2008
(Redirected from November 2008)
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2008 (MMVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2008th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 8th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2000s decade.
2008 was designated as:
- International Year of Languages[1]
- International Year of Planet Earth[2]
- International Year of the Potato[3]
- International Year of Sanitation[4]
The Great Recession, a worldwide recession which began in 2007, continued through the entirety of 2008.
Events
[edit]January–February
[edit]- January 1 – Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro currency.[5][6]
- January 14 – At 19:04:39 UTC, the uncrewed MESSENGER space probe is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet Mercury.[7]
- January 21
- Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. Great Recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.[8]
- Online activist group Anonymous initiates Project Chanology, after a leaked interview of Tom Cruise by the Church of Scientology is published on YouTube, and the Church of Scientology issued a "copyright infringement" claim. In response, Anonymous sympathizers took to the streets to protest outside the church (after February 10), while the church's websites and centres were getting DoS attacks, phone line nukes, and black faxes.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][excessive citations]
- January 24 – A peace deal is signed in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending the Kivu conflict.[17]
- February 4 – Civic mobilizations in Colombia against FARC, under the name One million voices against FARC.[18]
- February 17 – Kosovo formally declares independence from Serbia, to a mixed response from the international community.[19][20]
- February 18 – WikiLeaks releases allegations of illegal activities carried out by the Cayman Islands branch of Swiss banking corporation Julius Baer; a subsequent lawsuit against WikiLeaks prompts a temporary suspension of the website, but uproar about violations of freedom of speech causes WikiLeaks to be brought back online.[21][22]
March–April
[edit]- March 2 – Venezuela and Ecuador move troops to the Colombian border, following a Colombian raid against FARC guerrillas inside Ecuadorian territory, in which senior commander Raúl Reyes is killed.[23][24]
- March 8 – Barisan Nasional loses two-thirds majority, for the first time since 1969, to opposition during the 2008 Malaysian general election but still retains control of government. The coalition also loses majority control of five states to the opposition.[25]
- March 9 – The first European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle, a cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station, launches from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.[26]
- March 19 – An Energy release of a Gamma-ray burst called the GRB 080319B is the brightest event ever recorded in the Universe.[27]
- March 24 – Bhutan holds its first-ever general elections following the adoption of a new Constitution which changed the country from an absolute monarchy to a multiparty democracy.[28]
- March 25 – African Union and Comoros forces invade the rebel-held island of Anjouan, returning the island to Comorian control.[29]
- April 29 – Grand Theft Auto IV is released worldwide, selling over 3.6 million units and earning $310 million during the first day, becoming not only the highest grossing video game release of all-time, but also the highest grossing entertainment product release ever.[30]
May–June
[edit]- May 2 – Iron Man is released in theaters, starting the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
- May 3 – Cyclone Nargis passes through Myanmar, killing more than 138,000 people.[31]
- May 12 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.[32]
- May 20–24 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 takes place in Belgrade, Serbia, and is won by Russian entrant Dima Bilan with the song "Believe".
- May 21
- Manchester United wins their third European Cup and second Champions League after they beat Chelsea in the first all-English final in the history of the competition. Manchester United won the match 6–5 on penalties, following a 1–1 draw after extra time.
- The Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental organization between states in South America, is founded.[33]
- The International Court of Justice awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the two countries.[34]
- May 25 – NASA's uncrewed Phoenix spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of Mars.[35]
- May 28 – The Legislature Parliament of Nepal votes overwhelmingly in favor of abolishing the country's 240-year-old monarchy, turning the country into a republic.[36]
- May 30 – International Convention on Cluster Munitions is adopted in Dublin.[37]
- June 7–29 – Austria and Switzerland jointly host the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament, which is won by Spain.
