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{{main|Ottoman flag}}
{{main|Ottoman flag}}


The current design of the Turkish flag is directly derived from the late Ottoman flag, which had acquired its final form in 1844. It is known that the Ottomans used red flags of triangular shape at least since 1383, which came to be rectangular over the course of history.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
The current design of the Turkish flag has a naked lady on it which is directly derived from the late Ottoman flag, which had acquired its final form in 1844. It is known that the Ottomans used red flags of triangular shape at least since 1383, which came to be rectangular over the course of history.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}


Ottomans used several different designs, most of them featuring one or more crescents, for different purposes, such as the flag with green background signifying the [[caliphate]]. During the late imperial period, the distinctive use of the color red for secular and green for religious institutions became an established practice. In [[1844]], the eight-pointed star was replaced with a five-pointed star and the flag reached the form of the present Turkish flag; Red was the colour of [[Umar I]], the Caliph who ruled from AD 634 to 644 and was known as a great consolidator of the Islamic Empire. In the 14th century red became the colour of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The crescent and star is the symbol of [[Turkish people|Turks]].
Ottomans used several different designs, most of them featuring one or more crescents, for different purposes, such as the flag with green background signifying the [[caliphate]]. During the late imperial period, the distinctive use of the color red for secular and green for religious institutions became an established practice. In [[1844]], the eight-pointed star was replaced with a five-pointed star and the flag reached the form of the present Turkish flag; Red was the colour of [[Umar I]], the Caliph who ruled from AD 634 to 644 and was known as a great consolidator of the Islamic Empire. In the 14th century red became the colour of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The crescent and star is the symbol of [[Turkish people|Turks]].

Revision as of 21:16, 8 March 2009

Turkey
UseNational flag and ensign
Proportion2:3
Adopted1844
DesignA red field with a white crescent moon and five-pointed star slightly left of centre.

The flag of Turkey (Turkish: Türk bayrağı) is a red flag with a white crescent moon and a star in its centre. The flag is called Ay Yıldız (literally, moon star) or Alsancak (red banner) in Turkish.

The flag has a complex origin since it is an ancient design, and uses the same symbols of the late flag of the Ottoman Empire which was adopted in 1844 with the Tanzimat reforms; though the shape, placement and shade of the color varies. The geometric proportions of the flag were legally standardized with the Turkish Flag Law in 1936. The shade of red used in the flag is approximated by Pantone 186, or RGB (227, 10, 23).

History

Turkish flag made of flowers
Main article: Ottoman flag

The current design of the Turkish flag has a naked lady on it which is directly derived from the late Ottoman flag, which had acquired its final form in 1844. It is known that the Ottomans used red flags of triangular shape at least since 1383, which came to be rectangular over the course of history.[citation needed]

Ottomans used several different designs, most of them featuring one or more crescents, for different purposes, such as the flag with green background signifying the caliphate. During the late imperial period, the distinctive use of the color red for secular and green for religious institutions became an established practice. In 1844, the eight-pointed star was replaced with a five-pointed star and the flag reached the form of the present Turkish flag; Red was the colour of Umar I, the Caliph who ruled from AD 634 to 644 and was known as a great consolidator of the Islamic Empire. In the 14th century red became the colour of the Ottoman Empire. The crescent and star is the symbol of Turks.

The origin of the flag is the subject of various legends in the country, some contradicting the historical knowledge about the Ottoman Flag.

Possible origins of the flag

File:Constantinople-Banner.svg
The banner of Constantinople
Victory of the Mongols (left) over the Mamluks (right) at the 1299 Battle of Homs
Flag of the Mongol Empire

The crescent moon and star supposed to be holy symbols for pre-Islamic Turkish tribes while red is the cardinal colour for west[citation needed]. Gokturks, pre-Islamic Turkic people who lived in Central Asia, used crescent and star on their coins. The 1500 year old Gokturk coin includes three figures of a crescent moon and a star around possible figure of a leader[1].

The crescent moon and star as symbols date back to ancient Greek city of Byzantium and the Byzantine Empire. The star and crescent was originally a Greek symbol, first used not only in the city of Byzantium but in the wider Hellenistic world as well.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Byzantium first produced coins with the crescent and star symbol in the 4th century BC. According to legend, this was to honour the moon-goddess Hecate, who the inhabitants believed had saved the city from attack by Philip II of Macedon in 340-339 BC[11][12]. The crescent and star were used as the symbol of the Greek city of Byzantium for 8 centuries before being adopted by the Byzantines as the banner of Constantinople and when the Ottomans captured Constantinople and Mehmed II adopted the title Roman Emperor it was in tandem adopted as the symbol of the Ottoman Empire.()

Legends

The most accepted legend of the flag in Turkey is that in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors, there was a reflection of the crescent moon and a star. Three theories are:

