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Great officers of state

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England

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Scotland

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Ireland

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Royal Household

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Household of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother

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  • Captain Oliver Dawnay, Private Secretary
  • Sir Arthur Penn, GCVO, MC, Treasurer
  • The Dowager Duchess of Northumberland, GCVO, CBE, Mistress of the Robes
  • Ladies of the Bedchamber:
    • The Viscountess Dowager of Hambledon
    • The Countess Spencer, OBE
    • The Countess of Scarbrough
    • The Lady Harlech, DCVO
  • Women of the Bedchamber:
    • Hon. Mrs John Mulholland
    • Lady Jean Rankin

Household of the Duke of Edinburgh

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Ecclesiastical Household

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Orders of Chivalry

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Peers

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Cabinet

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Local government

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Commonwealth

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Religious

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Anglican

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Representatives of the Church of Scotland

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Representatives of the Free Churches

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Train-bearers and pages

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  • Nigel Grier-Rees, Midshipman RN, page for The Duke of Edinburgh
  • Jonathan Peel, train-bearer for Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
  • Michael Anson, train-bearer for Queen Elizabeth
  • Viscount Carlow, train-bearer for Queen Elizabeth
  • The Earl Erne, train-bearer for Queen Elizabeth
  • Iris Peake, train bearer for Princess Margaret
  • Albemarle Bowes-Lyon, page for Princess Margaret
  • Hon. Mrs Forbes, train bearer for The Princess Royal
  • The Master of Forbes, coronet bearer for The Princess Royal
  • Lady Caroline Gilmour, train bearer for The Duchess of Gloucester
  • Earl of Dalkeith, coronet bearer for the Duchess of Gloucester
  • Lady Rachel Davidson, train bearer for the Duchess of Kent
  • Philip Hay, CVO, coronet bearer for the Duchess of Kent
  • Hon. Katharine Smith, train-bearer for Princess Alexandra of Kent
  • Hon. Henry Herbert, page for The Duke of Kent
  • Mrs James Mure, train bearer for Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
  • Richard Abel Smith, coronet bearer for Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
  • Hon. Gillian Cecil, train bearer for Lady Patricia Ramsay
  • Captain Alexander Ramsay, coronet bearer for Lady Patricia Ramsay
  • Gerald Ward, page for The Earl of Athlone
  • Mrs Hugh Adams, train bearer for Princess Marie Louise
  • Julian Alexander Ludovic James, page for the Lord High Steward
  • Martin Brett, page for the Lord High Steward
  • T. Cokayne, the Lord High Chancellor's purse-bearer
  • Andrew Parker-Bowles, page for the Lord High Chancellor
  • Henry Keswick, page for the Lord High Constable of England
  • Charles McCreery, page for the Lord High Constable of England
  • Duncan Davidson, page for the Earl Marshal
  • Hon. James Reginald Drummond, page for the Earl Marshal
  • Reuben Charles Harford, page for the Duke of Beaufort
  • Edward Elwes, page for the Duke of Northumberland page for the Duke of Northumberland,
  • Angus Douglas-Hamilton, Marquess of Clydesdale, page for The Duke of Hamilton and Brandon
  • Charles John Dawnay, page for the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbury
  • Simon Warley Frederick Benton Jones, page for the Duke of Richmond and Gordon
  • Hon. Bruce Hacking, page for The Duke of Portland
  • Michael Thomas Jeremy Clyde, page for The Duke of Wellington
  • Lord James Douglas-Hamilton, page for The Dowager Duchess of Northumberland
  • Peregrine Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, page for the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire
  • Nicholas Lowther, 2nd Viscount Ullswater, page for the Marquess of Cholmondeley
  • William Cecil, page for the Marquess of Salisbury
  • Thomas Richard Lindsay, page for The Earl of Crawford and Belcarres
  • John Chetwynd-Talbot, page for The Earl of Shrewsbury
  • David Douglas-Home, Lord Dunglass, page for the Earl of Home
  • Michael John Hare, page for the Earl of Onslow
  • Archibald George, Lord Montgomerie, page for the Earl of Stair
  • Henry Milles-Lade, Viscount Throwley, page for The Earl of Derby
  • Christopher Makins, page for The Earl of Dundee
  • David McEwen, page for The Earl of Scarbrough


Kesteven and Sleaford High School Selective Academy is selective secondary school in the English market town of Sleaford, Lincolnshire. It is a girls school between years 7 and 11 with a co-educational sixth form.

Opened in 1902 as a private venture to offer local girls access to high-quality education, the school has occupied a mansion house on Southgate since its inception. initially independent, enrolled infants through to sixth formers, and charged fees for attendance (which were paid through a local authority scholarship for a small number of pupils who qualified academically). Building work took place in the 1900s. The school was taken over by the local education authority in 1919, though continued to charge to fees and admit infants, juniors and boarders. The council expanded the school during the 1920s and 1930s. After the Education Act 1944 abolished school fees, the preparatory school was wound down and closed in 1950; the senior school became a grammar school. Playing fields were purchased and new buildings added in the 1950s and 1960s. After proposals to introduce a comprehensive scheme in Sleaford came to nothing, new buildings were added in 1984 [, 199x and 2005]. The school was a specialist art college from xxx. It converted to academy status in 2011 and four years later was taken over by the Robert Carre Multi-Academy Trust, which also operates Carre's Grammar School for boys.

The school continues to select pupils based on academic ability; pupils are required to sit the eleven-plus examination. ...

History

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Background

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In the late 19th century, Sleaford's only secondary school – Carre's Grammar School – admitted boys only. The other schools in the town were elementary schools: a National School for boys, girls and infants (Alvey's), a Welseyan school for boys and girls on Westgate, a Catholic school for boys and girls, and two schools for infants only.[1] From 1893, Kesteven County Council's Technical Instruction Committee offered annual junior scholarships (which would pay school fees), but the only place they were tenable for girls was at the Lincoln Secondary School for Girls.[2] As the Sleaford Gazette reported, a problem facing Sleaford at the turn of the 20th century was that there was no school "supplying a good, high-class education for the daughters and young children of middle-class and well-to-do residents in Sleaford and neighbourhood".[3]

In the late 1890s, the county council wanted to expand Sleaford's secondary education provision. When the governors of Carre's Grammar School applied to the Technical Instruction Committee for a grant towards a new school building, the council wished to make the grant conditional on the school accepting girls.[4] The governors suggested creating a separate girls' high school, but the plan was abandoned and discussions turned to creating a combined high school for boys and girls; by 1899, plans had been drawn up and approved by the county council and costed at £3,500, with a further £500 needed for furnishings. The council offered £1,500 towards the scheme. The Sleaford Tradesmen's Association supported the scheme; as the Lincolnshire Echo reported in April 1899, "all the members expressed a strong desire that the larger scheme should be carried out, and pledged themselves to support it as far as possible". They committed themselves to raising £500 towards it.[5] By September, they had raised £540 and the governors of the grammar school had raised a further £650, but £1,100 remained to be found.[6] Aside from a commitment from Henry Chaplin to contribute £50 towards the cost, the situation had not changed by December.[7] By August 1900, a local newspaper reported that "no further action had been taken towards the construction of High Schools at Sleaford owing to the lack of funds, about £1,000 more being required."[8]

