Jump to content

World Trade Center site

Coordinates: 40°42′42″N 74°00′44″W / 40.711641°N 74.012253°W / 40.711641; -74.012253
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Theopolisme (talk | contribs) at 21:13, 10 October 2012 (Reverted edit(s) by 168.216.59.8 identified as unconstructive or controvertial (and unsourced) (STiki)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Ground Zero" redirects here. For other uses, see Ground Zero (disambiguation).
Aerial photo of the World Trade Center site, as it appeared on September 23, 2001

The World Trade Center site (ZIP code: 10048), previously known as "Ground Zero" after the September 11 attacks, sits on 16 acres (65,000 m2) in Lower Manhattan in New York City.[1] The previous World Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks; Studio Daniel Libeskind, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Silverstein Properties, and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation oversee the reconstruction of the site. The site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, the West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, and Church Street to the east. The Port Authority owns the site's land (except for 7 World Trade Center). Developer Larry Silverstein holds the lease to retail and office space in four of the site's buildings.[2]

While the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is often identified as the owner of the WTC site, the ownership situation is actually somewhat complex and ambiguous.[3] The Port Authority indeed owns a "significant" internal portion of the site of 16 acres (65,000 m2), but has acknowledged "ambiguities over ownership of miscellaneous strips of property at the World Trade Center site" going back to the 1960s. It is unclear who owns 2.5 acres (10,000 m2) of the site, being land where streets had been before the World Trade Center was built.

Before the World Trade Center

The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River, with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street. It was on this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, the Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement, albeit a temporary one in what would be New York City. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, and were discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of a second ship from the eighteenth century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship believed to be a Hudson River sloop was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, about 20 feet below the surface.[4]

The area that was cleared for construction of the original World Trade Center complex was previously occupied by various electronics stores in what was called Radio Row. These streets and stores were demolished in the 1960s to make way for the World Trade Center.

Debris and clean-up

See also: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks and Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
Satellite image of the World Trade center site after the attacks with the location of the Twin Towers and other buildings in the complex superimposed over the debris field
The World Trade Center site 17 days after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Buildings surrounding the site of the collapsed towers are fitted with mesh to prevent further damage and large construction vehicles are being used to clear debris.

The collapse of the towers spread dust across New York City and left hundreds of thousands of tons of debris at the site.[5] To organize the cleanup and search for survivors and for human remains, the New York City Fire Department divided the disaster site into four sectors, each headed by its own chief.[6] Early estimates suggested that debris removal would take a year, but cleanup ended in May 2002, under budget and without a single serious injury.[7][8] Three years later, in February 2005, the New York City Medical Examiner's office ended its process of identifying human remains at the site.[9]

According to NIST, when WTC 1 (the North Tower) collapsed, falling debris struck 7 World Trade Center and ignited fires on multiple floors. The uncontrolled fires ultimately led to the progressive collapse of the structure.[10] Portions of the South Tower also damaged the nearby Deutsche Bank Building, which soon became filled with toxic dust. By 2002, Deutsche Bank determined that its building was unsalvageable. By January 2011, the Deutsche Bank Building was finally completely demolished.[11]

Cleanup workers trucked most of the building materials and debris from Ground Zero to Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island. Some people, such as those affiliated with World Trade Center Families for Proper Burial, were worried that human remains might also have been (inadvertently) transported to the landfill.[9]

In August 2008, New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company.[12] The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93.[13]

In December 2001, a temporary viewing platform at Fulton Street, between Church Street and Broadway, opened to the public.[14]

On March 11, 2002, 88 searchlights were installed and arranged to form two beams of light shooting straight up into the sky. This is called the Tribute in Light, and was originally lit every day at dusk until April 14, 2002. After that, the lights were lit on the two-year anniversary of the attack and have been lit on each subsequent September 11 since then.[15]

Archaeology

In July 2010 a team of archaeologists at the site discovered the remains of a 32-foot (9.8 m)-long boat over 200 years old; it was probably made in the 18th century and dumped there along with wooden beams and trash in about 1810 to make up the land.[16] The boat had been weighted to make it sink as part of foundations for a new pier. Samples of its wood have been taken for dendrochronology.

Rebuilding

World Trade Center site layout
WTC site plan prior to 9/11/2001
Above: The World Trade Center site prior to the September 11 attacks.
WTC site plan for reconstruction
Above: Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild.

