November 2015 Paris attacks

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November 2015 Paris attacks
Part of Islamic terrorism crisis (Spillover of the Syrian Civil War)
Locations of attacks within Paris and Saint-Denis
LocationSaint-Denis, France
1: near Stade de France
Paris, France
2: Rue Bichat and Rue Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge, Le Carillon)
3: Rue de la Fontaine au Roi (Casa Nostra)
4: Le Bataclan theatre
5: Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)
Date13 November 2015 (2015-11-13) –
14 November 2015 (2015-11-14)
21:16 – 00:58 (CET)
Attack type
Mass shooting, bombing, hit-and-run tactics, hostage-taking, suicide attack
Weapons
DeathsAt least 127 civilians[2]
8 attackers[3][4]
Injured300+[3] including 80 critical[5]
PerpetratorsISIS,[6]
8 gunmen with suicide vests and assault rifles:[7]
No. of participants
At least 8[3]
MotiveIdealogical objection to Paris as a capital of 'abomination and perversion' [10] and retaliation for French airstrikes in Syria and Iraq[11]

On the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks occurred in Paris and Saint-Denis, France. The attacks consisted of mass shootings, suicide bombings, bombings and hostage taking. Beginning at 21:16 CET,[12] three separate explosions and six mass shootings occurred, including bombings near the Stade de France in the northern suburb of Saint-Denis.[12][13] The deadliest attack was at the Bataclan theatre where attackers took hostages and engaged in a standoff with police until it was ended at 00:58 CET 14 November 2015.

At least 128 people were killed, 87 of them at the Bataclan theatre.[2][3][14][15] More than 300 people were injured by the attacks,[3] including 99 people described as being in a serious condition.[4] In addition to the civilian casualties, eight attackers were killed and authorities continued to search for any accomplices that remained at large.[3][4][16] French President François Hollande subsequently announced a national state of emergency in France, the first nationwide state of emergency since 1961 and the Algerian War,[17] and subsequently placed temporary controls on the borders of France in a televised statement at 23:58 CET.[2] The first curfew since 1944 was also put in place, ordering people to get off the streets of Paris.[18]

On 14 November, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.[19][20] The November 2015 attacks in Paris were motivated by ISIL as a "retaliation" for the French role in the Syrian Civil War and Iraqi Civil War.[21] Hollande also said the attacks were organised from abroad "by the Islamic State with internal help"[22] and described them as "an act of war".[23]

The attacks were the deadliest to occur in France since World War II.[24][25] It was also the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid bombings in 2004. The attacks came just a day after another Islamic State terrorist attack in Lebanon which killed 43, a day after the assassination of ISIL leader Jihadi John,[26] and 14 days after the crash of Metrojet Flight 9268, which killed 217 passengers and seven crew members, and for which the Islamic State's Sinai branch claimed responsibility. Prior to the attack, France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks in Paris that killed 17 people, including civilians and police officers.[7]

Background

France's military has been involved in Iraq and Syria since 19 September 2014, known by the codename of Operation Chammal. In October 2015, France struck targets in Syria for the first time.[27]

France had been on high alert for terrorist threats since the Charlie Hebdo shooting in early January 2015 and other related incidents during the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks.[7] France had also increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris from 30 November to 11 December 2015, and had restored border checks the week before the attacks.[7] The Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 occurred in the 11th arrondissement of the city, where the Bataclan theatre is situated.[28] Other attacks in France also took place, such as the stabbing of 3 military men in Nice who were guarding a Jewish community center, the Saint-Quentin Fallavier attack and the 2015 Thalys train attack.

Islamic State and their branches have claimed responsibility for numerous deadly attacks within the weeks leading up to the attacks. On 12 November 2015, twin suicide bombings took place in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 43 people. On 31 October 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268, carrying mostly Russian passengers crashed in the Sinai in Egypt, killing 224 people. Islamic State's Sinai branch claimed responsibility. Also, during the day of the attacks, ISIL's lead executioner Jihadi John was reported to have been killed by a U.S. drone strike[29] and had lost the Battle of Sinjar to Kurdish forces.[30]

Attacks

Seven distinct attacks took place,[31] comprising six shootings and three explosions.[32][33] The explosions occurred near the Stade de France, while shootings were reported in the vicinity of Rue Alibert, Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, Rue de Charonne, the Bataclan theatre in Boulevard Voltaire, Avenue de la République, and the Boulevard Beaumarchais.[28]

Timeline of attacks

13 November:

  • 21:17 - A suicide bomber blows himself up at the Stade de France.[34]
  • 21:20 - Shooting at Le Carillon.[35]
  • 21:30 - A second suicide bombing at the Stade de France.[34]
  • 21:50 - Shooting at Rue de Charonne.[34]
  • 21:53 - A third suicide bombing at the Stade de France.[34]
  • 22:00 - Hostage-taking at the Bataclan theatre.