1901–02: Origins

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The problem was solved in 1901, when a syndicate of local gentlemen and businessmen launched a venture to establish a school for girls on a private basis.[9][10] In November 1901, E. H. Godson purchased the architect Charles Kirk's mansion house on Southgate with five cottages and stabling for £2,150; Godson was acting on behalf of a "syndicate of residents, who propose to convert it into a High School for girls".[11] A company, The Sleaford and Kesteven High School for Girls Ltd, was incorporated on 12 December 1901.[12] Its board of directors was chaired by W. V. R. Fane.[n 1] By early January 1902, the directors had issued 2,500 shares at a £1 each and proceeded to allotment. Margaret Lewer, from Lincoln High School, was appointed headmistress and the school scheduled its opening for after Easter.[14] The school opened on 6 May 1902 and had 23 girls in attendance on its first day, taught by Lewer and two members of staff; there were five boarders.[15]

1902–19: Private school

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The school was arranged into three forms: the youngest (kindergarten) were under 8; the middle were juniors, aged 8 to 12; and the eldest (seniors) were aged over 12.[16] Boys under the age of 8 could attend.[17] Most students were fee-paying. The amount depended on their form; in 1905, the parents of a child in kindergarten paid £1 5s a term, while the termly fees for juniors were £2 12s and for seniors £3 3s. These fees covered the provision of a "main course", while parents would pay additional fees towards stationery and meals, and could opt (at further cost) for their children to partake in games and "extra" courses (see Curriculum).[16] As soon as the school opened, the Technical Instruction Committee agreed to add the school to the list of places where the county's Minor Scholarships were tenable.[18] These enabled girls to attend without paying fees, but there were relatively few and girls qualified by sitting the eleven plus examination; the number of free places changed depending on the number of fee-payers.[19]

The school occupied Kirk's house on Southgate, where the main school room for juniors (with 21 desks) overlooked the long gardens which had been laid out as croquet and tennis lawns. The kindergarten room overlooked Southgate and doubled as the dining room, while the senior scholars occupied a room upstairs set up for 11 pupils. The headmistress, assistant mistresses and boarders also lived in the building.[3] By 1904, a brick building had been added to the site (at the end of the house's garden), adding four classrooms, a music room and a cloak room. A dining room and dormitory for boarders were added to the original house c. 1904.[20][n 2]

Shortly before the school opened in 1902, the board of directors had asked the county council for grant in aid towards equipping and maintaining the school buildings, but the Board of Education would not sanction it because the school was for-profit.[18][22] In 1909, the company secretary asked the Board of Education about the school's eligibility for grants under the Regulations for Secondary Schools; the Board advised that the company should be wound down and converted into an Educational Trust under a scheme made by the Board of Education. The Board would regard the paid-up share capital of £2,250 as debentures, which could be redeemed within 30 years. The Board would also pay the mortgage for 30 years under such a Scheme.[23] Four years later, the county council inquired about having the school registered as a Pupil Teacher Centre, but in 1914 the Board would not allow this as the school was run for profit.[24][25]

1919–44: Conversion to state school and interwar expansion

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In 1918, the county council decided to take over the running of the school and purchase its premises.[26] The company was voluntarily wound up in December 1918.[27] The takeover was completed in 1919, and it was around this time that the name changed to Kesteven and Sleaford High School.[17] The school remained fee-paying (with the exception of scholarship students), still accepted boarders and retained its preparatory school for children under 8 years old (including boys).[17] Wooden huts were added in 1920 to provide offices for the headmistress, a biology room, an assembly hall, a cloak room and three classrooms.(pp. 26, 95) Two brick rooms were added in 1924, the original house was extended in 1927, the garden path was covered in 1929, and another wooden classroom was added c. 1930. Plans to completely rebuild the school were never enacted and more temporary buildings were added in 1937.(p. 95)

1944–70: Postwar grammar school; abolition of fees and expansion

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1970–79: Comprehensive debate

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1980–99: Late 20th century expansion

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2000–11: Early 21st century

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2011–present: Academy conversion and takeover

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Grantham

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Grantham...

Etymology

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Grantham's name is first attested in the Domesday Book (1086); its origin is not known with certainty. The ending -hām is Old English and means "homestead". The first part of the name may either be the personal name Granta or be derived from the Old English word Grand (gravel), implying either "Granta's homestead" or "homestead by gravel".[28] In the early 20th century, the town's name was still pronounced Grant-m or Grahnt-m; but as people moved more frequently and became more literate, they began to derive the place name from its spelling and the pronunciation shifted to Granthum (the t and h becoming a th phoneme). This was already becoming common in 1920,[29] and the later pronunciation is now the norm.[30][n 3]

Geography

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Grantham and surrounding settlements, roads, railways and watercourses. The urban area is in grey; areas over 100m in elevation are shaded beige.

Grantham is a town in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, a non-metropolitan county in the East Midlands of England.[32] A borough until 1974,[33] Grantham is now unparished and bounded by the civil parishes of Great Gonerby (to the north-west), Belton and Manthorpe (to the north), Londonthorpe and Harrowby Without (to the north-east and east), Little Ponton and Stroxton (to the south), Harlaxton (to the south-west) and Barrowby (to the west). The town's urban area is almost entirely within the unparished area,[32] though The Spinney housing estate, Alma Park industrial estate and part of the Bridge End Road housing estate are in Londonthorpe and Harrowby Without.[34]

Topography and geology

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The town is in the valley of the River Witham and its core is at the Witham's confluence with the Mowbeck (or Mow Beck).[35] The Witham flows south–north through Grantham.[36] The Mowbeck, which rises from springs at Harlaxton approximately 3 miles to the south-west of the town,[37] is culverted behind Westgate and Brook Street[35] until it merges into the Witham at White Bridge.[38]

The floor of the Witham valley (which is 50–60m above sea level in the town centre) is underlain by mudstone of the Charmouth formation of the Lower Jurassic period (199 and 183 million years ago). This formation is overlain by Belton Sand and Gravel laid down in estuaries and rivers in the Quaternary period, up to 3 million years ago. The courses of the rivers are overlain by Quaternary alluvium and (to the north) river terrace deposits.[39] The soil around the Witham's route is wet, very acidic, sandy and loamy; its fertility is very poor.[40]

As the ground rises on the town's eastern and southern fringes, it is underlain by Jurassic Marlstone rocks of ferruginous sandstone and ironstone (formed 190–174 million years ago), and then by Whitby Mudstone (174 to 183 million years old). The land then rises sharply to form the Lincoln Cliff demarcating the edge of the urban area and the start of the Lincoln Heath and Kesteven Uplands which are capped by Jurassic Oolitic Limestone[39][41][42] mostly overlain by shallow, free-draining, lime-rich soils.[40]