Soon after the September 11 attacks, Mayor Rudy Giuliani, Governor George Pataki, and President George W. Bush vowed to rebuild the World Trade Center site. On the day of the attacks, Giuliani proclaimed, "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."[17] During a visit to the site on September 14, 2001, Bush spoke to a crowd of cleanup workers through a megaphone. An individual in the crowd shouted, "I can't hear you," to which Bush replied, "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."[18]

In a later address before Congress, the president declared, "As a symbol of America's resolve, my administration will work with Congress, and these two leaders, to show the world that we will rebuild New York City."[19] The immediate response from World Trade Center leaseholder Larry Silverstein was that "it would be the tragedy of tragedies not to rebuild this part of New York. It would give the terrorists the victory they seek."[20] However, ten years after the attacks, only one building, 7 World Trade Center, has been rebuilt. Two buildings are in the construction phase currently, One World Trade Center and 150 Greenwich Street (known as Four World Trade Center). The original twin towers took less than three years from start of construction to be finished, and 5 years from the beginning planning stages. However, given the complexity and highly political nature of the rebuilding efforts, they are often cited as an example of a successful public-private collaboration and are taught as a case study in successful negotiations. [21].

Lower Manhattan Development Corporation

Governor Pataki established the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) in November 2001, as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.[22] The LMDC coordinates federal assistance in the rebuilding process, and works with the Port Authority, Larry Silverstein, and Studio Daniel Libeskind, the master plan architect for the site's redesign. The corporation also handles communication with the local community, businesses, the city of New York, and relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks.[23] A 16-member board of directors, half appointed by the governor and half by the mayor of New York, governs the LMDC.[24]

The LMDC had questionable legal status regarding the restoration of the World Trade Center site, because the Port Authority owns most of the property and Larry Silverstein leased the World Trade Center's office space in July 2001. But the LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its principles for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lower Manhattan.[25]

Early proposals for redesign

In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[26] In January 2002, New York City art dealer Max Protetch solicited 50 concepts and renderings from artists and architects, which were put on exhibit in his Chelsea art gallery.[27]

In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for proposals to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Manhattan architecture firms, but then soon withdrew them. The following month, the LMDC selected Beyer Blinder Belle as planner for the redesign of the World Trade Center site.[28]

On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belle unveiled six concepts for redesigning the World Trade Center site.[29] All six designs were voted "poor" by the roughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback, so the LDMC announced a new, international, open-design study.[30]

2002 World Trade Center site design competition

In an August 2002 press release, the LMDC announced a design study for the World Trade Center site.[31] The following month, the LMDC, along with New York New Visions – a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, planning, landscape architecture and design organizations – announced seven semifinalists. The following seven architecture firms were then invited to compete to be the master plan architect for the World Trade Center:

Peterson Littenberg, a small New York architecture firm, had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as a consultant, and was invited to participate as the seventh semifinalist.[33]

The seven semifinalists presented their entries to the public on December 18, 2002 at the Winter Garden of the World Financial Center. In the following weeks, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from the competition.[34]

Days before the announcement of the two finalists in February 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC Chair John Whitehead to express his disapproval of all of the semifinalists' designs. As the Twin Towers' insurance money recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the sole right to decide what would be built. He announced that he had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as his master planner for the site.[35]

On February 1, 2003, the LMDC selected two finalists, the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a single winner by the end of the month.

Rafael Viñoly of the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presented their designs to the LMDC, which selected the THINK design. Earlier the same day, however, Roland Betts, a member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the corporation had agreed to vote for the THINK design before hearing the final presentations. Governor Pataki, who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervened and overruled the LMDC's decision.[36] On February 27, 2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind officially won the competition to be the master planner for the World Trade Center redesign.

Libeskind's original proposal, which is titled Memory Foundations, underwent extensive revisions during collaboration with Larry Silverstein, and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, whom Silverstein hired. Though Libeskind designed the site, the individual buildings have been designed by different architects.

Detailed information about Libeskind's Memory Foundations site plan can be accessed at LMDC's website.[37]

While not all of Liebeskind's ideas were incorporated into the final design, his design and the public support it garnered did solidify the principle that the original footprints of the Twin Towers should be turned into a memorial and not be used for commercial purposes. As a result, Liebeskind's lawyers at the New York firm of Wachtell Lipton embarked on the multi-year negotiation process to frame a master plan for the rebuilding.[38] The first step in this process, completed in 2003, was the "swap" in which Silverstein gave up his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers so that they could become a memorial, and in exchange received the right to build five new office towers around the memorial.[39] The "swap" and the ensuing negotiations, which lasted for many years, have been referred to as the most complex real estate transaction in human history because of the complexity of the issues involved, the many stakeholders, and the difficulty of reaching consensus. <Scott Raab, Construction of World Trade Center, Esquire, May 24, 2007>

Towers

A view of Ground Zero, taken in September 2006, from the 45th floor of the completed 7 World Trade Center with the future Greenwich Street running vertically through the center.