14 November:

  • 00:58 - French police end their raid on the Bataclan theatre, where 60–100 hostages were being held.[34]
All times are CET.

Rue Bichat and rue Alibert

The first attacks occurred on the rue Bichat and rue Alibert, near the Canal Saint-Martin in the 10th arrondissement. Attackers shot at people outside Le Carillon, a café-bar, at approximately 21:20 CET.[36] They then crossed rue Bichat and attacked Le Petit Cambodge (Little Cambodia), a restaurant, leaving between four and eleven people dead.[2][37][38] According to French police, 11 people were killed at the restaurant.[2] The assailants reportedly fled in one or two vehicles after the shootings.[39] One of the vehicles was known to have had a Belgian licence plate.[40] Doctors from nearby Hôpital Saint-Louis were in Le Carillon when the attacks occurred and supplied emergency assistance to the wounded after the attack.[40]

Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi

Shots were fired at the terrace of La Casa Nostra, an Italian restaurant, on rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, south of rue Bichat, by a man wielding a machine gun.[41] The Paris prosecutor reported that five people were killed and eight were injured.[2] An eyewitness reported that people were being killed by a gunman on a scooter firing "bursts of three or four shots."[42]

Stade de France explosions

Three explosions occurred near the sports venue Stade de France, in the suburb of Saint-Denis, resulting in at least five deaths.[7] The explosions happened at 21:17, 21:30, and 21:53.[43] At least 10 people were injured or killed in an explosion at a bar near the stadium at approximately 21:30, about 20 minutes after the start of an international friendly football match between France and Germany, which French president François Hollande was attending.[14][44] The first terrorist detonated his suicide belt while trying to enter Gate J of the stadium, killing at least three fans.[45] Hollande was safely evacuated from the scene at half-time, while the German Foreign Minister stayed,[2][13] and Hollande met with the French interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve to coordinate a response to the emergency.[16] Two of the explosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of the match, but players and the audience were kept unaware of the danger until the game had finished.[7][39] Following the game, fans were brought onto the pitch to await evacuation as police monitored all the exits around the venue.[7] Security sources confirmed that all three explosions were suicide bombings.[7]

Rue de Charonne

Two attackers fired for several minutes at the terrace of La Belle Équipe, a restaurant on the rue de Charonne in the 11th arrondissement before returning to their car and driving away[14] at approximately 21:50.[41] Police confirmed that 18 people were killed by gunmen who opened fire on the restaurant's outdoor terraces.[2][46]

Bataclan theatre massacre

The Bataclan theatre in 2008

A mass shooting and the taking of hostages occurred at the Bataclan theatre on Boulevard Voltaire in the 11th arrondissement where the US rock band Eagles of Death Metal were playing to an audience of around 1,500.[2][13] About an hour into the concert, four black-clad men with AK-47 assault rifles entered the hall.[7] Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahu akbar" just before the gunmen calmly and methodically opened fire into the crowd.[7][47] A witness said that he saw armed men enter the Bataclan, and two or three men not wearing masks fired indiscriminately on the crowd.[3] The attack lasted about 20 minutes, with witnesses reporting that the attackers also threw grenades into the crowd.[47] A radio reporter, Julien Pearce, who had attended the concert, described the attackers as calm and determined, telling CNN they had reloaded three or four times.[47]

At around 22:00, the men started rounding up hostages, as police massed outside the concert hall.[47] Between 60 and 100 hostages were taken.[2][28] The band's members escaped without injury.[48] A witness who escaped the attack told a journalist there were five or six attackers and that they mentioned Syria.[3][49] One witness in the Bataclan stated that a gunman yelled, "This is because of all the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over the world."[50][51] There were further attacks reported on police and first responders who arrived at the scene after initial reports of shooting inside the theatre.[52] One of the attackers at the Bataclan had explosives, according to a police officer at the scene.[3]

At about 00:15, the police started an assault on the theatre after reports that the attackers had started killing the hostages.[7][47] The siege ended at 00:58 CET.[53] Initial police reports indicated that an estimated 100 people were killed at the theatre;[3][16] however, the toll was later revised to 87.[2] Four attackers died, three of them by detonating their suicide vests.[3][7][47] The fourth was hit by police gunfire, and his vest blew up when he fell.[7] The entire neighborhood around the area was closed off after the attacks.[54]

The building's owners, who are Jewish, stated that the theatre had been threatened before.[55][56][57]

Boulevard Voltaire

Another attacker detonated his suicide vest on the Boulevard Voltaire near the Bataclan theatre.[7]

Perpetrators

President François Hollande stated on 14 November that the attacks were organised from abroad "by the Islamic State with internal help".[22][58][59] Syrian and Egyptian passports were reportedly found near the bodies of two of the perpetrators at two attack sites.[60]

Paris Public Prosecutor François Molins confirmed that eight known attackers were killed, though authorities continued to search for the restaurant shooters.[16][7]