To the west, the town is near the edge of the low-lying Vale of Belvoir[43] but is fringed by a scarp[44] which rises in places to over 100m and forms the hills on which sit Barrowby, Great Gonerby, the Green Hill and Earlesfield suburban areas and the business parks off Trent Road. The hills are made of siltstone and mudstone of the Jurassic Dyrham Formation which line the edges of the Witham and Mowbeck valleys and Barrowby Stream's shallow valley; at its highest elevations, the scarp is capped by Jurassic ferruginous sandstone and ironstone rocks of the Marlstone formation. There are some head deposits, as well as pleistocene glaciofluvial deposits of sand and gravel east of Barrowby.[39] The soil in the lower areas is slowly permeable, seasonally wet and slightly acidic though it is base-rich; on higher ground it tends to be slightly acidic and base-rich, but freely draining and is highly fertile.[40]

Grantham Canal, which opened in 1797,[45] closely follows the route of the Mowbeck from Echo Farm into the town; west of that point, it cuts through a valley north of Harlaxton and into the Vale of Belvoir, eventually terminating at West Bridgford near Nottingham.[46]

Urban area

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Map of Grantham town centre. London Road, Wharf Road, Sankt Augustin Way and Barrowby Road form the A52. Harlaxton Road is the A607.

The historic core of Grantham consists of the area bounded by Westgate, Brook Street and Castlegate, and includes the High Street down to St Peter's Hill. This is the town's main retail and commercial area; it includes many historic buildings. Between Westgate and the A52 (to the west) are postwar retail outlets and blocks of flats. North of this core is 18th-, 19th- and 20th-century suburban housing focused on North Parade, which include villas and terraced housing.[47] Further north, off Gonerby Road and Manthorpe Road (A607), these give way to large, low-density, suburban, privately owned housing on estates mostly built in the 1970s and 1980s. Those at the base of Gonerby Hill are known as Gonerby Hill Foot and lie west of the railway line, on the east of which the developments are contiguous with the historic core of Manthorpe village.[48][n 4]

To the south of the town centre, suburban housing takes the form of late-Victorian and Edwardian brick terraced and villa houses in grid-plan layouts, initially built for industrial workers and now largely privately owned or privately rented.[50] Alongside some housing on Harlaxton Road (A607), most of these streets cluster around the railway station and nearby retail and industrial units (in an area known as Spittlegate), the town cemetery (an area called New Somerby in older maps), Wharf Road, London Road and Bridge End Road (stretches of the A52).[46][51][52] Further south-east, 1970s and 1980s low-density, mostly privately owned, suburban housing estates cluster around the A52, marking the edge of the town's urban area.[53] Further east, off the A52, are the Prince William of Gloucester Barracks.[46]

The north-eastern fringe of the town's urban area is dominated by 20th-century developments. An exception is the parcel of land east of the Witham and north of Stonebridge Road, which includes schools and colleges and portions of a 19th-century barracks complex south of greenspace including Wyndham Park. Otherwise, the area between the Witham, Belton Lane, Londonthorpe Lane and the Lincoln Cliff is largely filled with suburban housing, most of which is privately owned with some let by housing associations. This includes part of the Harrowby Estate (which was begun in 1928 as council housing). The part focused on Belton Lane and Harrowby Lane is low-density and a mix of pre-First World War, interwar and postwar houses; the remainder of the large estate and the Cherry Orchard Estate were built in the immediate postwar period to a medium density and with a layout inspired by the Garden City movement. South of Londonthorpe Lane and north-east of the other estates are medium- and high-density housing estates dating primarily from the 1970s to the early 21st century;[54][55] the northern-most is known as The Spinney or Sunningale.[34] These adjoin with the post-war Alma Park industrial estate off Londonthorpe Lane.[56]

The town's western fringe sits between the railway line, the A1 bypass and the Kesteven Uplands. North of the canal are large-scale and varied developments mostly from the 20th century, including the large Earlesfield estate (began as a council estate in the 1920s and expanded in the postwar period), industrial estates and a leisure centre complex, all south of Barrowby Stream; the expansive 1980s housing estate on Green Hill; the Edwardian and Victorian villas lining Barrowby Road; and the large 1980s and 1990s housing estate to its north. Most of this is privately owned, though some is let by housing associations. The canal basin is lined with a mix of industrial, warehouse, retail and office buildings which continue up to Dysart Road. South of these are Harlaxton Road (A607) and Springfield Road, around which separate residential developments have been built, including inter-war homes on Huntingtower Road, a 21st-century estate centred on Hudson Way, post-war social housing at Walton Gardens, post-war housing Denton Avenue, and late-20th-century developments at Harris Way.[55][57]

Climate

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The British Isles experience a temperate, maritime climate with warm summers and cool winters.[58] Data from the weather station nearest to Grantham (at Cranwell, 10 miles away), shows that the average daily mean temperature is 9.8°C (49.6°F); this fluctuates from a peak of 16.9°C (62.4°F) in July to 3.9°C (39.0°F) in January. The average high temperature is 13.7°C (56.7°F), though the monthly average varies from 6.7°C (44.1°F) in January and December to 21.8°C (71.2°F) in July; the average low is 5.9°C (42.6°F) which reaches its lowest in February at 0.8°C (33.4°F) and its highest in July and August at 12.0°C (53.6°F).[59]

Climate data for Cranwell
WMO ID: 03379; coordinates 53°01′52″N 0°30′13″W / 53.03117°N 0.50348°W / 53.03117; -0.50348 (Met Office Cranwell); elevation: 62 m (203 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.3
(79.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		39.9
(103.8) 		35.2
(95.4) 		31.6
(88.9) 		28.6
(83.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		39.9
(103.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		14.1
(57.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		4.6
(40.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.1
(50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		1.3
(34.3) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.5
(40.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.2
(43.2)
Record low °C (°F) −15.7
(3.7) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−15.7
(3.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48.1
(1.89) 		38.4
(1.51) 		36.3
(1.43) 		44.6
(1.76) 		48.4
(1.91) 		59.8
(2.35) 		53.5
(2.11) 		59.5
(2.34) 		50.5
(1.99) 		62.4
(2.46) 		56.6
(2.23) 		54.6
(2.15) 		612.6
(24.12)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.9 9.5 9.3 9.0 8.6 9.4 9.1 9.6 8.7 10.3 11.3 11.0 116.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.1 83.7 124.2 163.0 209.2 191.6 202.2 187.6 151.1 113.6 74.4 65.6 1,631.3
Source 1: Met Office[59]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[60][61]


Prehistory

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Much of Grantham's early archaeology remains buried beneath the modern town, making it "difficult to unravel".[62] Early prehistoric hunter-gatherers visited the area. Scattered Stone Age tools have been discovered, the earliest being a Palaeolithic axe found on the Cherry Orchard Estate and dating to between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago. The next earliest material comprises Mesolithic flints crafted 4,000 to 8,000 years ago and discovered around Gonerby Hill and the riverside in the south of the town. Neolithic people probably settled in the Grantham area owing to its proximity to the rivers and its fertile soils; material suggesting a settlement of this period has been found at Great Ponton and other scattered finds have been unearthed around the town. The remains of a Neolithic ritual site on the parish boundary between Harlaxton and Grantham are known from aerial photography. Bronze Age artefacts include pottery vessels with human remains discovered in Little Gonerby, a Beaker pot, Beaker pottery sherds, cinerary urns and a food vessel, and a later cemetery at Belton Lane, though there is little direct evidence for Bronze Age settlement in the area of the modern town. Very little is known about it in the Iron Age, though ditched enclosures and a field system of this date are known to lie off Gorse Lane.[63]