One World Trade Center (previously coined the "Freedom Tower" by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Libeskind's design. The building will rise to 1,368 feet (417 m), the height of the original World Trade Center north tower, and its antenna will rise to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). The antenna's height refers to 1776, the year in which the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.

The tower was a collaboration between Studio Daniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architect David Childs.[40] Childs acted as the design architect and project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskind collaborated on the concept and schematic design.[41] According to a NY1 article on March 8, 2011, a plan to build a restaurant on top of One World Trade Center (to duplicate the Windows on the World restaurant of old) was scrapped entirely because of potential risk of rising costs to build and maintain the establishment over the benefits of having one at all.[42] Also, one of the main tenants of this tower to be confirmed is the Condé Nast Publications company, once it officially opens.[43][44]

British architect Norman Foster designed Tower Two, also known as 200 Greenwich Street. The building's distinctive slanted, diamond-shaped roof echoes Libeskind's original sketches for the building.

Richard Rogers Partnership designed Tower Three, or 175 Greenwich Street, which stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools.

Maki and Associates designed Tower Four, also known as 150 Greenwich Street.[45][46]

Tower 5 was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and will stand where the Deutsche Bank Building once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that JP Morgan Chase will lease the 42-story building for its investment banking headquarters.;[47][48] however, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of Bear Stearns had put the future of the 130 Liberty Street site in question, as the company is now planning to relocate its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue. Construction began on September 9, 2011.

7 World Trade Center stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill designed the tower, which opened in May 2006. The project company also announced that all of the towers will be completed even with the effects of the late 2000s recession at the worst case before 2020.

Memorial

Main article: World Trade Center Memorial

A memorial called "Reflecting Absence" honors the victims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[49] The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and Israeli-American architect Michael Arad, consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims. The slurry wall, which holds back the Hudson River in the west and was an integral part of Libeskind's proposal, remains exposed.[50]

Walker and Arad were selected from more than 5,000 entrants in the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in January 2004. Construction of the memorial was completed before September 11, 2011.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]

Museum

On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced that Gehry Partners LLP and Snøhetta, a Norwegian architectural firm, would design the site's performing arts and museum complexes, respectively.[60] [61]

The Snøhetta-designed museum[62] will now act as a memorial museum and visitors' center, after family members of 9/11 victims objected to the building's original occupant, the International Freedom Center.[63]

Gehry's performing arts complex will now house only the Joyce Theater, because the Signature Theater Company dropped out due to space constraints and cost limitations.[63]

Transportation Hub

Entrance to the PATH at the World Trade Center

Santiago Calatrava designed the World Trade Center Transportation Hub (its main asset being the PATH station ) to replace the old World Trade Center station.[64] The Transport Hub will connect the PATH station and 1 New York City Transit Authority subway train to the ferry terminal, the World Financial Center and One World Trade Center on the west and the 2, ​3​, 4, ​5​, A, ​C, ​E​, J​, N, ​R, ​W, and Z New York City Transit Authority subway trains through the Fulton Center on the East. One will be able to walk most of the way across lower Manhattan. The Port Authority will cool the new station, as well as the September 11 Memorial and Museum, via a heat exchanger fed by four pipes carrying water from the Hudson River.[65] The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $3.44 billion.[66][67][68]

Other buildings

St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church

Government officials have backed down from a July 2008 deal to relocate the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, the only church destroyed in the September 11 attacks.[69][70]

A deal has been reached between church officials, Governor Andrew Cuomo, and the Port Authority to have the church rebuilt on the same site, but three times the original size on October 14, 2011, according to NY1.[71]

Criticism of progress

An episode of CBS's 60 Minutes in 2010 focused on the lack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lack of completion dates for a majority of the buildings, the main tower, 1 World Trade Center (previously known as the Freedom Tower) having gone through three different designs, and the delays and monetary expense involved. Investor Larry Silverstein said that the Port Authority's estimated completion date for the entire site was 2037, and that billions of dollars had already been spent on the project, even though Ground Zero "is still a hole in the ground." During an interview for the episode, Larry Silverstein said "I am the most frustrated person in the world...I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see this thing done in my lifetime.".[72] However, it was noted that in early 2011, all 5 office towers of the World Trade Center are under construction with significant progress being made. All of the towers will be opened between 2012–2016, with the National September 11 Memorial & Museum already completed on the tenth anniversary of the attacks, on September 11, 2011. Criticism of progress and calls for redesigns were mostly made in 2008 and 2009, when progress at the site was clearly not being made.

