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Rail transport in the Netherlands

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The Netherlands
NS VIRM double-deck train at Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA Station.
Operation
National railwayNederlandse Spoorwegen
Infrastructure companyRailinfratrust
Major operatorsNS International
Arriva
Connexxion
Syntus
Veolia
Statistics
Ridership438 million per year
Passenger km17.1 billion per year [1]
Freight36.5 million ton per year
System length
Total3,223 kilometres (2,003 mi) [2]
Double track1,982 kilometres (1,232 mi)
Electrified2,321 kilometres (1,442 mi) [2]
Freight only158.5 km
High-speed125 km
Track gauge
Main1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
High-speed1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Electrification
1.5 kV DCMain network
25 kV ACHSL-Zuid, Betuweroute
Features
No. tunnels13
Longest tunnelGroeneharttunnel, 7160 meters
No. bridges4500 (of which 76 are movable)
No. stations408[citation needed]
Map
Railway network for public transport in the Netherlands (2013)
Railway network for public transport in the Netherlands (2013)

Rail transport in the Netherlands uses a dense railway network, that connects virtually all major towns and cities, counting as many train stations as there are municipalities in the Netherlands. The network totals 6830 kilometres of track,[3] or 3223 route km, three quarters of which has been electrified.[2]

The Dutch rail network supports predominantly passenger transport[4] and also most distance travelled on Dutch public transport is done by rail.[5] The national rail infrastructure is managed and maintained by public task company ProRail, and a number of different operators have concessions to run their trains.[6] The entire network is standard gauge.

The Netherlands is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for the Netherlands is 84.

Operators

Railway concessions in the Netherlands (2015)

Public transport authorities in the Netherlands issue concessions for collections of lines.[7]

A few Dutch railway stations are serviced, even for journeys within the country, from foreign railway operators using the NS authorization:

  • DB Regio, including DB Regionalbahn Westfalen and DB Euregiobahn
  • NMBS/SNCB - Maastricht - Eijsden, as part of the Maastricht - Liège service

Nationwide a common fare system applies although operators tend to use separate tariffs due to the concession system.

Most trains consist of both 1st and 2nd class compartiments; Syntus and occasionally Arriva only offer 2nd class compartiments.

The largest cargo carrier in the Netherlands is DB Schenker, others are ACTS, Crossrail, ERS Railways, Häfen und Güterverkehr Köln, Rail4chem and Veolia Cargo.

The whole network itself is maintained from the public owned agency ProRail, which is also responsible for allocating slots to the different companies.

History

Main article: History of rail transport in the Netherlands

The first Dutch railway was built and opened in 1839, on a short stretch between Amsterdam and Haarlem, and was expanded between 1840 and 1847 to The Hague and Rotterdam.[8] It was originally built to a broad gauge of 1,945 mm (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in), but was converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge) in 1866.[9] Further expansion happened in the 19th century to connect the rest of the country. During the 20th century most of the main lines were electrified, starting in 1908 with the Hofpleinlijn.

Network

Main article: Train routes in the Netherlands

The network is heavily focused on passenger rail services and connects virtually all major cities, although there are still a few cities without a train connection, including Nieuwegein, Drachten, Amstelveen, Oosterhout, and Katwijk.

Most freight routes run east-west, connecting the Port of Rotterdam and Koninklijke Hoogovens in IJmuiden with Germany. Freight trains usually share the tracks with passenger trains; the only exception is the new Betuweroute, which opened in 2007 as the first freight-only route.

The network is well developed and dense. No extensions are planned actually. One focuses on upgrading the network in terms of efficiency and capacity. More over, some sections might need an increase of the maximum speed up to 160 km/h.

Some important new lines were built in recent years, however. These include the HSL-Zuid high speed line, the Betuweroute and the Hanzelijn, connecting the province of Flevoland with the railway node Zwolle.