Various Romano-British coins and pottery finds have turned up in Grantham;[64] a burial and pottery from the 2nd century AD were uncovered off Trent Road in 1981. Small settlements or farmsteads from this period have been uncovered on the hills overlooking Grantham from the east, and another has been found in Barrowby. There were probably Romano-British farmsteads on the site of the modern town,[65] but the wet soils around the Mowbeck and flooding by the Witham probably made it difficult for a larger settlement to emerge there.[64] 3km to the south of the modern town, an important Roman site has been uncovered at Saltersford, a crossing of the River Witham near Little Ponton. Extensive finds and evidence of a significant Romano-British occupation have been uncovered in the vicinity since the 19th century; it has been tentatively identified by some scholars as Causennae (mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary) and sat at the place where River Witham was crossed by the Salter's Way, a trade route connecting the salt-producing coastal and marshland regions with the Midlands. Salter's Way also probably crossed Ermine Street (now the B6403) at Cold Harbour, 4km south-east of Grantham. Saltersford may have been a small town with a market serving the local farmsteads and smaller settlements.[66][67]

Medieval town

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Origins

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In the words of the local historian Michael Honeybone, there is "no doubt that the town of Grantham was established during [Anglo-]Saxon times"; its name suggests that it emerged in the earliest phase of Anglo-Saxon settlement (probably by the 7th century).[68] Nevertheless, the archaeological evidence for this is limited to finds indicating cemeteries at the sites of the Central School in Manthorpe and the junction of Bridge End Road and London Road in the town, as well as small quantities of pottery sherds found on London Road, Belton Lane, Saltersford, New Somerby and Barrowby.[69]

By the time that Domesday Book was completed in 1086 (which forms the earliest documentary evidence for Grantham), it was a town and royal manor; under its jurisdiction fell a large soke (outlying estate) including lands in 16 villages; its church, St Wulfram's, was the parish church of this extended area.[70] However, the town's history in the Saxon period is obscure.[70] The medievalist Sir Frank Stenton argued that Grantham had probably emerged as an "important estate centre" before the Viking invasions in the 9th century and then functioned as a "minor local capital" in the Danelaw.[71] By contrast, the historian David Roffe has argued that the town and its soke were established in the 1040s or 1050s by Queen Edith and Leofric, Earl of Mercia, to strengthen their hands in the county at the expense of Siward, Earl of Northumbria; they may have also created St Wulfram's either as a new church or as one revived out of a possible earlier cell of Crowland Abbey. Roffe also argues that Siward's death in 1055 made Grantham's new role less important, while the full extent of its Domesday soke was probably not established until after the Norman conquest of England, when the king merged it with the soke of Great Ponton.[72]

Royal manor

[edit]

Whatever its origins, Grantham's Domesday entries show that it was an estate centre, where Queen Edith had a hall before 1066; twenty years later, the king had the manor and there were four mills and eight acres of meadow but no arable land (the demesne appears to have been land now known as Earlesfield in Great Gonerby). There were 111 burgesses and 72 bordars, possibly labourers or craftsmen, indicating that Grantham was both a manor and a borough, where the lord retained exclusive rights.[73][n 5] It was a valuable asset and was used by the king to reward loyal followers.[75] By 1129, the manor and soke had been granted to Rabel de Tancarville, the king's chamberlain in Normandy. He sided against King Stephen during The Anarchy (1135-1154) and his lands were probably forfeited on his death in 1140. They were later restored to his son William, and confirmed in the early 1180s.[76] The king retook the manor after William's heir Ralph de Tancarville failed to support him in Normandy.[75]

In 1205, the king granted it to his ally, William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey. It was held as a life interest and reverted to the Crown on his widow's death in 1249, though was regranted to his son (the 6th earl) in 1266. On his death in 1304, it reverted to the crown and was soon granted to Aymer de Valence, but had been regranted to Warenne's grandson (the 7th earl) by 1312. Four years later, it was resettled on the 7th earl for life with reversion to the crown. William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, was granted the reversion in 1337 and took seisin ten years later. After his death, it reverted again to the Crown and in 1363 Edward II granted it to his son, Edmund of Langley, Duke of York; it passed through his heirs to Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York,[77] a major figure in the Wars of the Roses and a rival of Henry VI. After Richard's death in 1460, Henry's queen Margaret of Anjou attacked Grantham in 1461 but later that year she was defeated by Richard's son Edward, who took the throne as Edward IV. Two years later, Grantham was rewarded for its loyalty to the Yorkist cause when the king granted the borough a charter of incorporation, giving the town a self-governing council (the Corporation of Grantham headed by an Alderman) with various freedoms.[78][n 6]

Economy and government

[edit]

Its lords encouraged Grantham to expand as a commercial centre.[84] In the late 11th century it was already an "important market town".[85] The wool trade prospered, benefitting from Grantham's proximity to grazing lands on the Lincoln Heath. This wealth contributed towards the construction of St Wulfram's Church.[86] Wool shops were in Grantham in 1218[86] and Walkergate (now Watergate) was recorded in 1257, indicating the presence of fullers (walkers) who played a role in processing wool. Cloth manufacture declined around this time, but wool continued to be produced for trading, primarily for export from Boston. Wool merchants are recorded from the town in the late 13th century (foremost among them was Roger de Belvoir who contributed over £296 to the Wool Prize of 1297). By this time merchants from Italy,[87] Saint-Omer and Amiens were active in the town.[88] In 1269, the earl granted the town free tronage (the right to weigh wool without paying a toll). Less than thirty year later, its merchants were asked to send a representative to counsel the king.[84] The wool trade boomed in the early 14th century; the town's merchants traded at least 980 sacks of wool at Boston during Edward II's reign, half of them from the de Chesterton family.[89] In 1312, the earl granted the burgesses various freedoms and the right to elect a leader (the Alderman), codifying a long-standing informal arrangement.[90] Later in that century, the king sought to raise revenues from taxing the wool trade; some Grantham merchants, including the wealthy Roger de Wollesthorpe, acted as creditors to the king.[91]

England's falling population, continued taxation on wool exports, the growth of cloth exports and monopolisation led to the wool trade declining by the mid-15th century.[92] Cloth exports became more important nationally. Grantham had a small cloth industry but this could not compete with new fulling mills which required fast-flowing water.[93] The town's merchants continued to trade in wool during this time and it remained the predominant aspect of the town's economy.[91] Other industries also existed during the Middle Ages; there is evidence of wine trading, brewing, parchment making, weaving and various other trades and crafts.[93] The bridging of the River Trent at Newark by the late 12th century realigned the Great North Road so that it passed through Grantham,[94] which brought traffic to the town, made it an important stopping place and led to the development of inns such as The George and The Angel.[95] By the 16th century, the economy was quite diverse. The largest sector was the leather trade which employed a quarter of the known workforce; distribution, food, drink and agricultural trades were also important. By that time, clothing and textiles each accounted for less than 10% of the town's workers.[96]