Construction

As of September 2011, progress on the construction of the redesigned site is as follows:[73][74][75][76][77][78]

  • 1 World Trade Center – Construction began in April 2006; two years later, tower-foundation steel columns, concrete, and rebar had been installed. In 2006, the Port Authority took over from Silverstein Properties as the project's developer. Tishman Construction Corporation is the construction manager.[79] One World Trade Center has just been topped out in August 2012, and should be completed in Summer 2013.[80]
  • 2 World Trade Center – Groundbreaking in July 2008. A ground-level podium will be built to ground level by 2012, further construction will start while the real estate demands increase.[81]
  • 3 World Trade Center – Groundbreaking in March 2008. Will be completed in 2014. In April 2008, excavation and preparations for foundation work took place.[82]
  • 4 World Trade Center – Construction began in 2008. Will be completed in 2013.[83][84][85][86]
  • 5 World Trade Center – Construction began on September 9, 2011.[87] The Port Authority acts as the building's developer.[88]
  • 7 World Trade Center – Opened on May 23, 2006 and achieved LEED gold status.[89]
  • National September 11 Memorial & Museum – Partially complete. The Memorial opened on September 11, 2011, coinciding with the 10th anniversary of the attacks.[90][91] The museum will open in September 2013.
  • Performing Arts Center – Construction will begin after 2014 since a temporary exit from the PATH station will occupy the site until then.[92]
  • A light still on at Ground Zero remains, 2001.
    A light still on at Ground Zero remains, 2001.
  • From the south, a view of ongoing excavation in July 2002. The slurry wall circumscribing the site is visible, as is the damaged Verizon Building in the background.
    From the south, a view of ongoing excavation in July 2002. The slurry wall circumscribing the site is visible, as is the damaged Verizon Building in the background.
  • Aerial view of the site from the northwest, 2002.
    Aerial view of the site from the northwest, 2002.
  • The World Trade Center site after cleanup, 2003.
    The World Trade Center site after cleanup, 2003.
  • Visitor and observation plaza, 2005.
    Visitor and observation plaza, 2005.
  • Construction as of March 2, 2010. The frame for Tower 4 can be seen rising on the left.
    Construction as of March 2, 2010. The frame for Tower 4 can be seen rising on the left.
  • Overhead, April 2010
    Overhead, April 2010
  • From the 30th floor of the W Hotel, July 28, 2010
    From the 30th floor of the W Hotel, July 28, 2010
  • One World Trade Center on June 1, 2011. Tower steel is prepared to grow up to the 68th floor.
    One World Trade Center on June 1, 2011. Tower steel is prepared to grow up to the 68th floor.
  • One World Trade Center on January 28, 2012. Glass has been placed higher than 7 World Trade Center.
    One World Trade Center on January 28, 2012. Glass has been placed higher than 7 World Trade Center.
  • Four World Trade Center under construction on March 12, 2012.
    Four World Trade Center under construction on March 12, 2012.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center site.

