National Assembly (South Korea)

National Assembly
Hangul	대한민국국회
Hanja	大韓民國國會
Revised Romanization	Daehanminguk gukhoe
McCune–Reischauer	Taehanmin’guk kukhoe

National Assembly of the
Republic of Korea

대한민국 국회
大韓民國國會

*Daehanminguk Gukhoe*
National Assembly of the; Republic of Korea ; 대한민국 국회; 大韓民國國會; Daehanminguk Gukhoe
20th National Assembly
Type
Type	Unicameral
Leadership
Speaker	Moon Hee-sang, Independent ; since July 13, 2018
Deputy Speaker	Lee Ju-young, Liberty Korea ; since July 13, 2018
Deputy Speaker	Joo Seung-yong, Bareunmirae ; since July 13, 2018
Structure
Seats	300
Political groups	Government Democratic (129); Opposition Liberty Korea (112); Bareunmirae (30); Democracy and Peace (14); Justice (5); Minjung (1); Korean Patriots (1); Independent (7); Vacant (1);
Length of term	4 years
Elections
Voting system	Parallel voting; First-past-the-post (253 seats); Party-list proportional representation (47 seats);
Last election	13 April 2016
Next election	15 April 2020
Meeting place
	National Assembly Building; Seoul, South Korea; 37°31′55.21″N 126°54′50.66″E / 37.5320028°N 126.9140722°E
Website
	korea.assembly.go.kr

The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, often shortened to the National Assembly in domestic English-language media, is the 300-member^[3] unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years. The latest legislative elections were held on 13 April 2016. Single-member constituencies comprise 253 of the assembly's seats, while the remaining 47 are allocated by proportional representation. Members serve four-year terms.

The unicameral assembly consists of at least 200 members according to the South Korean constitution. In 1990 the assembly had 299 seats, 224 of which were directly elected from single-member districts in the general elections of April 1988. Under applicable laws, the remaining seventy-five representatives were elected from party lists. By law, candidates for election to the assembly must be at least thirty years of age. As part of a political compromise in 1987, an earlier requirement that candidates have at least five years' continuous residency in the country was dropped to allow Kim Dae-Jung, who had spent several years in exile in Japan and the United States during the 1980s, to return to political life. The National Assembly's term is four years. In a change from the more authoritarian Fourth Republic and Fifth Republic (1972–80 and 1980–87, respectively), under the Sixth Republic, the assembly cannot be dissolved by the president.

Current composition

Template:Parties in the South Korean Assembly

Structure and appointment

Speaker

The constitution stipulates that the assembly is presided over by a Speaker and two Deputy Speakers,^[4] who are responsible for expediting the legislative process. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers are elected in a secret ballot by the members of the Assembly, and their term in office is restricted to two years.^[5] The Speaker is independent of party affiliation, and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers may not simultaneously be government ministers.^[5]

Negotiation groups

Parties that hold at least 20 seats in the assembly form floor negotiation groups (Korean: 교섭단체, Hanja: 交涉團體, RR: gyoseop danche), which are entitled to a variety of rights that are denied to smaller parties. These include a greater amount of state funding and participation in the leaders' summits that determine the assembly's legislative agenda.^[6]

Legislative process

To introduce a bill, a legislator must present the initiative to the Speaker with the signatures of at least ten other members of the assembly. The bill must then be edited by a committee to ensure that the bill contains correct and systematic language. It can then be approved or rejected by the Assembly.^[7]

Committees

There are 16 standing committees which examine bills and petitions falling under their respective jurisdictions, and perform other duties as prescribed by relevant laws.

House Steering Committee
Legislation and Judiciary Committee
National Policy Committee
Strategy and Finance Committee
Science, ICT, Future Planning, Broadcasing and Communications Committee
Education, Culture, Sports and Tourism Committee
Foreign Affairs and Unification Committee
National Defense Committee
Security and Public Administration Committee
Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee
Trade, Industry and Energy Committee
Health and Welfare Committee
Environment and Labor Committee
Land, Infrastructure and Transport Committee
Intelligence Committee
Gender Equality and Family Committee

Election

Since the promulgation of the March 1988 electoral law, the assembly has been elected every four years through a Supplementary Member system, meaning that some of the members are elected from constituencies according to the system of first past the post, while others are elected at a national level through proportional representation.^[8] As of 2016, 253 members represent constituencies, while 47 were elected from PR lists. In contrast to elections to the Assembly, presidential elections occur once every five years, and this has led to frequent situations of minority government and legislative deadlock.^[9]

Reform proposals

A proposal to lower the number of seats required to form a negotiation group to 15 was passed on 24 July 2000, but was overturned by the Constitutional Court later that month.^[10] In order to meet the quorum, the United Liberal Democrats, who then held 17 seats, arranged to "rent" three legislators from the Millennium Democratic Party. The legislators returned to the MDP after the collapse of the ULD–MDP coalition in September 2001.^[11]

Legislative violence

From 2004 to 2009, the assembly gained notoriety as a frequent site for legislative violence.^[12] The Assembly first came to the world's attention during a violent dispute on impeachment proceedings for then President Roh Moo-hyun,^[13]^[14] when open physical combat took place in the assembly. Since then, it has been interrupted by periodic conflagrations, piquing the world's curiosity once again in 2009 when members battled each other with sledgehammers and fire extinguishers.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] Images of the melee were broadcast around the world.