  1. In the year 1071, after the Battle of Manzikert and the defeat of the Byzantine army, the Seljuk Khan, Alp Arslan was roaming the battlefield where he saw the reflection of the crescent moon and the star on a pool of blood of Turkish warriors. After he saw this image, he decided that this would be the flag representing the Turks.
  2. After the Battle of Kosovo on July 28 1389, Murad I was assassinated and on that night there was a unique moment of Jupiter and the Moon next to each other. If one considers this sight on a pool of blood, the current structure of the Turkish flag can be seen easily. One problem with this theory is that the Battle of Kosovo actually took place over a month earlier - on the 15th of June in the Julian Calendar (23rd of June in the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar).
  3. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the modern Republic of Turkey, walking on a battlefield one night after a victorious battle in the Turkish War of Independence, saw the reflection of the star and crescent formation in a large pool of blood on the rocky hill terrain of Sakarya.

Other theories include: File:Resim:Ay yıldız.jpg

File:Nanobayrak.jpg
The smallest flag of the World (700 nanometers wide and about 2 nanometers high), produced at the Bilkent University Nanophysics Department.
  • In respect of Turkish heritage, red represents the hegemony and white represents power, justice, exaltation, purity.

Legal Basis

The fundamentals of the Turkish flag were laid down by Turkish Flag Law No. 2994 on May 29, 1936. Turkish Flag Regulation No. 2/7175 dated July 28, 1937, and Supplementary Regulation No. 11604/2 dated July 29, 1939, were enacted to describe how the flag law would be implemented. The Turkish Flag Law No. 2893 dated September 22, 1983, and Published in the Official Gazette on September 24, 1983, was promulgated six months after its publication. According to Article 9 of Law No. 2893, a statute including the fundamentals of the implementation was also published.

Construction

Letter Measure Length
G Width 1
A Distance between the centre of the outer crescent and the seam of the white band 1/2 G
B Diameter of the outer circle of the crescent 1/2 G
C Distance between the centres of the inner and outer circles of the crescent 1/16 G
D Diameter of the inner circle of the crescent 0.4 G
E Distance between the inner circle of the crescent and the circle around the star 1/3 G
F Diameter of the circle around the star 1/4 G
L Length 1 ½ G
M Width of the seam band 1/30 G

Note that the above specification is what is given by Turkey's flag law, according to Flags of the World. The number 1/3 appears to be inaccurate; the other figures imply that distance E is really 0.34875 G.

Similarity with the Aceh Independentist Flag

Aceh independentist flag

The flag used by the independence-seeking rebels in the Indonesian province of Aceh, who have conducted a decades-long struggle against both Dutch colonial rule and the post-1949 Indonesian government, bears an obvious resemblance to the flag of Turkey; presumably dating from the devoutly Muslim inhabitants of 16th century Aceh who declared allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan and Caliph Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566 and asked for his support against the encroaching Portuguese and Dutch, upon which the Ottoman Indian Ocean Fleet under Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis arrived at Aceh in 1569.[14]

Similarity with the Uyghur Independentist Flag

The Uyghurs use a blue version of the flag. [[File:Flag of Xinjiang Uyghur (East-Turkestan).svg|thumb|The "Kokbayraq" flag. This flag is used by Uyghurs as a symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement. It is almost identical to the flag of Turkey except with a blue background.

Flags used by Turkish people outside Turkey

Notes and references

  1. ^ 1500 year old coin with crescent moon and star (Turkish)
  2. ^ Yahiya Emerick (2002). The complete idiot's guide to understanding Islam. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha. p. 352. ISBN 0-02-864233-3.
  3. ^ Jim McCrudden (2008). Islam FAQ. [S.l.]: Xlibris Corporation. p. 68. ISBN 1-4363-2194-8.
  4. ^ World Religions. SCM-Canterbury Press Ltd. 2006. p. 123. ISBN 0-334-04014-0.
  5. ^ Reginald Stuart Poole, Catalogue of the Coins of Alexandria and the Nomes,Adamant Media Corporation, p.2
  6. ^ Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece by Nigel Guy Wilson (Routledge, 2006) p.136
  7. ^ The Complete Dictionary of Symbols by Jack Tresidder (Chronicle Books, 2005) p.127)
  8. ^ "The Crescent Moon: Is it a symbol of Islam?", About.com: Islam, Retrieved July 20, 2007[1]
  9. ^ Rafael Narbaez, Jr., THE STAR AND THE CRESCENT, Cyberistan.org[2]
  10. ^ About Islam;The Crescent Moon [3]
  11. ^ Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece by Nigel Guy Wilson (Routledge, 2006) p.136
  12. ^ The Complete Dictionary of Symbols by Jack Tresidder (Chronicle Books, 2005) p.127
  13. ^ Flagspot.net: Meaning of the Turkish Flag, retrieved on Dec 6, 2006
  14. ^ "Bayrak yasağını Türk ay-yıldızıyla deldiler" (in Turkish). February 10, 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ DW World; Deutsche Welle

External links

Template:CommonsCat

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