights, as of 25 September, at least 54 people had been killed, alongside hundreds of women detained and abused by the authorities.[5][82][14][83] Name and date of killing is shown when possible.

City Fatalities Name(s) Date Details
Amol 11 Erfan Rezai (21), Ghazaleh Chelavi 22 September [84][85]
Babol 6
Divandarre 2 Fouad Qadimi, Mohsen Mohammadi 20 September Iran Human Rights Group reports two deaths while other sources report four.[86]
Saqqez 1 Fereydoun Mahmoudi [87]
Dehgolan 1 Reza Lotfi 20 September [88]
Mahabad 1
Urmia 3 Farjad Darvishi, Abdollah Mohammad poor, Danesh Rahnama 21 September [89]
Karaj 1 Hadis Najafi 24 September Hadis Najafi, who took part in the protest action in the city of Karaj, died on the spot after receiving 6 bullet wounds in the chest, face and neck.[90][91]
Piranshahr 1 Zakaria Khyal 21 September Video showing his mother singing a Kurdish lullaby on his grave, calling him a "martyr".[36]
Kermanshah 2 Minoo Majidi (55) 22 September [92][93]
Oshnavieh 4 Amin Marefat (16), Milan Haqiqi (21), Sadreddin Litani (27), Danesh Rahnama (25) 22 September [94]
Quchan 1 Ali Mozaffari 22 September Saipa Volleyball Team player[95]
Bandar Anzali 1
Nowshahr 1 Hananeh Kia 21 September Shot and killed by security agents while returning home from the dentist.[96][97]
Ilam 1 Mohsen Qeysari 21 September [98]
Tabriz 1
Rasht 1 Maziar Salmanian 21 September Killed by direct police bullets.[99]
Eslamabad-e Gharb 2 Amir Fooladi (15), Saeid Mohammadi (21) 22 September [100]
Dehdasht 2 Pedram Azarnoosh, Mehrdad Behnam Asl 22 September
Fooladshahr 1 Mahsa Mogoei 23 September
Total 44

Internet blackouts

See also: 2019 Internet blackout in Iran

Beginning on 19 September 2022, the Iranian government initially cut off Internet access regionally, in order to prevent images and video of the protests from reaching a world-wide audience, and to discourage protesters from effectively organizing, blocking popular social media channels Instagram and WhatsApp in the cities of Saqqez and Sanandaj for a few days. With the spread of demonstrations throughout over 80 cities across the country, the government of the Islamic Republic shutdown the nation's entire Internet and severely restricted mobile networks.[101][12][102] According to Internet monitoring group Netblocks, these are "the most severe internet restrictions since the November 2019 massacre", when during the 2019–2020 Iranian protests the Internet was completely shutdown for an entire weeklong period, and 1,500 protesters were killed by government forces.[103][102]

Instagram and WhatsApp were blocked nationwide beginning on 21 September 2022. Iranian state media has said the imposed restrictions are due to "national security" concerns.[102] On Twitter, the messaging platform WhatsApp stated that they are working to keep Iranian users connected and would not block Iranian phone numbers.[41] However, multiple monitoring groups have documented rolling connectivity blackouts, affecting Iran's largest mobile carriers, with a "curfew-style pattern of disruptions" that lasts for 12 hours at a time. It has also been reported that text messages are being filtered, and communications which mention Mahsa Amini's name are blocked from delivery to the intended recipient.[102]

Despite the nationwide Internet blackouts, some video of the events are still making it out of the country. A small group of people from both inside and outside of Iran are running the 1500tasvir Instagram account, which has over 450,000 followers. The group says they are receiving more than 1,000 videos every day, and publish dozens of these videos on a daily basis, posting video to their Twitter account as well. One member of the 1500tasvir team noted the impact of Internet shutdowns can be extraordinary, and negatively impact protests, saying that "When you [can] ... see other people feel the same way, you get more brave" but "When the internet is cut off ... you feel alone".[102][104]

In response to Iran's Internet blackouts, Signal, the end-to-end encrypted messaging app, has asked for tech-savvy supporters to help Iranians circumvent the digital blockade. The organization that develops the app has requested international volunteers to run proxy servers so that people in Iran can safely communicate. In a blog post published on 22 September, the Signal CEO detailed step-by-step instructions, and has called for a Twitter hashtag campaign to promote the effort. Signal has also published help documents in the Persian language, for users within Iran.[105][106][107]

As of 24 September, access to Skype has reportedly been blocked.[104]

Reactions

On 22 September, CNN's chief international correspondent Christiane Amanpour was scheduled to interview Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in New York City, following his appearance at the United Nations general assembly. Amanpour planned to speak with President Raisi about several international issues, including the death of Mahsa Amini and the related protests. The long-anticipated interview would have been the first time Raisi spoke with US media on American soil. Forty minutes after the interview was set to begin and before Raisi arrived, an aide to the Iranian leader made a last-minute request and stated that the meeting would not happen unless the journalist wore a headscarf, referring to "the situation in Iran" and calling it "a matter of respect". Amanpour responded that she could not agree to the "unprecedented and unexpected condition" and later reflected on the situation, saying that when conducting interviews outside of Iran, "I have never been asked by any Iranian president ... to wear a head scarf".[108][109][110]

Several Iranian women living in India demonstrated against the Iranian government and burned their hijabs as a sign of protests.[111]