History

First Republic

Elections for the assembly were held under UN supervision^[19] on 10 May 1948. The First Republic of South Korea was established on 17 July 1948^[20] when the constitution of the First Republic was established by the Assembly. The Assembly also had the job of electing the President, and elected anti-communist Syngman Rhee as President on 10 May 1948.

Under the first constitution, the National Assembly was unicameral. Under the second and third constitutions, the National Assembly became bicameral and consisted of the House of Commons and the Senate, but actually unicameral with the House of Commons because the House of Commons could not pass a bill to establish the Senate.

Conservative Liberal Progressive

majority plurality only largest minority

National Assembly	Majority Party		Seats	Speaker	Seats	Minority Leaders	Minority Parties
1st (1948)	rowspan="2" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	NARRKI→NA	55	1948 Rhee Syng-man (supported by NARRKI) 1948–1950 Shin Ik-hee (supported by NARRKI until 1949)	29		KDP→DNP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
1st (1948)	116	NARRKI→NA	55			others	style="background: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;"\|

2nd (1950)	rowspan="3" style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DNP	24	Shin Ik-hee (supported by DNP)	24		KNP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	14					NA	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	148					others	style="background: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;"\|

3rd (1954)	rowspan="4" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	LP	114	Yi Ki-bung (supported by LP)	15		DNP→DP (55)	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	3					NA	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	3					KNP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	68					others	style="background: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;"\|

4th (1958)	rowspan="2" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	LP	126	Yi Ki-bung (supported by LP)	79		DP (55)	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
4th (1958)	28	LP	126	Yi Ki-bung (supported by LP)		others	style="background: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;"\|

Second Republic

House of Commons	Majority Party		Majority Leader	Seats	Speaker	Seats	Minority Leaders	Minority Parties
5th (1960)	rowspan="1" style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DP (55)		175	Kwak Sang-hoon (supported by DP (55))	58		Others	style="background: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;"\|

Senate	Majority Party		Majority Leader	Seats	Speaker	Seats	Minority Leaders	Minority Parties
5th (1960)	rowspan="1" style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DP (55)		31	Baek Nak-jun (supported by DP (55))	27		Others	style="background: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color;"\|

Third Republic

Since the reopening of the National Assembly in 1963 until today, it has been unicameral.

National Assembly	Majority Party		Seats	Speaker	Seats	Minority Leaders	Minority Parties
6th (1963)	rowspan="2" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DRP	110	Lee Hyu-sang (supported by DRP)	41		CRP→PP→NDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
6th (1963)	13	DRP	110	Lee Hyu-sang (supported by DRP)		DP (55)→PP→NDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

7th (1967)	rowspan="1" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DRP	129	Lee Hyu-sang (supported by DRP)	45		NDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

8th (1971)	rowspan="1" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DRP	113	Baek Du-jin (supported by DRP)	89		NDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

Fourth Republic

National Assembly	Majority Party		Seats	Speaker	Seats	Minority Parties
9th (1973)	rowspan="1" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DRP+Presidential appointees	146	Chung Il-kwon (supported by DRP)	52	NDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

10th (1978)	rowspan="1" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DRP+Presidential appointees ↓ KNP	145	1978–1879 Chung Il-kwon (supported by DRP) 1979 Baek Du-jin (supported by DRP)	61	NDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

Fifth Republic

National Assembly	Majority Party		Seats	Speaker	Seats	Minority Leaders	Minority Parties
11th (1981)	rowspan="2" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DJP	151	1981–1983 Chung Rae-hyung (supported by DJP) 1983–1985 Chae Mun-shik (supported by DJP)	81		DKP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
11th (1981)	25	DJP	151			KNP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

12th (1985)	rowspan="3" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DJP	148	Lee Jae-hyung (supported by DJP)	67		NKDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	35					DKP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	20					KNP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

Sixth Republic

National Assembly	Majority Party		Majority Leader	Seats	Speaker	Seats	Minority Leaders	Minority Parties
13th (1988)	rowspan="3" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DJP ↓ DLP		125↓ 219	1988–1990 Kim Jae-sun (supported by DJP→DLP) 1990–1992 Park Jyun-kyu (supported by DLP)	70		PDP→DP (91)	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	59↓ 0						RDP merge with DJP 1990	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	35↓ 0						NDRP merge with DJP 1990	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