Modern history

[edit]

Early modern

[edit]

Industrial

[edit]

Post-industrial

[edit]

Economy

[edit]

Demography

[edit]

Population size and change

[edit]
Historic population figures for Skegness
Year Population
(Civil Parish)[97]
1801 134
1811 132
1821 150
1831 185
1841 316
1851 366
1861 322
1871 349
1881 1,338
1882[n 7] 1,934
1891 1,488
1901 2,140
1911 3,775
1921 9,246
1931 9,122
1951 12,539
1961 12,847
1971 13,578
1981 14,452
1991 15,149
2001 18,910
2011 19,579

The poll tax returns for 1377 recorded 140 people living in Skegness over the age of 14; in 1563 there were 14 households, and in the late 17th century there were ten families.[98] The first census of the parish was conducted in 1801 and recorded a population of 134. It had risen above 300 by 1841 and reached 366 ten years later, before dropping back to 349 in 1871. Following the initial development of the seaside resort, the population rose rapidly,[99] contracted in the 1880s[17] and then rose sharply so that by 1921 the resident population was over 9,000. This figure reached 12,539 in 1951, and continued to rise at varying rates over the course of the century. It had reached 18,910 in 2001 and 19,579 in the most recent census, taken in 2011.[97] As designated by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the Skegness built-up area incorporates the contiguous conurbation extending north through Ingoldmells to Chapel St Leonards; this had a population of 24,876 in 2011 which makes it the largest settlement in the East Lindsey district (followed by Louth)[100] and represents about 18% of the district's population.[101]

Ethnicity and religion

[edit]

According to the 2011 census, Skegness's population was 97.6% white; 1% Asian or British Asian; 0.4% Black, African, Caribbean or Black British; and 0.9% mixed or mutli-ethnic; and 0.1% other. The population is therefore less ethnically diverse than England as a whole, which is 85.4% white; 7.8% Asian or Asian British; 3.5% Black, African, Caribbean or Black British; 2.3% mixed ethnicities; and 1% other. 94.2% of the town's population were born in the United Kingdom, compared with 86.2% nationally; 3.5% were born in European Union countries other than the UK and Ireland, of which more than three quarters (2.7% of the total) were born in post-2001 accession states; for England, the figures were 3.7% and 2.0% respectively. 1.8% of the population was born outside the EU, whereas the total for England was 9.4%.[102][103]

In the 2011 census, 68.2% of Skegness's population stated that they were religious and 24.9% stated they did not follow a religion, very similar to England as a whole (68.1% and 24.7% respectively), however compared to England's population Christians were over-represented in Skegness (66.8% of people) and all other groups were under-represented. There were 8 Sikhs in Skegness, making up a negligible proportion of the population compared with 0.8% nationally; Hindus composed 0.1% (compared with 1.5% in England), Muslims 0.5% against 5% nationally, Jewish people 0.1% compared with 0.5% for all of England, and Buddhists 0.2% of the town's population, contrasting with 0.5% nationally.[102][103]

Household composition, age, health and housing

[edit]

In the 2011 census, 47.8% of the population were male and 52.2% female. Of the population over 16, 45.3% were married, compared to 46.6% in England; 28.8% were single (a smaller proportion than in England where it is 34.6%), 12.8% divorced (compared with 9% in England), 10.3% widowed (higher than the 6.9% for all of England), 2.6% separated and 0.2% in same-sex civil partnerships (2.7% and 0.2% respectively in England). In 2011, there were 9,003 households in Skegness civil parish. It has a slightly higher than average proportion of one-person households (35.9% compared with England's figure of 30.2%); most other households consist of one family (58.1% of the total, compared with 61.8% in England). There are higher than average rates of one-person (16.8%) and one-family (10.8%) households aged over 65 (the figures for England are 12.4% and 8.1% respectively).[102][103] In 2016, East Lindsey had Lincolnshire's second-highest rate of conception among females aged 15 to 17 (28.7 per 1,000).[104]

East Lindsey has a high proportion of elderly people living in the district, driven partly by high in-migration and by the out-migration of younger residents; the local authority has described this as a "demographic imbalance".[105] A 2005 study by the town council reported that for every two people aged 16–24 who left the town, three people aged 60 or above moved in.[106] The 2011 census showed Skegness's population to be older than the national average; the mean age was 44.3 and the median 46 years, compared with 39.3 and 39 for England. 21% of the population was under 20, versus 24% of England's, and 32.2% of Skegness's population was aged over 60, compared with 22% of England's population.[102][103] This high proportion of elderly residents has increased the proportion of infirm people in the district.[105] In 2011, 69.6% of the population were in good or very good health, compared to 81.4% in England, and 9.9% in very bad or bad health, against 5.4% for England. 28.6% of people (12.8% in 16–64 year-olds) also reported having their day-to-day activities limited, compared with 17.6% in England (8.2% in 16–64 year-olds).[102][103]

As of 2011, Skegness has a lower proportion of people who own their homes with or without a mortgage (54.7%) than in England (63.3%), a greater proportion of people who privately rent (27.5% compared with 16.8%) and a slightly smaller proportion of social renters (15.7% compared with 17.7% nationally). The proportion of household spaces which are detached houses is higher than average (32.4% compared with 22.3%), as is the proportion which are apartments in a converted house (9.8% compared with 4.3%) and flats in a commercial building (2.2% compared with 1.1%). The proportion of terraced household spaces is much lower (8.9% against 24.5% nationally), while the proportion of purpose-built flats is also lower (14% versus 16.7%). 2.3% of household spaces are caravans or other mobile structures, compared with 0.4% nationally.[102][103] Since the end the 20th century, a growing number of people have opted to live in static caravans for a large part of the year; a 2011 report estimated that 6,600 people (mostly older and from former factory cities in the Midlands) were living in such properties in Skegness.[107]

Workforce and deprivation

[edit]

In 2011, 60% of Skegness's residents aged between 16 and 74 were economically active, compared with 69.9% for all of England. 51.7% were in employment, compared with 62.1% nationally. The proportion in full-time employment is also comparatively low, at 27.7% (against 38.6% for England). The proportion of retirees is higher, at 21.7% compared with 13.7% for England. The proportion of long-term sick or disabled is 7.9%, nearly double England's 4%; 2.3% of people were long-term unemployed, compared with 1.7% in all of England. The 2011 census revealed that the most common industry residents worked in were: wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (21.2%), accommodation and food services (17.3%), human health and social work (11.7%). The proportion of people employed in accommodation and food services was over three times the national figure (5.6%), while the proportion working in wholesale and retail trade and vehicle repair was also higher than in England as a whole (15.9%). Most other industries were under-represented comparatively, with both financial services (0.8% versus 4.4% nationally) and information and communication (0.6% against 4.1% nationally) especially so.[102][103]

