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[[Side effect]]s of methyltestosterone include [[symptom]]s of [[virilization|masculinization]] like [[acne]], [[hirsutism|increased hair growth]], [[voice deepening|voice changes]], and increased [[libido|sexual desire]].<ref name="Llewellyn2009" /> It can also cause [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]]ic effects like [[water retention (medicine)|fluid retention]], [[breast tenderness]], and [[gynecomastia|breast enlargement]] in men and [[hepatotoxicity|liver damage]].<ref name="Llewellyn2009" /> The drug is a [[synthetic compound|synthetic]] androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an [[agonist]] of the [[androgen receptor]] (AR), the [[biological target]] of androgens like [[testosterone]] and [[dihydrotestosterone]] (DHT).<ref name="Llewellyn2009" /><ref name="pmid18500378">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kicman AT | title = Pharmacology of anabolic steroids | journal = Br. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 154 | issue = 3 | pages = 502–21 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18500378 | pmc = 2439524 | doi = 10.1038/bjp.2008.165 | url = }}</ref> It has moderate [[androgen]]ic effects and moderate [[anabolic]] effects, which make it useful for producing masculinization.<ref name="Llewellyn2009" />
[[Side effect]]s of methyltestosterone include [[symptom]]s of [[virilization|masculinization]] like [[acne]], [[hirsutism|increased hair growth]], [[voice deepening|voice changes]], and increased [[libido|sexual desire]].<ref name="Llewellyn2009" /> It can also cause [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]]ic effects like [[water retention (medicine)|fluid retention]], [[breast tenderness]], and [[gynecomastia|breast enlargement]] in men and [[hepatotoxicity|liver damage]].<ref name="Llewellyn2009" /> The drug is a [[synthetic compound|synthetic]] androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an [[agonist]] of the [[androgen receptor]] (AR), the [[biological target]] of androgens like [[testosterone]] and [[dihydrotestosterone]] (DHT).<ref name="Llewellyn2009" /><ref name="pmid18500378">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kicman AT | title = Pharmacology of anabolic steroids | journal = Br. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 154 | issue = 3 | pages = 502–21 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18500378 | pmc = 2439524 | doi = 10.1038/bjp.2008.165 | url = }}</ref> It has moderate [[androgen]]ic effects and moderate [[anabolic]] effects, which make it useful for producing masculinization.<ref name="Llewellyn2009" /><ref name="Kochakian2012">{{cite book|author=Charles D. Kochakian|title=Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-LrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-66353-6|pages=401–}}</ref>


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Revision as of 03:31, 19 July 2018

Methyltestosterone
File:Methyltestosterone-3D-ball-and-stick.png
Clinical data
Trade namesAgoviron, Android, Metandren, Oraviron, Oreton, Testovis, Testred, Virilon, others
Other namesRU-24400; NSC-9701; 17α-Methyltestosterone; 17α-Methylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one[1][2][3]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration
By mouth, buccal, sublingual[4][5]
Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability~70%[6]
Protein binding98%[7]
MetabolismLiver
Elimination half-life~3 hours[6]
Duration of action1–3 days[7]
ExcretionUrine: 90%[7]
Feces: 6%[7][8]
Identifiers
  • (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-hydroxy-10,13,17-trimethyl-2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.333 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H30O2
Molar mass302.451 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C4\C=C3/[C@]([C@H]2CC[C@]1([C@@H](CC[C@@]1(O)C)[C@@H]2CC3)C)(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C20H30O2/c1-18-9-6-14(21)12-13(18)4-5-15-16(18)7-10-19(2)17(15)8-11-20(19,3)22/h12,15-17,22H,4-11H2,1-3H3/t15-,16+,17+,18+,19+,20+/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:GCKMFJBGXUYNAG-HLXURNFRSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Methyltestosterone, sold under the brand names Android, Metandren, and Testred among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men, delayed puberty in boys, at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, osteoporosis, and low sexual desire in women, and to treat breast cancer in women.[4][5][9][10][11] It is taken by mouth.[4][10][11]

Side effects of methyltestosterone include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire.[4] It can also cause estrogenic effects like fluid retention, breast tenderness, and breast enlargement in men and liver damage.[4] The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[4][12] It has moderate androgenic effects and moderate anabolic effects, which make it useful for producing masculinization.[4][13]