References

  1. ^ Barry, Dan (September 24, 2001). "A Nation Challenged - The Site: 'At the Scene of Random Devastation, a Most Orderly Mission'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  2. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (March 27, 2008). "Developer Sues to Win $12.3 Billion in 9/11 Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  3. ^ Dunlap, David W. (April 22, 2004). "Who Owns Ground Zero? Don't Expect a Simple Answer". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  4. ^ CNN: Pieces of ship made in 1700s found at ground zero building site
  5. ^ Barry, Dan (September 17, 2001). "AFTER THE ATTACKS: THE TALLY; With No Miracle in the Rubble, Hope Grimly Shifts to Acceptance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  6. ^ Barry, Dan (September 24, 2010). "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE SITE; At the Scene of Random Devastation, a Most Orderly Mission". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  7. ^ Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). "Designers Look Beyond Debris". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  8. ^ "The Last Steel Column". The New York Times. May 30, 2002. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  9. ^ a b Hirschkorn, Phil (February 23, 2005). "Identification of 9/11 remains comes to end". CNN.
  10. ^ "NIST News Release: NIST WTC 7 Investigation Finds Building Fires Caused Collapse". NIST. 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  11. ^ Varchaver, Nicholas (March 20, 2008). "The tombstone at Ground Zero". CNN.
  12. ^ GANASSI, MICHELLE (2008-08-25). "NY firefighter donating steel to Shanksville". Daily American cv. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  13. ^ Gaskell, Stephanie (2008-08-25). "Pa. site of 9/11 crash gets WTC beam". New York Daily news. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  14. ^ Hirschkorn, Phil (December 30, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: GROUND ZERO; First Viewing Platform Opens to the Public". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  15. ^ Dunlap, David W. (September 9, 2006). "Twin Beams to Light Sky Again. But After 2008?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  16. ^ Daily Telegraph, Friday 16 July 2010, page 16; [1], with images, [2], [3], [4], [5]
  17. ^ Taylor, Tess (September 26, 2001). "Rebuilding in New York". Architecture Week.
  18. ^ Walsh, Edward (September 15, 2001). "Bush Encourages N.Y. Rescuers" (PDF). The Washington Post. pp. A10. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  19. ^ "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". The White House. September 20, 2001.
  20. ^ Litt, Steven (September 17, 2001). "In place of the Trade Center; Ideas range from building new towers to playground". Plain Dealer (Cleveland).
  21. ^ Cornell Real Estate Review, Volume 10, Number 1 (July 2012), 39-53, http://cip.cornell.edu/cpre.crer/1342144023; http://www.cornell.edu/video/?videoID=1680
  22. ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: DOWNTOWN; State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  23. ^ "A Corporation to Rebuild Ground Zero". The New York Times. November 4, 2001. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  24. ^ "Governor and Mayor Name Lower Manhattan Redevelopment Corporation" (Press release). www.RenewNYC.org. November 29, 2001. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  25. ^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Principles for Development and Blueprint for Renewal for World Trade Center Site" (Press release). www.RenewNYC.org. April 9, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  26. ^ McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). "Up From The Ashes". Newsweek.
  27. ^ Wyatt, Edward (January 11, 2002). "Everyone Weighs In With Rebuilding Ideas". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  28. ^ Muschamp, Herbert (May 23, 2002). "An Appraisal; Marginal Role for Architecture at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  29. ^ "Port Authority and Lower Manhattan Developent (sic) Corporation Unveil Six Concepts Plans for World Trade Center Site, Adjacent Areas and Related Transportation" (Press release). www.RenewNYC.org. July 16, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  30. ^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and New York New Visions Announce Panel to Help Select Teams to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). www.RenewNYC.org. September 17, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  31. ^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Design Study for World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). www.RenewNYC.org. August 14, 2002. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  32. ^ Iovine, Julie (February 26, 2003). "Turning a Competition Into a Public Campaign; Finalist for Ground Zero Design Pull Out the Stops". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  33. ^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Six Teams of Architects and Planners to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site" (Press release). www.RenewNYC.org. September 26, 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  34. ^ McGeveran, Tom (February 9, 2003). "Beauty Contest: Two Firms Vie At W.T.C. Site". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  35. ^ Libeskind, Daniel (2004). Breaking Ground. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 164. ISBN 1-57322-292-5.
  36. ^ Libeskind, Daniel (2004). Breaking Ground. New York: Riverhead Books. pp. 166, 181, 183. ISBN 1-57322-292-5.
  37. ^ http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/Sept_2003_refined_design.asp
  38. ^ http://www.wtc.com/news/Silversteins-Army
  39. ^ http://www.americanlawyer-digital.com/americanlawyer/tal200709/?pg=5
  40. ^ "Freedom Tower: About the Building". Silverstein Properties. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
  41. ^ Lerner, Kevin (2003). "Libeskind and Silverstein reach an agreement for WTC site". Architectural Record. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ^ "Port Authority Scraps Plans For One World Trade Center Restaurant". NY1. March 8, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  43. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (May 17, 2011). "Condé Nast Will Be Anchor of 1 World Trade Center". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
  44. ^ Cuza, Bobby (May 25, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Conde Nast To Occupy 1 World Trade Center". NY1. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
  45. ^ "World Trade Center Towers". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.
