Jump to content

List of Turkic languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Tulpar05 (talk | contribs) at 18:58, 28 October 2022 (→External links). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Siberia. Turkic languages are spoken as native languages by some 200 million people.

Turkic languages by subfamily

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2022) and were rounded:[1][2]

Number Branch Languages Status Native Speakers Majority Main Writing System
1 Oghuz languages 8 Normal 121,000,000  Turkey Latin
2 Karluk languages 4 Normal 43,500,000  Uzbekistan Latin
3 Kipchak languages 12 Normal 27,000,000  Kazakhstan Latin
4 Siberian Turkic languages 9 Vulnerable 800,000  Russia Cyrillic
5 Arghu Turkic language 1 Vulnerable 50,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
6 Oghur languages 1 Vulnerable 1,200,000  Russia Cyrillic
Total Turkic languages 35 Normal 193,800,000  Turkey Latin

Turkic languages by the number of speakers

Further information: Lists of endangered languages, List of endangered languages in Russia, and List of endangered languages in China

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 [3] documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1][2]

  Turkish (38.26%)
  Uzbek (19.13%)
  Azerbaijani (13.04%)
  Uyghur (10.87%)
  Kazakh (3.04%)
  Turkmen (2.26%)
  Tatar (1.96%)
  Kyrgyz (0.6%)
  Bashkir (0.5%)
  Chuvash (0.62%)
  Other (8.68%)
Number Name Branch Status Native Speakers Main Country Main Writing System
1 Turkish language Oghuz languages Normal 83,000,000  Turkey Latin
2 Uzbek language Karluk languages Normal 44,000,000  Uzbekistan Latin
3 Azerbaijani language Oghuz languages Normal 30,000,000  Azerbaijan Latin
4 Uyghur language Karluk languages Normal 25,000,000  China Perso-Arabic
5 Kazakh language Kipchak languages Normal 19,000,000  Kazakhstan Cyrillic
6 Turkmen language Oghuz languages Normal 7,000,000  Turkmenistan Latin
7 Tatar language Kipchak languages Normal 5,500,000  Russia Cyrillic
8 Kyrgyz language Kipchak languages Normal 5,000,000  Kyrgyzstan Cyrillic
9 Bashkir language Kipchak languages Vulnerable 1,500,000  Russia Cyrillic
10 Chuvash language Oghur languages Vulnerable 1,200,000  Russia Cyrillic
11 Qashqai language Oghuz languages Normal 1,000,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
12 Khorasani Turkic language Oghuz languages Vulnerable 1,000,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
13 Karakalpak language Kipchak languages Normal 650,000  Uzbekistan Latin
14 Crimean Tatar language Kipchak languages Severely endangered 600,000  Ukraine Latin
15 Kumyk language Kipchak languages Vulnerable 450,000  Russia Cyrillic
16 Karachay-Balkar language Kipchak languages Vulnerable 400,000  Russia Cyrillic
17 Yakut language Siberian Turkic languages Vulnerable 400,000  Russia Cyrillic
18 Tuvan language Siberian Turkic languages Vulnerable 300,000  Russia Cyrillic
19 Urum language Kipchak languages Definitely endangered 200,000  Ukraine Cyrillic
20 Gagauz language Oghuz languages Critically endangered 150,000  Moldova Latin
21 Siberian Tatar language Kipchak languages Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia Cyrillic
22 Nogai language Kipchak languages Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia Cyrillic
23 Salar language Oghuz languages Vulnerable 70,000  China Latin
24 Altai language Siberian Turkic languages Severely endangered 60,000  Russia Cyrillic
25 Khakas language Siberian Turkic languages Definitely endangered 50,000  Russia Cyrillic
26 Khalaj language Arghu Turkic language Vulnerable 20,000  Iran Perso-Arabic
27 Äynu language Karluk languages Critically endangered 6,000  China Perso-Arabic
28 Western Yugur language Siberian Turkic languages Severely endangered 5,000  China Latin
29 Shor language Siberian Turkic languages Severely endangered 3,000  Russia Cyrillic
30 Dolgan language Siberian Turkic languages Definitely endangered 1,000  Russia Cyrillic
31 Krymchak language Kipchak languages Critically endangered 200  Israel Hebrew
32 Ili Turki language Karluk languages Severely endangered 100  China Cyrillic
33 Tofa language Siberian Turkic languages Critically endangered 100  Russia Cyrillic
34 Karaim language Kipchak languages Critically endangered 100  Ukraine Cyrillic
35 Chulym language Siberian Turkic languages Critically endangered 50  Russia Cyrillic
Total Turkic languages Common Turkic languages Normal 193,700,000  Turkey Latin

Endangered Turkic languages

Main articles: Endangered language and Lists of endangered languages

An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language".