14th (1992)	rowspan="3" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DLP ↓ NKP		149↓ 119	1992–1993 Park Jyun-kyu (supported by DLP) 1993 Hwang Nak-joo (supported by DP) 1993–1994 Lee Man-sup (supported by DLP) 1994–1996 Park Jyun-kyu (supported by DLP→NKP)	97		DP (91)→NCNP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	0↓ 61						ULD split from DLP in 1995	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	31↓ 0						UPP merge with ULD in 1995	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

15th (1996)	rowspan="3" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	NKP ↓ GNP	1999–2000 Lee Bu-young	139	1996–1998 Kim Soo-han (supported by NKP→GNP) 1998–2000 Park Jyun-kyu (supported by GNP)	79 ↓ 105		NCNP→MDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	50 ↓ 55						ULD	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	15						UDP (95)→DP (95)	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

16th (2000)	rowspan="3" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	GNP	2000 Lee Bu-young 2000–2001 Jeon Chang-hwa 2001–2002 Lee Jae-oh 2002–2003 Lee Kyu-taek 2003–2004 Hong Sa-duk	133↓ 150	2000–2002 Lee Man-sup (supported by MDP) 2002–2004 Park Kwan-yong (supported by GNP)	115↓ 73		MDP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	0↓ 47					2003–2004 Kim Geun-tae	UP split from MDP in 2003	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	17↓ 0						ULD merge with GNP in 2006	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

17th (2004)	rowspan="2" style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	UP ↓ UDP	2004 Kim Geun-tae (UP) 2004–2005 Chun Jung-bae (UP) 2005–2006 Chung Sye-kyun (UP) 2006–2007 Kim Han-gil (UP) 2007–2008 Chang Young-dal (UP) 2007–2008 Kim Hyo-seuk (UDP)	152	2004–2006 Kim Won-ki (supported by UP) 2006–2008 Lim Chae-jung (supported by UP→UDP)	121	2004 Hong Sa-duk 2004–2005 Kim Deog-ryong 2005–2006 Kang Jae-sup 2006 Lee Jae-oh 2006–2007 Kim Hyong-o 2007–2008 Ahn Sang-soo	GNP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
17th (2004)	10	UP ↓ UDP		152			DLP	style="background: Template:Progressive (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

18th (2008)	rowspan="4" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	GNP ↓ NFP	2008 Ahn Sang-soo 2008–2009 Hong Jun-pyo 2009–2010 Ahn Sang-soo 2010–2011 Kim Moo-sung 2011–2012 Hwang Woo-yea	153	2008–2010 Kim Hyong-o (supported by GNP) 2010–2012 Park Hee-tae (supported by GNP) 2012–2012 Chung Eui-hwa (supported by GNP→NFP)	81	2008 Kim Hyo-seuk (UDP) 2008–2009 Won Hye-young (UDP→DP) 2009–2010 Lee Kang-lae (DP) 2010–2011 Park Jie-won (DP) 2011–2012 Kim Jin-pyo (DP→DUP)	UDP ↓ DP (08) ↓ DUP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	18					2008–2010 Kwon Sun-taik 2010 Ryu Keun-chan 2010–2011 Kwon Sun-taik 2011–2012 Kim Nak-sung	LFP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	5					2008 Kwon Young-ghil (DLP) 2008–2012 Kang Ki-kab (DLP→UPP)	DLP→UPP	style="background: Template:Progressive (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	14↓ 0					2008–2012 Roh Chul-Lae	PPC→FHA merge with NFP in 2012	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

19th (2012)	rowspan="7" style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	NFP	2012 Hwang Woo-yea 2012–2013 Lee Hahn-koo 2013–2014 Choi Kyoung-hwan 2014–2015 Lee Wan-koo 2015 Yoo Seung-min 2015–2016 Won Yoo-chul	152↓ 145	2012–2014 Kang Chang-hee (supported by NFP) 2014–2016 Chung Ui-hwa (supported by NFP)	127↓ 103	2012 Kim Jin-pyo (DUP) 2012 Park Jie-won (DUP) 2012–2013 Park Ki-choon (DUP→DP) 2013–2014 Jun Byung-hun (DP→NPAD) 2014 Park Young-sun (NPAD) 2014 Kim Yung-rok (NPAD) 2014–2015 Woo Yoon-keun (NPAD) 2015–2016 Lee Jong-kul (NPAD→TDP)	DUP ↓ DP (11) ↓ NPAD ↓ DP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	18↓ 20					2016 Joo Seung-yong	PP split from NPAD in 2016	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	5					2012–2013 Kang Dong-won 2013–2015 Sim Sang-jung 2015–2016 Jeong Jin-hoo	JP split from UPP in 2012	style="background: Template:Progressive (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	1					2016 Shin Ki-nam	MP	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	1↓ 0					2016 Lee Yoon-seok	CLP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	13↓ 0					2012 Kang Ki-kab 2012–2014 Kim Seon-dong 2014 Oh Byung-yun	UPP banned in 2014	style="background: Template:Progressive (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	5↓ 0					2011–2012 Kim Nak-sung 2012 Sung Woan-jong	LFP→AUP merge with NFP in 2012	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