The tourism industry in Skegness is dominated by low-paid, low-skilled and seasonal work.[108] Compared with the whole of England, the workforce has a relatively high proportion of people in elementary occupations (18.9%), sales and customer service occupations (12.1%), caring, leisure and other service occupations (12.2%), as well as skilled trades (12.9%), managers and directors (12.9%) and process plant and machine operatives (8.7%). There is a much lower proportion of people in professional, associate professional, technical, administrative and secretarial occupations than in England as a whole (combined 22.3% versus 41.7% of England's population aged 16–74).[102][103] A lack of more varied, higher skilled and better paid work and further education opportunities leads many more skilled, ambitious or qualified young people to leave. There is a chronic difficulty in attracting professionals to the area, including teachers and doctors; this is partly due to the perceived remoteness of the area, seasonality and social exclusion.[106][108] Employers also find it difficult to attract higher skilled workers, including chefs; a report prepared for the town council cites a lack of "work readiness" among young people as a common problem facing employers.[109] The proportion of residents aged 16 to 74 with no qualifications was 40.8%, much higher than the national figure (22.5%); the proportion of residents whose highest qualification is at Level 1, 2 or 3 (equivalent to GCSEs or A-Levels) is lower in each category than the national population; 10.7% of the population have a qualification at Level 4 (Certificate of Higher Education) or above, compared with 27.4% nationally.[102][103]

Deprivation

Transport

[edit]

Road

The A1 road (formerly the Great North Road) from London to Edinburgh ran through Grantham until a 6-mile western bypass was built around the town since 1962. The town sits at the intersection of the A52 road, a primary route from Newcastle-under-Lyme to Mablethorpe via Nottingham and Boston, and the A607, which runs from Belgrave to Bracebridge Heath near Lincoln and is a primary route from Thurmaston to the A1 junction at Grantham. The A1's former route through the town is now largely designated the B1174 which incorporates the High Street, Watergate and North Parade; this briefly merges with the route of the A52 at London Road.

Rail

Waterways

Government and politics

[edit]

Local government

National and European politics

Public services

[edit]

Utilities and communications

Emergency services and justice

Healthcare

Education

[edit]

Religious sites

[edit]

Culture and social activities

[edit]