Maximum speeds, electrification and track doubling per rail section (2007)
Intercity part of the Dutch rail network (2015)

Most of the network is electrified at 1.5 kV DC, which limits interoperability with neighbouring countries, although Belgian trains (built for 3 kV DC) can run on the Dutch network at reduced power. Both the HSL-Zuid and the Betuweroute have been electrified at 25 kV AC, and it is planned to convert old lines to this voltage in the future.

Speed is generally limited to 130–140 km/h, but on most secondary lines actual maximum speed is significant lower. On the HSL-Zuid line, the maximum speed is much higher at 300 km/h. Technically, more recent lines have been constructed to allow for higher speeds. An overview of maximum speeds on all lines is available in the Train routes in the Netherlands article.

Trains are frequent, with one or two trains per hour on lesser lines, two to four trains per hour on rural sections and up to 8 or 10 trains an hour in urban regions. One could distinguish two types of trains: stoptreinen (local trains, which call at all stations; Dutch Railways tend to call them Sprinters) and intercities, providing faster long-distance services. An intermediate category of sneltreinen (fast trains) is being phased out, starting in 2007, although regional operators continue to use this brand. One could barely distinguish differences between sneltrein and the intercities, so removing the sneltrein could be considered as a kind of rebranding.

The railways of the Netherlands are all 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge),[9] and they have a total length of 3061 route-kilometers or 7028 track-kilometers.[6] 2061 kilometers are electrified (2001) at 1500 volt DC.[10] Only 931 km is single track. The country counts 3,004 level crossings, of which 2,144 are protected.

ProRail maintains Dutch railway network infrastructure (except metros and tram infrastructure), allocating rail capacity, and traffic control. The rail capacity supplied by ProRail is used by five public transport operators (see below) as well as cargo operators: DB Schenker, ERS, ACTS, Rail4Chem. Aside from these, there are a few negligible operators, amongst whom for example Herik Rail, with seven carriages, where trains can be chartered for parties, meetings, etc.[11]

Recent and new tracks

Two stations are located at a bilevel crossing of railway lines: Amsterdam Sloterdijk and Duivendrecht.

Non-electrified lines

(with timetable number)

  • Groningen-Delfzijl 84
  • Groningen-Roodeschool 83
  • Groningen-Nieuweschans Grens 85
  • Leeuwarden-Groningen 80
  • Leeuwarden-Harlingen 81
  • Leeuwarden-Stavoren 82
  • Zwolle-Kampen 63 (Will get electrification by 2017)[14]
  • Zwolle-Wierden 65 (Will get electrification by 2017)
  • Almelo-Marienberg 72
  • Zutphen-Hengelo 73
  • Enschede-Glanerbrug Grens 522
  • Zutphen-Apeldoorn 67
  • Zutphen-Winterswijk 71
  • Arnhem-Winterswijk 70
  • Arnhem-Tiel 68
  • Nijmegen-Roermond 29 (Approved for electification)[15]
  • Landgraaf-Landgraaf Grens 525 (Will get electrification by 2017)[16]

The Dutch network has several cross-border sections to Belgium[17] and Germany.[18] Of these, Terneuzen is linked to Belgium (freight-only), but not to the rest of the Dutch network. Contrarily, Lanaken (B) is connected to Maastricht (also freight only) but not to the Belgian network. Six cross-border links are electrified. Due to the difference in voltage, trains must change monovoltage locomotives at Bad Bentheim, or Venlo; monovoltage Belgian 3 kV trains reach Roosendaal and Maastricht with reduced power. The HSL Zuid has no voltage change at the border itself. Alternatively, multi-system train units or diesel traction is used. Several border -crossings are disused or freight-only.

  • Same gauge:
    • Belgium Belgium — voltage change 1.5 kV DC/3 kV DC
      • HSL-Zuid — same voltage
    • Germany Germany — voltage change 1.5 kV DC/15 kV AC

International trains

The InterCity between Amsterdam and Brussels temporarily abolished in favor of the high-speed Fyra but later restored

See also Rail transport by country, Europe.

Night service

NS offers a limited night service (Nachtnet).