Methyltestosterone was discovered in 1935 and was introduced for medical use in 1936.[14][15][16][17][4] It was synthesized shortly after the discovery of testosterone and was one of the first synthetic AAS to be developed.[14][15][16] In addition to its medical use, methyltestosterone is used to improve physique and performance, although it is not as commonly used as other AAS for such purposes due to its androgenic effects, estrogenic effects, and risk of liver damage.[4] The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.[4]

Medical uses

Methyltestosterone is or has been used in the treatment of delayed puberty, hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, and erectile dysfunction in males, and in low doses to treat menopausal symptoms (specifically for osteoporosis, hot flashes, and to increase libido and energy), postpartum breast pain and engorgement, and breast cancer in women.[4][5][9] It is specifically approved in the United States for the treatment of hypogonadism and delayed puberty in males and the treatment of advanced inoperable breast cancer in females.[10] It was also approved in low doses in combination with esterified estrogens for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause in women in the United States, but this formulation was discontinued and hence is no longer used.[11]

The dosages of methyltestosterone used are 10 to 50 mg/day in men for common medical uses like hypogonadism and delayed puberty as well as physique- and performance-enhancing purposes and 2.5 mg/day in women for menopausal symptoms.[4][18] Higher dosages of 50 to 200 mg/day have been used to treat women with inoperable breast cancer that has failed to respond to other therapies, although such dosages are associated with severe irreversible virilization.[4][18]

Non-medical uses

Methyltestosterone is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters, although it is not commonly used relative to other AAS for such purposes.[4]

Contraindications

Methyltestosterone should be used with caution in women and children, as it can cause irreversible virilization.[4] Due to its estrogenicity, methyltestosterone can also accelerate epiphyseal closure and thereby produce short stature in children and adolescents.[4] It can worsen symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.[4] Methyltestosterone should not be used in men with prostate cancer, as androgens can accelerate tumor progression.[4] The drug should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing hepatotoxicity, due to its own potential for hepatotoxicity.[4]

Side effects

Adverse effects of methyltestosterone include androgenic side effects like oily skin, acne, seborrhea, increased facial/body hair growth, scalp hair loss, increased aggressiveness and sex drive, and spontaneous erections, as well as estrogenic side effects like breast tenderness, gynecomastia, fluid retention, and edema.[4][19] In women, methyltestosterone can cause partially irreversible virilization, for instance voice deepening, hirsutism, clitoromegaly, breast atrophy, and muscle hypertrophy, as well as menstrual disturbances and reversible infertility.[4][19] In men, the drug may also cause hypogonadism, testicular atrophy, and reversible infertility at sufficiently high dosages.[4][19]

Methyltestosterone can sometimes cause hepatotoxicity, for instance elevated liver enzymes, cholestatic jaundice, peliosis hepatis, hepatomas, and hepatocellular carcinoma, with extended use.[4][19][20] It can also have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system.[4] AAS like methyltestosterone stimulate erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) and increase hematocrit levels and at high dosages can cause polycythemia (overproduction of red blood cells), which can greatly increase the risk of thrombic events such as embolism and stroke.[4] With long-term treatment, AAS can increase the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.[4] Violent and even homicidal behavior, hypomania/mania, depression, suicidality, delusions, and psychosis have all been associated with very high dosages of AAS.[21]

Interactions

Aromatase inhibitors can be used to reduce or prevent the estrogenic effects of methyltestosterone and 5α-reductase inhibitors can be used to prevent its potentiation in so-called "androgenic" tissues and thereby improve its ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity and reduce its rate of androgenic side effects.[4] Antiandrogens like bicalutamide and cyproterone acetate can block both the anabolic and androgenic effects of AAS like methyltestosterone.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

As an AAS, methyltestosterone is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), similarly to androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[4][19] It is a substrate for 5α-reductase like testosterone, and so is potentiated analogously in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland via transformation into the more potent AR agonist mestanolone (17α-methyl-DHT).[4][19] As such, methyltestosterone has a relatively low ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity, with a similar ratio to that of testosterone (close to 1:1), and this makes it among the most androgenic AAS.[4][19] Due to efficient aromatization into the potent and metabolism-resistant estrogen methylestradiol (17α-methylestradiol), methyltestosterone has relatively high estrogenicity and hence potential for estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention.[15][22] The drug possesses negligible progestogenic activity.[4][19]

Due to its combined disadvantages of a relatively poor ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity, unusually high estrogenicity, and the potential for hepatotoxicity (as with other 17α-alkylated AAS), methyltestosterone has not been used as commonly as many other AAS either in medicine or for physique- or performance-enhancing purposes.[4]