- June 11
- The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is launched.[38]
- Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologizes, on behalf of the Canadian government, to the country's First Nations for the Canadian Indian residential school system.[39]
- June 14 – Expo 2008 opens in Zaragoza, Spain, lasting to September 14, with the topic "Water and sustainable development".[40]
- June 14 – A 6.9 magnitude earthquake in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, kills 12 and injures more than 400.[41]
July–August
[edit]- July 2 – Íngrid Betancourt and 14 other hostages are rescued from FARC rebels by Colombian security forces.[42]
- July 10 – Apple Inc. launches the App Store with 500 apps available at launch.[43]
- July 11 – South Korea suspends all trips to North Korea's Mount Kumgang after a 53-year-old South Korean tourist is shot and killed by a North Korean sentry.[44]
- July 21 – Radovan Karadžić, the first president of the Republika Srpska, is arrested in Belgrade, Serbia, on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year-long manhunt.[45]
- August 1
- India and United States sign the historic Civil Nuclear deal.
- Eleven mountaineers from international expeditions die on K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth, in the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering.[46]
- August 6 – President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi of Mauritania is deposed in a military coup d'état.[47]
- August 7 – Georgia intervenes against Russian-backed separatists in its South-Ossetia and Abkhazia regions, causing Russia to invade Georgia and spark the Russo-Georgian war, the first major European land war of the 21st century.
- August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics take place in Beijing, China.[48]
- August 20 – Spanair Flight 5022 crashes at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 154 people on board.
September–October
[edit]- September 5 – Quentin Bryce becomes the first female Governor-General of Australia.[49]
- September 10 – The proton beam is circulated for the first time in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, located at CERN, near Geneva, under the Franco-Swiss border.[50][51]
- September 13 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall as a category 2 hurricane in Texas, killing 113 and causing over $30 billion in damages.
- September 15 – Stocks fall sharply Monday on a triptych of Wall Street woe: Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy filing, Merrill Lynch's acquisition by Bank of America, and AIG's unprecedented request for short-term financing from the Federal Reserve.[52]
- September 20 – A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 54 and injuring 266.[53][54][55]
- September 28 – SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit.[56][57]
- October 3 – Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.[58]
- October 6 – A controversial Peruvian tape regarding a Norwegian oil company causes the 2008 Peru oil scandal, sparking protests which cause Jorge de Castillo to resign from office.[59][60][61][62]
- October 21 – The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated at Geneva.[63][64][65][66]
- October 22 – The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission.[67][68]
- October 30 – Floods affected in Northern Vietnam and Central Vietnam and lasted 5 days causing flooding in many provinces and cities.
- October
November–December
[edit]- November 1 – Satoshi Nakamoto publishes "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".[70]
- November 2 – In a race won by Brazilian driver Felipe Massa, British driver Lewis Hamilton ends in 5th place in 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix and becomes the first black driver to win the Formula One World Championship, and the second youngest driver to achieve the feat at the age of 23.
- November 4 – 2008 United States presidential election: Democratic U.S. Senator Barack Obama defeats Republican candidate John McCain and is elected the 44th President of the United States, making him the first African-American to be elected to the office.[71][72][73]
- November 19 – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ.[74]
- November 20 – The Buzzard Coulee meteorite falls in Saskatchewan. Reported to be 5 times brighter than the full moon and is seen in Alberta, Manitoba, and even North Dakota.
- November 26–29 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people.[75]
- November 27 – XL Airways Germany Flight 888T. An Airbus A320 due to be redelivered to Air New Zealand stalls and crashes over Mediterranean Sea resulting the deaths of 7
- December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British Crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism.[76]
- December 11 – Bernard Madoff is arrested for securities fraud after he was turned in by his sons for operating the largest Ponzi scheme in history, later known as the Madoff investment scandal.
- December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment for their role in the Rwandan genocide.[77]
- December 22 – An ash dike ruptured at a solid waste containment area for a Tennessee Valley Authority coal-fired power plant in Roane County, Tennessee, releasing 4.2 million m3 (1.1 billion US gal) of coal fly ash slurry in the largest industrial spill in U.S. history.[78]
- December 23 – A military coup d'état deposes the government of Guinea shortly after the death of longtime President Lansana Conté.[79]
- December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip, in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas, and due to weapons being smuggled into the area.[80][81][82]
- December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end of the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005.