On five nights a week it is just a single U-shaped stretch with an hourly service connecting Rotterdam Central, Delft, The Hague Central, Leiden Central, Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam Central, Utrecht Central (i.e., most of the large cities in the Randstad as well as the main airport). Due to the U-shape, journey time from the first five stations to Utrecht is longer than during day service. Because the relatively short distance between the stations, no separate sleepers are used.

During weekends night services are extended to Dordrecht and four cities in the Province of North Brabant.

On Friday and Saturday nights there is an additional service between Rotterdam and Amsterdam.

Series Route Material Frequency
1400/21400 (Eindhoven - Tilburg - Breda - Dordrecht -) Rotterdam Centraal - Delft - Den Haag HS - Leiden Centraal - Schiphol - Amsterdam Centraal - Utrecht Centraal (- 's-Hertogenbosch - Eindhoven) VIRM 1x per hour - operates between Eindhoven and Rotterdam/Utrecht Friday, Saturday nights only
21420 's-Hertogenbosch - Tilburg 1x per hour, Friday, Saturday nights only

"Friday night" means the night between Friday and Saturday, etc.

Fares and tickets

See also Nederlandse Spoorwegen#Fares and tickets.

Nationwide a common fare system applies, Via NS ticket machines, although operators tend to use separate separate fares due to the concession system and the recently introduced public transport card, which allows ticket integration and price differentiation.

Travellers need to be aware of the various operators. For off-peak pass subscribers, a station where one has to change operator one suffers barriers during peak hours.

Classical paper printed tickets were abolished as of 9 July, 2014. Nowadays ticket machines sell card board tickets containing an electric chip, but one has to pay a surcharge of € 1,- per ticket compared to the regular public transport card fees. These surcharge also applies on tickets sold via counters.

Passengers not carrying a valid ticket receive a €35,- fine plus the fare, unless the ticket machines were all out of order or some other exemption applies. The fine has to be paid at once except if the passenger is able to provide a valid identification card, in which case one can receive a collection notice in the mail. Travellers from abroad, commencing their Dutch train journey at Schiphol need to know that they have to buy a ticket before boarding the train.

One could buy on-line tickets through the Dutch Railways website, but payment can only be made via a Dutch Bank account. A workaround is to buy Dutch domestic train tickets online at the Belgian Railways website, which is able to sell these as it is part of the Benelux ticketing system, accepts major credit cards, and issues Dutch domestic fares as print-at-home tickets.

Off-peak discount passes

Counted as off-peak hours are weekdays 0:00-6:34:59, 8:55-16:04:59 and 18:25-24:00[20] and on Saturdays and Sundays the whole day. With a discount product on the pass one is automatically granted the discount based on the type of the discount product and the time of checking in. The term discount includes 100% discount, i.e. free travel.

There is an Off-Peak Discount Pass (in Dutch: Dal Voordeel) for €50,- / year, allowing a 40% discount on journeys starting in off-peak hours. Up to 4 people could enjoy the reduced far if they are in possession of a public transport card.

For a single € 14,- supplement, people over 60 years grant for free travel during off-peak hours on 7 days a year. Apart from some restrictions these subscribers could upload these free travel journeys themselves. One could only buy this supplement once a year.

There is also an Off-Peak Free Pass (in Dutch: Dal Vrij) for €99,-/ month (minimum 1-year subscription), allowing free journeys which each start in the off-peak hours (compare the OV-Jaarabonnement).[21] Here "journey" refers to a journey with a single operator. Thus, for free travel, changing to a train of a different operator has to be in the off-peak hours too.

For €309,- / month (minimum 1-year subscription), travelers can buy Altijd Vrij, for unlimited all day traveling.

Use of all these passes requires checking in at the beginning of a journey and checking out at the end, otherwise the traveller risks a fine.