Pharmacokinetics

Because of its C17α methyl group, methyltestosterone has dramatically improved oral bioavailability and metabolic stability relative to testosterone, and for this reason, unlike testosterone, is orally active.[4][19] The oral bioavailability of methyltestosterone is about 70%, and its terminal half-life is approximately 3 hours (range 2.5–3.5 hours),[6][8] with a duration of action of 1 to 3 days.[7] Its duration is described as relatively short among AAS.[23] Methyltestosterone can also be taken buccally or sublingually, and this is said to approximately double its bioavailability.[4] It is highly protein-bound, by approximately 98%.[7] The drug has low but significant affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 25% of that of testosterone and 5% of that of DHT.[4][24] It is excreted 90% in the urine as conjugates and metabolites, and 6% in feces.[7]

Chemistry

Methyltestosterone, also known as 17α-methyltestosterone or as 17α-methylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic, 17α-alkylated androstane steroid and a derivative of testosterone differing from it only in the presence of a methyl group at the C17α position.[1][2][4] Close synthetic relatives of methyltestosterone include metandienone (17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone) and fluoxymesterone (9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone).[4][19]

Derivatives

Methyltestosterone and ethyltestosterone (17α-ethyltestosterone) are the parent structures of all 17α-alkylated AAS. Major 17α-alkylated AAS include the testosterone derivatives fluoxymesterone, metandienone (methandrostenolone), and methyltestosterone and the DHT derivatives oxandrolone, oxymetholone, and stanozolol.[4][19]

Synthesis

A chemical synthesis of methyltestosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with methandriol as an intermediate proceeds as follows:[25][26]

History

Methyltestosterone was first synthesized in 1935 along with methandriol and mestanolone.[27][28][14][15][16] It was the second synthetic AAS to be developed, following mesterolone (1α-methyl-DHT) in 1934, and was the first 17α-alkylated AAS to be synthesized.[14][15][16] The drug was introduced for medical use in 1936.[17][4]

Society and culture

A confiscated capsule of illicit methyltestosterone.

Generic names

Methyltestosterone is the INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name of the drug and its generic name in English and Japanese, while méthyltestostérone is its DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française and French name and metiltestosterone is its DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana and Italian name.[1][2][29][3] The generic name of the drug is methyltestosterone in Latin, methyltestosteron in German, and metiltestosterona in Spanish.[1][2][3] Methyltestosterone is also known by its former developmental code name NSC-9701.[29][3]

Brand names

Brand names under which methyltestosterone is or has been marketed for medical use include Afro, Agovirin, Android, Androral, Mesteron, Metandren, Methitest, Methyltestosterone, Methyl Testosterone, Oraviron, Oreton, Oreton Methyl, Testormon, Testovis, Testred, and Virilon, among others.[1][2][3][30]

With an estrogen

Methyltestosterone is available at a low-dose in combination with esterified estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms like hot flashes in women under the brand names Covaryx, Essian, Estratest, Menogen, and Syntest.[4][31]

Availability

Availability of methyltestosterone in countries throughout the world. Blue is currently or formerly marketed.

United States

Although it is not commonly used, methyltestosterone is one of the few AAS that remains available for medical use in the United States.[4][30] The others are testosterone, testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone undecanoate, nandrolone decanoate, oxandrolone, oxymetholone, and fluoxymesterone.[30]

Other countries

Methyltestosterone has also been marketed in many other countries throughout the world.[1][2][3][4][32][33]