Historic buildings

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The other directors were Thomas Samuel Brooks, George Godson, Thomas Evison Harrison, Thomas Henry Skinner, Norman Edward Snow, William Henry Spite, William Spyvee and John Ridal Wood.[13] Fane is listed as chairman in the school prospectus preserved in the National Archives, Kew (ref. ED 35/1539).
  2. ^ By 1909, the company had spent £743 14s 10d on erecting classrooms, £278 3s on adding a dining room and dormitories to the original house, and £54 in erecting a music room.[21]
  3. ^ Granfum is also sometimes heard in the early 21st century.[31]
  4. ^ There is some 1930s-era and earlier post-war housing lining Manthorpe Road (the A607) and some older housing in Gonerby Hill Foot.[49]
  5. ^ Alongside this estate, a smaller fee was held by the Abbot of Peterborough, whose tenant was by a man called Kolgrimr in 1086, and 77 tofts held by sokeman who were tenants of thegns settled nearby.[74]
  6. ^ The manor remained in royal hands and was often granted to the queen or queen mother for life. In 1696, William III granted it without reversion to William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland.[78] The earl's eventual successor, the 3rd Duke of Portland, sold the manor to Lord William Manners in 1767.[79] He gave it to his illegitimate son John Manners,[79][80] who married Louisa Tollemache, a daughter of the 4th Earl of Dysart, a title she later inherited in her own right;[80] their son, William, lived at Buckminster Park inherited the lordship of the manor, was created a baronet and adopted the surname Talmash. It then passed to his son (who also inherited the Dysart title as the 8th Earl) in 1833.[81][82] By the late 20th century, the lordship was held trustees of the Buckminster Estate.[83]
  7. ^ This was an unofficial census carried out locally.[17]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Kelly's Directory of Lincolnshire (1896), p. 469.
  2. ^ Ellis, p. 35.
  3. ^ a b "Sleaford and Kesteven High School for Girls", Sleaford Gazette, 12 April 1902, p. 5.
  4. ^ Ellis, pp. 36-37.
  5. ^ "Proposed High School at Sleaford", Lincolnshire Echo, 6 April 1899, p. 3.
  6. ^ "Day by Day", Lincolnshire Echo, 9 September 1899, p. 4.
  7. ^ "Sleaford High School Scheme", Lincolnshire Echo, 2 December 1899, p. 2.
  8. ^ "Sleaford", Grantham Journal, 4 August 1900, p. 6.
  9. ^ Edmonds and Venn (1977), p. 17.
  10. ^ Pawley (1996), p. 119.
  11. ^ "Sleaford", Grantham Journal, 16 November 1901, p. 6.
  12. ^ Copy of a Certificate of Incorporation for The Sleaford and Kesteven High School for Girls Ltd (no. 72143), dated 12 December 1901. Kept in the National Archives, reference number ED 35/1539.
  13. ^ Venn and Edmonds (1977), pp. 17-18.
  14. ^ "Sleaford", Stamford Mercury, 10 January 1902, p. 6.
  15. ^ Edmonds and Venn (1977), pp. 17-18, 23.
  16. ^ a b Edmonds and Venn (1977), pp. 18-20.
  17. ^ a b c d e Edmonds and Venn (1977), p. 27.
  18. ^ a b "Kesteven County Council", Stamford Mercury, 28 March 1902, p. 5.
  19. ^ Edmonds and Venn (1977), p. 25.
  20. ^ Edmonds and Venn (1977), p. 18.
  21. ^ Letter form Ernest H. Godson to the Secretary, Board of Education, dated 30 March 1909, internal reference S.B.2102/09. Preserved in The National Archives, Kew (reference no. ED 35/1539).
  22. ^ "Kesteven County Council", Sleaford Gazette, 3 May 1902, p. 3.
  23. ^ Letter from J. W. MacKail at the Board of Education to E. H. Godson at Sleaford and Kesteven High School for Girls Ltd, dated 2 October 1909, internal reference S.B.2587/09. Preserved in The National Archives, Kew (reference no. ED 35/1539).
  24. ^ Letter from Hudson Donaldson, Secretary of the Education Committee, Kesteven County Council, to the Secretary, Board of Education, dated 1 December 1913. Stamped internal reference S.B.9212. Preserved in The National Archives, Kew (reference no. ED 35/1539).
  25. ^ Letter from Edmund Phipps, Board of Education, to Hudson Donaldson, Secretary to the Education Committee, Kesteven County Council, dated 17 January 1914 and marked with the internal reference S.B.9212. Preserved in The National Archives, Kew (reference no. ED 35/1539).
  26. ^ Letter from Hudson Donaldson, Secretary to the Education Committee of Kesteven County Council, to the Secretary, Board of Education, dated 23 November 1918. Stamped with the internal reference S.B. 5073.
  27. ^ The London Gazette, 24 December 1918 (issue 31081), p. 15082.
  28. ^ Mills 2011.
  29. ^ Nicklin 1920, p. 15
  30. ^ "Grantham", Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  31. ^ Pinchbeck 2018, s. "It's the Way You Say It".
  32. ^ a b "Election Maps", Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  33. ^ Honeybone 1988, p. 126.
  34. ^ a b "About the Parish", Londonthorpe and Harrowby Without Parish Council. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  35. ^ a b Lane 2011, p. 9.
  36. ^ White 1979, pp. 1–2.
  37. ^ "Harlaxton to Grantham", Google Maps. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  38. ^ "Grantham Underground", Grantham Matters, 21 March 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  39. ^ a b c "Geology of Britain 3D" (British Geological Survey). Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  40. ^ a b c "Soilscapes Map", Soilscapes. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  41. ^ Robinson 2001, pp. 8–9.
  42. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2007, pp. 37, 44.
  43. ^ Measom 1861, p. 145.
  44. ^ Robinson 2001, p. 9.
  45. ^ "History", Grantham Canal Society. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  46. ^ a b c "Grantham", Bing Maps. Retrieved 14 December 2020. Toggle the Ordnance Survey layer for contours.
  47. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 47, 49, 53, 61, 86.
  48. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 153, 155, 164
  49. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 157, 160.
  50. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 103, 121.
  51. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 105, 289
  52. ^ For New Somerby, see "1:10,560 Ordnance Survey Map of Lincolnshire" (dated 1947–50), retrieved via Old-Maps.co.uk on 16 December 2020.
  53. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 184, 186–188, 191.
  54. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 125, 129, 167, 169, 171, 174.
  55. ^ a b For the council estates, see Honeybone 1988, pp. 88–89.
  56. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 279, 288.
  57. ^ South Kesteven District Council 2011, pp. 139, 141, 194, 198–200, 206, 208, 210–211, 218.
  58. ^ "Climate of the World: England and Scotland", Weather Online. Retrieved 8 July 2020. Archived 8 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ^ a b "Cranwell 1981–2010 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 21 April 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Met Averages" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  60. ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  61. ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  62. ^ Lane 2011, p. 9.
  63. ^ Lane 2011, pp. 11–16.
  64. ^ a b Honeybone 1988, p. 15.
  65. ^ Lane 2011, pp. 16–17.
  66. ^ Lane 2011, pp. 10, 17–20
  67. ^ For the distance from Grantham town centre to Cold Harbour, see "52.9029343, -0.640257, 13z", Google Maps. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  68. ^ Honeybone 1988, p. 15.
  69. ^ Lane 2011, p. 20.
  70. ^ a b Roffe 2011, p. 21.
  71. ^ Stenton 1971, p. 525.
  72. ^ Roffe 2011, p. 36.
  73. ^ Roffe 2011, pp. 26–29.
  74. ^ Roffe 2011, pp. 28–29.
  75. ^ a b Honeybone 1988, p. 33.
  76. ^ White 1976, pp. 559–560.
  77. ^ Manterfield 2011, pp. 39–40.
  78. ^ a b Honeybone 1988, p. 35.
  79. ^ a b Turnor 1806, p. 61.
  80. ^ a b Drummond 1964.
  81. ^ Honeybone 1988, p. 43.
  82. ^ Port & Thorne 1986.
  83. ^ Honeybone 1988, p. 38.
  84. ^ a b Manterfield 2011, pp. 40–41.
  85. ^ Honeybone 1988, p. 16.
  86. ^ a b Honeybone 1988, pp. 25–26.
  87. ^ Manterfield 2011, pp. 41–42.
  88. ^ Honeybone 1988, p. 26.
  89. ^ Manterfield 2011, pp. 42–43.
  90. ^ Manterfield 2011, p. 41.
  91. ^ a b Manterfield 2011, p. 43.
  92. ^ Haigh 1990, p. 127.
  93. ^ a b Honeybone 1988, pp. 26–27.
  94. ^ Honeybone 1988, p. 29.
  95. ^ Dixon & Taylor 2011, pp. 237–238.
  96. ^ Manterfield 2011, p. 44.
  97. ^ a b Figures for 1801–1961, except 1861 and 1871, are taken from "Skegness CP/AP", Vision of Britain (University of Portsmouth). Retrieved 28 June 2020. Archived 1 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The figures for 1861 and 1871 are from Hewson (1986), p. 63. The local census conducted in 1882 is cited in Gurnham (1972), p. 73. The figure for 1971 was accessed via a query in Casweb (UK Data Service). Retrieved 28 June 2020. The 1981 figure is from Fullard, (1983), p. 15. The 1991 figure is from Office for National Statistics (1998), p. 180. The 2001 figure is from Lincolnshire Research Observatory (2003), p. 1. The 2011 figure is from "Skegness Parish: Local Area Report", Nomis: Official Labour Market Statistics (Office for National Statistics). Retrieved 28 June 2020. Archived 28 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  98. ^ "Settlement of Skegness", Lincs to the Past (Lincolnshire Archives). Retrieved 18 June 2020. Archived 26 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  99. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hewson 1986, p. 63 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  100. ^ East Lindsey District Council (2016), p. 10.
  101. ^ Compare with "East Lindsey Local Authority", Nomis: Official Labour Market Statistics (Office for National Statistics). Retrieved 8 July 2020. Archived 11 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  102. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Skegness Parish: Local Area Report", Nomis: Official Labour Market Statistics (Office for National Statistics). Retrieved 28 June 2020. Archived 28 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  103. ^ a b c d e f g h i "England: Country Report", Nomis: Official Labour Market Statistics (Office for National Statistics). Retrieved 28 June 2020. Archived 22 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  104. ^ "East Lindsey and Boston Have 'Highest Rates' of Teen Pregnancy", Skegness Standard, 28 March 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2020. Archived 2 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  105. ^ a b East Lindsey District Council East Lindsey Local Plan: Core Strategy: Adopted July 2018 (Louth: East Lindsey District Council, 2018), p. 13. Archived 26 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
  106. ^ a b Memorandum by Skegness Town Council, printed in House of Commons Housing, Planning, Local Government and the Regions Committee (2006), p. Ev 37.
  107. ^ Beatty, Fothergill, Powell and Scott (2011), p. 3.
  108. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  109. ^ Community Resource Planning (2019), p. 9.