Regulations involving time periods:

  • 100 seconds: minimum time between checking in and out or out and in for NS, except if another card reader is used
  • 2–3 minutes:[22] minimum time between checking in and out or out and in, except for NS; for Arriva one minute less
  • 5 minutes: margin in favor of traveller applied to times of start and end of off-peak hours, compared to those published (above this margin is already taken into account); (confirmed for all operators except Connexxion)
  • 30 minutes: maximum allowed time between checking in and scheduled departure time of the train (applies to NS; for other operators unknown)
  • 1 hour: maximum allowed time between checking in and out at the same station without travelling; this is free of charge (applies to NS; for other operators unknown); for the holder of the Off-Peak Free Pass who checks in in off-peak hours there is no time limit, except in the case of checking in for Connexxion
  • 6 hours: maximum allowed time between checking in and checking out (applies to NS; Arriva: 4 hours; for other operators unknown)

Railways in the Dutch Caribbean

Saba, Sint Eustatius and Bonaire (the Caribbean Netherlands) have no railways, and there are no railways at Sint Maarten and Curaçao. There is a local tram service on Aruba, introduced in 2012 and operated by bus company Arubus. Construction took place in cooperation with Haguish tramway company HTM. Rolling stock consists of one open, non-articulated single-decker and two open double-deckers.[23] These trams run on standard gauge. Two industrial narrow-gauge railway lines have existed on Aruba, but those have been removed.[24]

See also

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References

  1. ^ Railways: million passenger-km, Data table - WorldBank.org (archived)
  2. ^ a b c "CIA World Factbook | Field listing: Railways". www.cia.gov. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
  3. ^ Hofland, Dick (3 October 2014). "125 jaar Amsterdam Centraal" [Amsterdam Central station 125 years] (in Dutch). Sanoma Media Netherlands. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  4. ^ "Nederlandse spoor zeer intensief gebruikt". www.treinreiziger.nl (in Dutch). Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 1 March 2009. Retrieved 2014-07-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Waard, Jan van der; Jorritsma, Peter; Immers, Ben (October 2012). "New Drivers in Mobility: What Moves the Dutch in 2012 and Beyond?" (PDF). Delft, the Netherlands: OECD International Transport Forum. Retrieved 2014-07-07. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b "Kerncijfers".
  7. ^ Concessions; see also nl:Concessies in het Nederlandse openbaar vervoer#Overzicht concessies.
  8. ^ a b c "Nederland komt op stoom". Spoor (in Dutch). 2014 (3). Nederlandse Spoorwegen: 46–47. September 2014. Cite error: The named reference "spoor" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b From 1839 until 1864 it was 1,945 mm (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in), see 1,945 mm (6 ft 423⁄40 in) and "Parovoz". Archived from the original on 11 January 2013., it was changed because Germany and Belgium had 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), see komlos spatial1
  10. ^ Elektrificatie Nederland
  11. ^ A complete list of licensed operators can be found at europa.eu
  12. ^ sporenplan w
  13. ^ (in Dutch) utrechtboog
  14. ^ http://www.prorail.nl/projecten/elektrificatiezwollewierden/nieuws/elektrificatie-spoortraject-zwolle-wierden-gegund-aan-volkerrail
  15. ^ http://www.ovmagazine.nl/2014/06/elektrificatie-maaslijn-definitief-1311/
  16. ^ http://www.spoorpro.nl/spoorbouw/2014/04/15/mansveld-geeft-startsein-voor-elektrificatie-spoor-landgraaf-herzogenrath/
  17. ^ http://www.bueker.net/trainspotting/lines_belgium-netherlands.php
  18. ^ http://www.bueker.net/trainspotting/lines_netherlands-germany.php
  19. ^ For an overview of both passenger and freight traffic, see Belgium-Netherlands and Netherlands-Germany.
  20. ^ taken into account the 5 minutes margin mentioned below
  21. ^ For more passes see [1].
  22. ^ Three minutes on a clock that ignores seconds, for example from 12:34:56 until 12:37:00
  23. ^ "Aruba trams".
  24. ^ "Auba and Aruban History". Retrieved 2010-12-19.
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