25 endangered Turkic languages exist in World. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[4][5]

Number Name Status Speakers Main Country
1 Bashkir language Vulnerable 1,500,000  Russia
2 Chuvash language Vulnerable 1,200,000  Russia
3 Khorasani Turkic language Vulnerable 1,000,000  Iran
4 Crimean Tatar language Vulnerable 600,000  Ukraine
5 Kumyk language Vulnerable 450,000  Russia
6 Yakut language Vulnerable 400,000  Russia
7 Karachay-Balkar language Vulnerable 400,000  Russia
8 Tuvan language Vulnerable 300,000  Russia
9 Urum language Definitely endangered 200,000  Ukraine
10 Gagauz language Critically endangered 150,000  Moldova
11 Siberian Tatar language Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia
12 Nogai language Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia
13 Salar language Vulnerable 70,000  China
14 Altai language Severely endangered 60,000  Russia
15 Khakas language Definitely endangered 50,000  Russia
16 Khalaj language Vulnerable 20,000  Iran
17 Äynu language Critically endangered 6,000  China
18 Western Yugur language Severely endangered 5,000  China
19 Shor language Severely endangered 3,000  Russia
20 Dolgan language Definitely endangered 1,000  Russia
21 Krymchak language Critically endangered 200  Israel
22 Tofa language Critically endangered 100  Russia
23 Karaim language Critically endangered 100  Ukraine
24 Ili Turki language Severely endangered 100  China
25 Chulym language Critically endangered 50  Russia

Extinct Turkic languages

Number Name Time of Extinct
- Proto Turkic Reconstructed language
1 Old Turkic 8th century
2 Old Anatolian Turkish 11th century
3 Pecheneg 12th century
4 Orkhon Turkic 13th century
5 Khazar 13th century
6 Old Uyghur 14th century
7 Khorezmian 14th century
8 Bulgar 14th century
9 Middle Turkic 15th century
10 Kipchak 17th century
11 Cuman 1770
12 Old Tatar 19th century
13 Fergana Kipchak 1920s
14 Chagatai 1921
15 Ottoman Turkish 1928
16 Fuyu Girgis 20th century
17 Dukhan 21st century
18 Salchuq 2013

Famous Turkic Dialects

Main article: Turkish dialects
Number Dialect Main Language
1 Rumelian dialect Turkish language
2 Cypriot dialect Turkish language
3 Afshar dialect Azerbaijani language
4 Sonqori dialect Azerbaijani language
5 Lop dialect Uyghur language
6 Baraba dialect Siberian Tatar language

Hypothetical ancestors

Hypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages

Ancestral

Geographical distribution of the Turkic languages. Dark Blue: Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian Turkic languages); Green: Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk languages); Orange: Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak languages); Red: Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz languages); Purple: Oghur languages

Common Turkic (Shaz Turkic / Z Turkic)

Karluk languages. Green: East Karluk; Red: West Karluk
Orange: South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian); Red: North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian); Green: West Kipchak (Ponto-Caspian)
Orange: East Oghuz; Green; Azerbaijani; Red: Turkish; Purple: Gagauz; Light Blue: Qashqai; Greenish Blue: Salar

Oghur (Lir Turkic / R Turkic)

Possible Turkic languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Turkic or members of other language families

  • Hunnic / Xiongnu (?)
    • Hunnic / Hunnish - the language or languages of the Huns (there are several hypotheses about their language)
    • Xiongnu - the language or languages of the Xiongnu (may be the same as the Hunnic language, a closely related one, or not related at all) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Keraite - the language or languages of the Keraites (in today's Central Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Qarai Turks, the Kerey Kazakh group of the middle zhuz Argyns, the Kireis, a group of the Kyrgyz and many Torghut may descend from them) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Old Naiman - the language or languages of the old Naimans (in today's Western and Southwestern Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Naiman, however, is the Mongol name for the numeral eight) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Pannonian Avar - the language or languages of the Pannonian Avars (there are several hypotheses about their language)

Possible Mixed Turkic-Iranian language

Constructed languages

  • Jalpi Türk language (crh) is a constructed language created by Ismail Gasprinsky in the 19th century.
  • Ortatürk (tt) is a constructed language created by Baxtiyar Kärimov between 1993-2008.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Turkic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b https://glottolog.org/
  3. ^ Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (In Russian)
  4. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
  5. ^ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
  • Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. (in Russian)
  • Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. (in Russian)
  • Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (in Russian)
  • Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
  • Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.[1]
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.[2]
  • Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
  • Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
  • Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
  • Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
  • Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Turkic_languages&oldid=1118764565"