Incumbent Iranian politicians

  • Masoud Pezeshkian, (member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, 2008 – present), in a video interview on IRINN TV translated by MEMRI said, "After 40 years of this society...They have been raised by us, not by the Americans. We have had control of the broadcasting authority, the mosques, the schools, the universities. We have been everywhere. It is our fault. We want to implement religious faith through the use of force. This is scientifically impossible."[112]

International reactions

Exiled leaders and activists

  1. Direct & unequivocal support for #IranProtests
  2. European tech companies to offer #Internet & VPN support
  3. European Magnitsky sanctions on regime officials
  4. Recall EU Ambassadors from Iran, protesting the regime's increasing crackdown & in solidarity with the people.[113]
  • Maryam Rajavi wrote on her official social media, "I salute the martyrs of the nationwide #Iranprotests who laid down their lives for freedom. They symbolize their people's will to overthrow the mullahs and establish democracy in Iran. I urge the youth to rise up to secure the release of those arrested & support their families."[114]
  • Iranian former footballer Ali Karimi expressed his support for the protestors, and called on the Iranian army to side with them. He also shared technical advice on how to circumvent the Internet blackout. Fars News, partially affiliated with the IRGC considered him as "the new leader of the opposition", and called for his arrest.[40][115]
  • Masih Alinejad tweeted, "Police used tear gas to disperse Iranian protesters in Paris in an effort to protect the Islamic Republic embassy. Meanwhile, @EmmanuelMacron shook hands with the murderous president of Iran."[116]

Countries

  • Canada Canada: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced his government's support for the protesters, calling on the Iranian government to "end its repression of freedom of expression – and to end the ongoing harassment of, and discrimination against, women."[117] Foreign minister Mélanie Joly called for "a full and complete investigation into the regime's actions" in the aftermath of Amini's death.[118]
  • Turkey Turkey: Presidential Spokesperson İbrahim Kalın said he was saddened by the death of Mahsa Amini and that Iran needs to find a balanced way to respect one's free will and maintain the public order.[119] Demonstrations occurred in several Turkish cities, including a protest of a group of Iranians in front of the Iranian Consulate in Istanbul.[120][121]
  • United States United States: During his floor speech to the United Nations General Assembly, President Joe Biden offered solidarity to the protesters, imploring them to "secure their basic rights".[122] Secretary of State Antony Blinken condemned the Iranian government in response to Amini's death, tweeting that "[Amini's] death is unforgiveable. We will continue to hold Iranian officials accountable for such human rights abuses".[123] Later Blinken would announce that the US Government would be issuing a General License allowing US companies to ignore telecommunications sanctions against Iran in order to assist the protesters in attaining internet access.[124] Relpying to Blinken's tweet, Elon Musk implied that he would be activating Starlink to help keep the internet up in Iran.[53] Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez wrote, "Solidarity with the courageous women and allies in Iran protesting for their freedom. Mahsa Amini was senselessly murdered".[125] Senator Amy Klobuchar tweeted "The women of Iran are taking to the streets, risking their lives for their rights and freedoms. I am with you, we are with you."[126] Democratic U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen told VOA's Persian Service, "What's happening in Iran, generally, is an outrageous treatment of its people. And then you have this, these attacks on Iranian women … a woman who was killed for not conforming" to a religious edict "with respect to her hair in a veil."[127]

International organizations

  • European Union European Union: The European External Action Service (EEAS) condemned Amini's death in a statement and called for the Iranian government to "ensure that fundamental rights of its citizens are respected".[128]
  • United Nations United Nations: Nada al-Nashif, the acting UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, expressed concern over Amini's death and Iranian authorities' response to the resulting protests.[129]
  • Amnesty International: The Amnesty International criticized the use of unlawful force by Iranian authorities to brutally quash the Nationwide protest sparked by the death of Mahsa Amini. Iranian security forces have fired metal pellets at protesters at close range, misused tear gas and water cannons, and severely beaten people with batons.[130]

Human rights advocates

After photos and videos of the protests and the responding force shown during the protests, many international human rights groups such as the Iran Human Rights group and the Human Rights Watch group, and the UN Acting High Commissioner for Human Rights Nada Al-Nashif, issued statements of concern. The Human Rights Watch group raised specific concerns about reports that seem to indicate authorities using teargas and lethal force to disperse protesters.[131]

Sanctions

Main article: United States sanctions against Iran

On 22 September 2022, the United States Department of the Treasury announced sanctions against the Morality Police as well as seven senior leaders of Iran's various security organizations, "for violence against protestors and the death of Mahsa Amini". These include Mohammad Rostami Cheshmeh Gachi, chief of Iran's Morality Police, and Kioumars Heidari, commander of the Iranian army's ground force, in addition to the Iranian Minister of Intelligence Esmail Khatib, Haj Ahmad Mirzaei, head of the Tehran division of the Morality Police, Salar Abnoush, deputy commander of the Basij militia, and two law enforcement commanders, Manouchehr Amanollahi and Qasem Rezaei of the LEF in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran. The sanctions would involve blocking any properties or interests in property within the jurisdiction of the US, and reporting them to the US Treasury. Penalties would be imposed on any parties that facilitate transactions or services to the sanctioned entities.[132][133][134]

See also

References

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