Bibliography

[edit]

Haigh: https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Historical_Encyclopedia_of/0NrVJb1rWq0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=wool-clip+edward+iii&pg=PA127&printsec=frontcover


Name List of MPs? Articles for MPs on 24/02/2019
Provincial Government (1917–19)
Provincial Assembly (1917–19) checkY 15/66 (23%)
Pre-Soviet (1918–40)
Founding Assembly (1919–20) checkY 29/173 (17%)
1st Riigikogu (1920–23) checkY 21/168 (13%)
2nd Riigikogu (1923–26) checkY 22/188 (12%)
3rd Riigikogu (1926–29) checkY 19/129 (15%)
4th Riigikogu (1929–32) checkY 14/126 (11%)
5th Riigikogu (1932–34) checkY 16/115 (14%)
Riigikogu suspended, 1934–37
National Assembly (1937) checkY 20/120 (17%)
6th Riigikogu (1938–40) checkY 22/125 (18%)
Soviet (1940–92)
1st Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1940–47) checkY 5/80 (6%)
2nd Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1947–51) checkY 10/101 (10%)
3rd Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1951–55) checkY /118
4th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1955–59) checkY /125
5th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1959–63) checkY /125
6th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1963–67) checkY /179
7th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1967–71) checkY /180
8th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1971–75) checkY /186
9th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1975–80) checkY /203
10th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1980–85) checkY /290
11th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1985–90) checkY /310
12th Supreme Soviet of the ESSR (1990–92) checkY /105
Congress of Estonia (1990–92)
Congress (1990–92): Committees I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X ☒N
Post-Soviet (1992–present)
Constituent Assembly (1991–92) ☒N
7th Riigikogu (1992–1995) ☒N
8th Riigikogu (1995–1999) checkY
9th Riigikogu (1999–2003) checkY
10th Riigikogu (2003–2007) checkY
11th Riigikogu (2007–2011) checkY
12th Riigikogu (2011–2015) checkY
13th Riigikogu (2015–present) checkY

For the source material, see here.


http://www.geograph.org.uk/browser/#!/loc=TF0645/dist=10000/page=13

Early life and family

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Edmund Gerard Noel Rushbrooke was born on 15 December 1892,[1] the second son of William Henry Rushbrooke (1849–1926) and his wife, Margaret Mary (died 1926), daughter of Henry Frederick Whyte (1832–1883), a civil engineer who worked on the railways in Ireland and India.[1][2][3] William Henry had estates in Surrey and Queenstown in county Cork, Ireland.[4] The family belonged to the gentry and had a history of military service: he was the son of another William Henry Rushbrooke, a Captain in the Royal Navy and son of Colonel Robert Rushbrooke, owner of Rushbrooke Park in Suffolk.[4] Commissioned into the 15th Regiment and eventually promoted to the rank of captain, the younger William Henry was also a magistrate in Surrey and county Cork; a devoted Roman Catholic, he was ennobled as a count by Pope Leo XIII in 1892.[5][4]

Career

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Rushbrooke attended the Royal Naval Colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth,[1] before he was commissioned as a Sub-Lieutenant in April 1914.[6] During the First World War, he served on HMS Lennox, Sharpshooter and Ullswater.[7] Promoted to Lieutenant in 1916,[8] Rushbrooke was mentioned in dispatches and received the Distinguished Service Cross for his services in the Harwich Force in September 1917.[7][9][10] That year, the Board of Trade awarded him its silver medal for gallantry at sea "in recognition of his service in rescuing a member of the crew of a British steamship sunk by an enemy submarine in April last"[11] and the French Government bestowed the Croix de Guerre on him.[12]

In 1921, Rushbrooke was posted to the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth.[13] Promotion to Commander came in December 1928.[14] In 1930, he was posted to the Royal Naval Staff College at Greenwich[15] and to HMS President two years later;[16] he was the executive officer at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, until 1936.[17] Promoted to Captain that year,[18] he went on to serve on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, China Station, until 1938,[19] and was appointed Chief of Intelligence Staff at the station in 1937.[1] On 26 July 1939, Rushbrooke was given the command of HMS Guardian.[20]

In May 1941, Rushbrooke replaced Captain A. R. M. Bridge as commander of the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle.[21] She was ... Rushbrooke was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire "for skill and resource when HMS Eagle was flying off fighter reinforcements for Malta".[22] The Naval Intelligence office had been neglected in the Inter-War years and, with World War II approaching, Rear-Admiral John Godfrey was appointed its director and tasked with dramatically improving it. He recruited civilians and transformed the office into "the nerve centre of the war at sea". But, his abrasive personality caused clashes with his colleagues and his superiors, including the Prime Minister, Winston Churchil.[23] He was removed and Rushbrooke replaced him on 18 March 1943.[24] While Director of Naval Intelligence, Rushbrooke's personal assistant was Commander Ian Fleming, the future author of the James Bond spy novels. Godfrey had been a "friend and patron" to Fleming and employed him to liaise with other government agencies, but Rushbrooke treated him as little more than his personal assistant and Fleming's influence declined.[25]

He was replaced by Edward Parry as Director of Naval Intelligence in 1946 and appointed to Plymouth Command, where he undertook "special duties" and studied "post-war manning problems".[26] He was promoted to Vice-Admiral in November 1948 (to date from 22 October) and placed on the retired list.[27]

The President of the Chinese Republic awarded Rushbrooke the Special Cravat of the Order of the Cloud and Banner for services to the Chinese Navy.[28]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d "Rushbrooke, Vice-Adm. Edmund Gerard Noel", Who Was Who (A. & C. Black), online edition, April 2014 (Oxford University Press; subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  2. ^ A. C. Fox-Davies, Armorial Families, 7th ed. (1929), p. 1696
  3. ^ "Henry Frederick White", Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, vol. 75 (1884), p. 308. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "Captain W. H. Rushbrooke", The Tablet, 12 June 1926, p. 24. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  5. ^ Ruvigny, Nobilities of Europe, vol. 1 (1909), p. 16
  6. ^ London Gazette, 3 April 1914 (issue 28818), p. 2878
  7. ^ a b "Vice-Admiral Rushbrooke", The Times, 11 October 1972 (issue 58602), p. 18
  8. ^ London Gazette, (ssue 295122935
  9. ^ Edinburgh Gazette, ssue 13142), p.1955
  10. ^ Third Supplement to the London Gazette, 14 September 1917 (issue 30285), p. 9535
  11. ^ Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 14 July 1917, p. 7, col. 5 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  12. ^ Supplement to the London Gazette, 2 November 1917 (30363), p. 11322
  13. ^ "Naval Appointments", Western Morning News, 3 August 1921, p. 6 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  14. ^ London Gazette, 1 January 1929 (issue 33453), p. 66
  15. ^ "The Royal Navy", Portsmouth Evening News, 6 December 1930, p. 7 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  16. ^ "Naval Appointments", Western Morning News, 6 May 1932, p. 11 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  17. ^ "Commander J. C. Annesley D.S.O.", Portsmouth Evening News, 4 September 1936, p. 8 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  18. ^ London Gazette, 3 July 1936 (issue 34301), p. 4226
  19. ^ "Staff Post in China", Portsmouth Evening News, 28 October 1938 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  20. ^ "Naval Appointments", Western Morning News, 7 July 1939, p. 9 - via British Newspaper Archive (subecription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  21. ^ Smith, pp. 108–16
  22. ^ Third Supplement to the London Gazette, 1 September 1942 (issue 35687), p. 3817
  23. ^ Patrick Beesly, ‘Godfrey, John Henry (1888–1971)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  24. ^ "Personal", Western Morning News, 19 March 1943, p. 2 - via British Newspaper Library (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  25. ^ John Pearson (22 October 1966), "Ian Fleming", Life, p. 118
  26. ^ "Naval Manning", Western Morning News, 23 September 1946, p. 2 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  27. ^ "Vice-Adml. Rushbrooke", Western Morning News, 9 November 1948, p. 2 - via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required). Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  28. ^ London Gazette, 24 June 1947 (issue 37995), p. 2890
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