20th (2016)	rowspan="9" style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|	DP	2016-2017 Woo Sang-ho 2017-2018 Woo Won-sik 2018- Hong Young-pyo	123↓ 130	2016-2018 Chung Sye-kyun (supported by DP) 2018- Moon Hee-sang (supported by DP)	122↓ 112	2016 Chung Jin-suk 2016-2017 Chung Woo-taek 2017- Kim Seong-tae	NFP ↓ LKP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	30					2018- Kim Dong-cheol	BMP merged by PP and BP in 2018	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	14					2018- Chang Byung-wan	PDP split from PP in 2018	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	6					2016- Roh Hoe-chan	JP	style="background: Template:Progressive (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	2↓ 1					2017 Yoon Jong-o	MP	style="background: Template:Progressive (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	1					2017-	KPP split from SP in 2017	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	38↓ 0					2016 Park Jie-won 2016-2017 Joo Seung-yong 2017-2018 Kim Dong-cheol	PP merge with BP in 2018	style="background: Template:Liberal (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	31↓ 0					2016-2017 Joo Ho-young 2017-2018 Oh Shin-hwan	BP split from NFP in 2016 merge with PP in 2018	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|
	1↓ 0					2017-	SP	style="background: Template:Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color;"\|

Members

Template:Lists of South Korean Parliament members

References

^ Speaker can't join in a party. Formerly a member of the Democratic Party.
^ www.assembly.go.kr/memCond/hnumseat.do
의석수 현황
^ Article 21, Clause 1 of the Election Law
^ Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.
^ ^a ^b Park, Young-Do (2010). "Kapitel 2: Verfassungsrecht". Einführung in das koreanische Recht [Introduction to Korean Law] (in German). Springer. p. 25. ISBN 9783642116032.
^ Youngmi Kim (2011). The Politics of Coalition in South Korea. Taylor & Francis, p. 65.
^ Park 2010, p. 27.
^ Aurel S. Croissant, "Electoral Politics of South Korea", in Croissant et al. (2002) Electoral Politics in Southeast and East Asia. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, p. 257.
^ Croissant, p. 257.
^ Y. Kim, p. 68.
^ Y. Kim, pp. 68–9.
^ "The World's Most Unruly Parliaments".
^ "South Korean president impeached". 12 March 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "In pictures: Impeachment battle". 12 March 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Democracy, South Korean-style: MPs blasted with fire extinguishers after trying to break into Parliament with hoses and sledgehammers".
^ Glionna, By John M. "South Korea lawmakers: Reaching across the aisle with a sledgehammer". latimes.com.
^ "South Korean politicians use fire extinguishers against opposition". 18 December 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ "Hall of Violence". 2 March 2009.
^ Setting the Stage Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ ICL – South Korea Index Archived 13 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine

U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies

[1] Speaker can't join in a party. Formerly a member of the Democratic Party.

[2] www.assembly.go.kr/memCond/hnumseat.do
의석수 현황

[3] Article 21, Clause 1 of the Election Law

[4] Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.

[Park_Recht-5] Park, Young-Do (2010). "Kapitel 2: Verfassungsrecht". Einführung in das koreanische Recht [Introduction to Korean Law] (in German). Springer. p. 25. ISBN 9783642116032.

[6] Youngmi Kim (2011). The Politics of Coalition in South Korea. Taylor & Francis, p. 65.

[7] Park 2010, p. 27.

[8] Aurel S. Croissant, "Electoral Politics of South Korea", in Croissant et al. (2002) Electoral Politics in Southeast and East Asia. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, p. 257.

[9] Croissant, p. 257.

[10] Y. Kim, p. 68.

[11] Y. Kim, pp. 68–9.

[12] "The World's Most Unruly Parliaments".

[13] "South Korean president impeached". 12 March 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.

[14] "In pictures: Impeachment battle". 12 March 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.

[15] "Democracy, South Korean-style: MPs blasted with fire extinguishers after trying to break into Parliament with hoses and sledgehammers".

[16] Glionna, By John M. "South Korea lawmakers: Reaching across the aisle with a sledgehammer". latimes.com.

[17] "South Korean politicians use fire extinguishers against opposition". 18 December 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

[18] "Hall of Violence". 2 March 2009.

[19] Setting the Stage Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[20] ICL – South Korea Index Archived 13 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine

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