Date unknown
[edit]- European Certification and Qualification Association is founded.[83]
- National Disaster Recovery Fund, a disaster management fund is established by the Government of Jamaica.[84]
Births and deaths
[edit]Nobel Prizes
[edit]
- Chemistry – Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Y. Tsien
- Economics – Paul Krugman
- Literature – J. M. G. Le Clézio
- Peace – Martti Ahtisaari
- Physics – Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, and Yoichiro Nambu
- Physiology or Medicine – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Harald zur Hausen, and Luc Montagnier
New English words
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding". United Nations. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Resolution 192. A/RES/60/192 22 December 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Resolution 191. International Year of the Potato, 2008 A/RES/60/191 page 1. 22 December 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Resolution 192. A/RES/61/192 page 2. 20 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
- ^ Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008 Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, EurActiv
- ^ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro, EUbusiness (ISO 4217 code: VEF). Archived July 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Mercury Flyby 1". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
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- ^ "Scientology is under attack from a faceless cabal of online activists. Has America's most controversial religion finally met its match?". Radar Online. March 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ ""Anonymous" threatens to "dismantle" Church of Scientology via intern…". archive.ph. September 21, 2012. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "Hacker Group Declares War On Scientology – News Story – KNBC | Los Angeles". August 21, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ MAR. "Online group declares war on Scientology". National Post. ISSN 1486-8008. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "War Breaks Out Between Hackers and Scientology -- There Can Be Only One". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "Anonymous Versus Scientology: Cyber Criminals or Vigilante Justice? | The Legality". July 5, 2008. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
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- ^ "Eastern Congo peace deal signed". BBC. January 23, 2008. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ "Marcha contra las Farc, mayor movilización en la historia del país". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogotá: Casa Editorial El Tiempo. February 4, 2008. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
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- ^ James, Ian (March 3, 2008). "Venezuela, Ecuador sending troops to border with Colombia after rebel leader killed". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
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- ^ "Sichuan 2008: A disaster on an immense scale". BBC News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- ^ "South America nations found union". BBC News. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ Koh, Tommy (June 10, 2015). "The Asian way to settle disputes". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
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- ^ "Nepal votes to abolish monarchy". BBC News. May 28, 2008. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ "6. Convention on Cluster Munitions" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 21, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ MSFC, Jennifer Wall (May 21, 2015). "What Is the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope?". NASA. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- ^ "Harper apologizes for residential school abuse". CTV. June 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- ^ "Spain's Expo 2008 on world water opens". Reuters. June 14, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- ^ "Magnitude 6.9 - EASTERN HONSHU, JAPAN". U.S. Geological Survey. June 14, 2008. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
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- ^ "Apple's App Store launches with more than 500 apps". AppleInsider. July 10, 2008. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
- ^ "North Korea issues warning over Mount Kumgang tour ban". BBC News. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021.
- ^ "Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic". BBC News. July 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
- ^ Bowley, Graham (November 13, 2010). "K2 tragedy: 'We had no body, no funeral, no farewell ...'". The Guardian. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ^ "Troops stage coup in Mauritania". BBC News. August 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ "Beijing 2008 – It's a wrap". The Boston Globe. August 25, 2008. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
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- ^ "India launches first Moon mission". BBC News. October 22, 2008. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
- ^ "Chandrayaan-1". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
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- ^ Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
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- ^ Roberts, Michelle (November 19, 2008). "Windpipe transplant breakthrough". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
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- ^ "Coup fear as Guinea president dies". CNN. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
- ^ Prusher, Ilene R. (January 13, 2009). "Hamas remains defiant despite pounding". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
- ^ "Report: Israel set to launch 'limited operation' in Gaza". Christian Science Monitor. December 26, 2008. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ McCarthy, Rory (September 16, 2009). "Israel rejects war crimes findings of UN Gaza inquiry – World news". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- ^ MESSNARZ, Richard; and, others. "The Architecture of the ECQA – European Certification and Qualification Association" (PDF). ETCAATS. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
- ^ "US-Based Jamaicans Urged to Support National Disaster Recovery Fund". The Jamaican Diaspora. September 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ "Time Traveler by Merriam-Webster: Words from 2008". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
External links
[edit]- 2008 Calendar at Internet Accuracy Project