  46. ^ NY1 Exclusive: Developer Says WTC Project To Be Complete In Five, Six Years NY1. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  47. ^ Naanes, Marlene (June 22, 2007). "JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans". AM New York.
  48. ^ Appelbaum, Alec (July 30, 2007). "Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms". Architectural Record. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  49. ^ Cuza, Bobby (July 8, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: The 9/11 Memorial From All Sides". NY1. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
  50. ^ "Reflecting Absence". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. 2004.
  51. ^ The politics of remembering Ground Zero - Haaretz - Israel News
  52. ^ Cuza, Bobby (August 10, 2010). "Media Get Sneak Peek Of 9/11 Museum Site". NY1. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  53. ^ First Trees Are Planted At September 11th Memorial Site NY1 local news channel. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  54. ^ WTC Memorial To Display Mementos Of Attack Victims NY1 local news channel. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  55. ^ Sept. 11th Memorial Plaza Receives Its 50th Oak Tree NY1 local news channel. Made October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
  56. ^ Visitors To WTC Site Get Vivid Preview Of 9/11 Memorial NY1 local news channel. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  57. ^ Scotto, Michael (December 22, 2010). ""Survivor Tree" Replanted At WTC Site". NY1. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  58. ^ "WTC Memorial To Have Limited Access On 10th Anniversary". NY1. February 14, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
  59. ^ "Port Authority: WTC Memorial Needs Another $3M For Construction". NY1. June 30, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
  60. ^ "The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Selection of Architectural Firms to Design the Performing Arts Complex and the Museum Complex on the World Trade Center Site" (Press release). www.RenewNYC.org. October 12, 2004. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  61. ^ Spitz, Rebecca (March 9, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Glass Atrium Rises At WTC Memorial Site". NY1. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
  62. ^ Erlanger, Steven (2011-10-15). "Again in Norway, Events Provide Test for a King's Mettle". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  63. ^ a b Pogrebin, Robin (March 28, 2007). "Ground Zero Arts Center Loses Theater Company". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  64. ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 2, 2008). "Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  65. ^ Dunlap, David W. (April 6, 2009). "Using the Hudson to Cool the Trade Center". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  66. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 24, 2011). "Trade Center Transit Hub's Cost Now Over $3.4 Billion". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  67. ^ "Port Authority Reports Increase In WTC Transit Hub Costs". NY1. February 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  68. ^ Cuza, Bobby (April 28, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Port Authority Downplays WTC Transit Hub's Rising Costs". NY1. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  69. ^ David Lee Miller,Kathleen Foster and Judson Berger (18 August 2010). "Decision Not to Rebuild Church Destroyed on 9/11 Surprises Greek Orthodox Leaders". Fox News. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  70. ^ "Church Destroyed On 9/11 Files Suit Against Port Authority". NY1. February 14, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
  71. ^ "Historic Church Destroyed On 9/11 To Rise Again". NY1. October 14, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
  72. ^ "Developer: Ground Zero a National Disgrace - 60 Minutes: Eight Years and Billions of Dollars Later, Part of 9/11 Site is Still Just a Big Hole". CBS News. 2010-02-18. p. 1.
  73. ^ Developers, State Officials To Discuss Progress At WTC Site NY1 local news channel. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  74. ^ Officials Offer Update On Progress At World Trade Center Site NY1 local news channel. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  75. ^ 9/11 Anniversary: Pace Picks Up For WTC Construction NY1 local news channel. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  76. ^ Spitz, Rebecca (December 23, 2010). "2010 World Trade Center Site Progress In Review: Major Milestones Reached In Redevelopment". NY1. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  77. ^ Cuza, Bobby (April 12, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Reconstruction Effort Picks Up At WTC Site". NY1. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  78. ^ Herzenberg, Michael (September 7, 2011). "Mayor, WTC Developer Say Trade Center Site Has New Lease On Life". NY1. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  79. ^ "Freedom Tower". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  80. ^ Cuza, Bobby (September 2, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: One World Trade Center Rises In Lower Manhattan". NY1. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  81. ^ "Tower 2". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  82. ^ "WTC Construction Update, April". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  83. ^ "Tower 4 Schedule". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  84. ^ Port Authority Approves WTC Construction Plan NY1 local news channel. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  85. ^ "City Shells Out $32.9M To Lease Space At World Trade Center". NY1. February 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  86. ^ Cuza, Bobby (April 22, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Tower Four Emerges From The Ground". NY1. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  87. ^ "Work to Resume at Burned Bank Tower". The New York Times. The Associated Press. May 1, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  88. ^ "Tower 5". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  89. ^ "Tower 7". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  90. ^ "Memorial & Museum, Schedule". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
  91. ^ Cuza, Bobby (September 5, 2011). "WTC Memorial Ready For Public Unveiling". NY1. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  92. ^ http://wtc.com/about/performing-arts-center

40°42′42″N 74°00′44″W / 40.711641°N 74.012253°W / 40.711641; -74.012253

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Center_site&oldid=517072593"