  • Four attacked the Bataclan theatre wearing black clothing and using AK-47 assault rifles.[7] Three killed themselves with their suicide vests during the police raid on the theatre. The fourth was killed by police gunfire just before his vest detonated.[7]
  • Three suicide bombers detonated their vests near the Stade de France. A Syrian passport has been found on one of the suicide bombers according to the French Police. The authenticity of the passport was put into question and many analysts pointed out that false Syrian passports can be easily obtained.[61] Minister of Citizen Protection in Greece Nikos Toskas confirmed that one of the Syrian passport-holders had been registered as a refugee on Leros in October.[62] It was also reported that an Egyptian passport was found close to the body of another bomber.[63][64]
  • The eighth attacker detonated his vest on the Boulevard Voltaire near the Bataclan theatre.[7]

One of the attackers was identified as a French extremist who had been flagged by the police for his activities.[9] One of the attackers had been identified as a fighter coming back from Syria to commit terrorist acts.[65]

Analysis of tactics and responsibility

Michael Leiter, former director of the United States National Counterterrorism Center, said that the attacks demonstrated "a level of sophistication we really haven't seen in an urban area since 2008 in the attack in Mumbai, India," and that "this will be a game changer for how the West looks at this threat."[66]

The Islamic State officially claimed responsibility for the attacks on the morning of 14 November, praising their "eight brothers" on the death of "at least 200 'crusaders'" and claiming that "this was only the beginning of the storm."[67][68]

Casualties

At least 128 people were killed and 300 injured during the attacks, with at least 99 reportedly in critical condition.[69] Sweden's Foreign Ministry reported that at least one Swedish national was killed and another injured.[3] According to Didier Reynders, the Belgian foreign affairs Minister, two of the deceased were Belgians, from Liège.[70] Australia's Foreign Minister Julie Bishop informed the media that one Australian was confirmed as injured.[71] Portuguese authorities confirmed that at least one Portuguese citizen died in the attacks.[72] Romanian Ministery of External Affairs confirmed two Romanian nationals died in the attacks.[73]

Aftermath

Official response

President François Hollande issued a statement asking the French people to remain strong in the face of such incidents.[74][75] Hollande also visited the Bataclan theatre and vowed to "mercilessly" fight against terrorism.[46] Hollande also chaired an emergency meeting of the French Cabinet that night, and organized his national security council to meet the next morning.[46] The authorities urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for their own safety.[2][39][76] Hollande also cancelled his trip to the 2015 G-20 Antalya summit because of the attacks, instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Finance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives.[77]

On 14 November, President Hollande announced three national days of mourning.[78]

Security response

In response to the attacks, France was put under a nationwide state of emergency for the first time since 1961,[17] borders were temporarily closed, and 1,500 soldiers were called in to help the police maintain order in Paris.[7][39][79] The plan blanc (Île de France) and plan rouge (global), two contingency plans for times of emergency, were immediately activated.[80][81][82] Paris declared its first curfew in 70 years.[83]

Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport were mostly unaffected.[13] American Airlines delayed flights to Paris until further notice.[84] Many Paris Métro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements were shut down because of the attacks.[39][85] Uber also suspended car hails in Paris after the attacks.[86] Eurostar connections between Paris and London remained operational but trains traveled with nearly no passengers in the aftermath of the attacks.[87]

All public schools and universities in Paris were set to remain closed the next day.[88] Sports events in France for the weekend of 14–15 November were postponed/cancelled.[89][90] Disneyland Paris closed its parks for the first time, in solidarity with those who died in the attacks; it had operated every day since opening in 1992.[91] The Eiffel Tower, a Paris landmark visited by 20,000 people a day, was closed indefinitely.[3]

Belgium tightened security along its border with France and increased security checks for people arriving from France.[2]

Several cities in the United States took security precautions, particularly at sites where large crowds were expected, as well as sports events, concerts, the French embassy, and other French government sites.[92] Singapore also raised its national security alert level, stepping up security precautions as well as border checks across the city-state.[93]

Poland offered condolences, while declaring that in the wake of the attacks it sees no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee relocation scheme.[94] Poland's European affairs minister designate Konrad Szymański said, "We'll accept [refugees only] if we have security guarantees."[95] Czech Republic’s deputy prime minister stated that "it will be necessary to close the Schengen border."[96]

Social media and popular reactions


French domestic politics

Both Hollande's governing Socialist Party and Marine Le Pen's National Front suspended their election campaigns for the upcoming French regional elections.[46] Former president Nicolas Sarkozy, the leader of the Republican party, the main centre-right opposition party, supported the national state of emergency and increased border security measures.[46]

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks

Many heads of state, heads of government, the Holy See, and the United Nations offered messages of condolence and solidarity in the wake of the attacks.[97]
The head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Caliph of Islam, Mirza Masroor Ahmad issued a press release from London condemning the attack by expressing his heartfelt sympathies and condolences to the French nation. He said that these attacks are against the teachings of the Quran.[98]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to November 2015 Paris attacks.
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