Legal status

Methyltestosterone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act and a schedule IV controlled substance in Canada under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.[34][35]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 653–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 676–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  3. ^ a b c d e f https://www.drugs.com/international/methyltestosterone.html
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap William Llewellyn (2009). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 16, 19, 22, 27, 30, 36, 39, 42, 46, 291–293. ISBN 978-0967930473.
  5. ^ a b c Manuchair Ebadi (31 October 2007). Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 434–. ISBN 978-1-4200-4744-8.
  6. ^ a b c Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams (24 January 2012). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1360–. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Teri Moser Woo; Marylou V Robinson (3 August 2015). Pharmacotherapeutics For Advanced Practice Nurse Prescribers. F.A. Davis. pp. 618–. ISBN 978-0-8036-4581-3.
  8. ^ a b Kourosh Saeb-Parsy (18 June 1999). Instant Pharmacology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 260–. ISBN 978-0-471-97639-4.
  9. ^ a b John A. Yagiela; Frank J. Dowd; Bart Johnson; Angelo Mariotti, Enid A. Neidle (19 March 2010). Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 569–. ISBN 0-323-07824-9.
  10. ^ a b c https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/083976s031lbl.pdf
  11. ^ a b c https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5845e789-8191-46f9-bbd0-79fb0c716601
  12. ^ Kicman AT (2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". Br. J. Pharmacol. 154 (3): 502–21. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.
  13. ^ Charles D. Kochakian (6 December 2012). Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 401–. ISBN 978-3-642-66353-6.
  14. ^ a b c d Alexandre Hohl (6 April 2017). Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects. Springer. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-3-319-46086-4.
  15. ^ a b c d e Detlef Thieme; Peter Hemmersbach (18 December 2009). Doping in Sports. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 101, 470. ISBN 978-3-540-79088-4.
  16. ^ a b c d Shahidi NT (2001). "A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids". Clin Ther. 23 (9): 1355–90. doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80114-4. PMID 11589254.
  17. ^ a b N.A.R.D. journal. National Association of Retail Druggists. July 1956.
  18. ^ a b http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kicman, A T (2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.
  20. ^ Jeffrey K. Aronson (21 February 2009). Meyler's Side Effects of Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs. Elsevier. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-0-08-093292-7.
  21. ^ Benjamin J. Sadock; Virginia A. Sadock (26 December 2011). Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-7861-6.
  22. ^ Andrea R. Genazzani (17 January 2006). Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Hormones & Other Therapies. Taylor & Francis US. pp. 243–. ISBN 978-1-84214-311-7.
  23. ^ Lynn Crespo; Lynn Wecker; George Dunaway; Carl Faingold, Stephanie Watts (1 April 2009). Brody's Human Pharmacology - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 469–. ISBN 0-323-07575-4.
  24. ^ Saartok T, Dahlberg E, Gustafsson JA (1984). "Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone-binding globulin". Endocrinology. 114 (6): 2100–6. doi:10.1210/endo-114-6-2100. PMID 6539197.
  25. ^ Daniel Lednicer (4 March 2009). Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and Design. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-470-39959-0.
  26. ^ Algar (2010). Textbook Of Medicinal Chemistry. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 212–. ISBN 81-312-2190-3.
  27. ^ Schänzer W (1996). "Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids". Clin. Chem. 42 (7): 1001–20. PMID 8674183.
  28. ^ Ruzicka, L.; Goldberg, M. W.; Rosenberg, H. R. (1935). "Sexualhormone X. Herstellung des 17-Methyl-testosterons und anderer Androsten- und Androstanderivate. Zusammenhänge zwischen chemischer Konstitution und männlicher Hormonwirkung". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 18 (1): 1487–1498. doi:10.1002/hlca.193501801203. ISSN 0018-019X.
  29. ^ a b I.K. Morton; Judith M. Hall (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  30. ^ a b c "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  31. ^ http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/esterified-estrogens-and-methyltestosterone-oral-route/description/drg-20073253
  32. ^ Muller (19 June 1998). European Drug Index: European Drug Registrations, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. pp. 36, 400. ISBN 978-3-7692-2114-5.
  33. ^ William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia. Elsevier. pp. 2109–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
  34. ^ Steven B. Karch (21 December 2006). Drug Abuse Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4200-0346-8.
  35. ^ Linda Lane Lilley; Julie S. Snyder; Shelly Rainforth Collins (5 August 2016). Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-77172-066-3.

Further reading

  • Phillips EH, Ryan S, Ferrari R, Green C (2003). "Estratest and Estratest HS (esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone) therapy: a summary of safety surveillance data, January 1989 to August 2002". Clin Ther. 25 (12): 3027–43. doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(03)90090-7. PMID 14749144.
  • Kabat GC, Kamensky V, Heo M, Bea JW, Hou L, Lane DS, Liu S, Qi L, Simon MS, Wactawski-Wende J, Rohan TE (2014). "Combined conjugated esterified estrogen plus methyltestosterone supplementation and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women". Maturitas. 79 (1): 70–6. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.006. PMID 25011395.
  • El-Desoky el-SI, Reyad M, Afsah EM, Dawidar AA (2016). "Synthesis and chemical reactions of the steroidal hormone 17α-methyltestosterone". Steroids. 105: 68–95. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.004. PMID 26639430.

External links