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Rajiv Malhotra
Born (1950-09-15) 15 September 1950 (age 74)
New Delhi, Delhi, India
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materSt. Stephen's College, Delhi
Syracuse University
Occupation(s)Author, Researcher, Professor
Notable workBreaking India (2011),
Being Different (2011),
Indra's Net (2014),
The Battle for Sanskrit (2016)
YouTube information
Channel
Genre(s)Civilizations, cross-cultural encounters, religion and science
Subscribers487.00 thousand[1]
Total views41.54 million[1]
Last updated: 09 Jul 2022
Websiterajivmalhotra.com

Rajiv Malhotra (born 15 September 1950) is an Indian-born American Hindutva activist, author[2] and founder of Infinity Foundation,[3] which focuses on Indic studies,[note 1] and also funds projects such as Columbia University's project to translate the Tibetan Buddhist Tengyur.[4]

Apart from the foundation, Malhotra promotes a Hindutva[5] view on Indic cultures. Malhotra has written prolifically in opposition to the western academic study of Indian culture and society, which he maintains denigrates the tradition and undermines the interests of India "by encouraging the paradigms that oppose its unity and integrity".[6][7]

Biography

Malhotra studied physics at St. Stephen's College, Delhi and computer science at Syracuse University before becoming an entrepreneur in the information technology and media industries.[web 1][8] He took early retirement in 1994 at an age of 44, to establish the Infinity Foundation at Princeton, New Jersey in 1995.[web 1][8] Besides directing that foundation,[9] he also chairs the board of governors of the Center for Indic Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, and advises various organisations.

Malhotra had been a speaker at an international conference held over the Center for Indic Studies, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth and was a board member of the Foundation for Indic Philosophy and Culture at the Claremont Colleges.[10] He also wrote extensively on internet discussion groups and e-magazines.[10]

In October 2018, Malhotra was appointed as honorary visiting professor at the Centre for Media Studies at Jawharlal Nehru University, Delhi.[11] On 6 November 2018, he delivered his first lecture organized by the School of Sanskrit and Indic studies on the topic of Sanskrit non-translatables.[12]

Infinity Foundation

Malhotra founded the institute in 1995; followed by Educational Council of Indic Traditions (ECIT) in 2000.[10][13][note 1] The foundation works without any full-time workers; sans Malhotra himself.[10] The stated goals were to fight a perceived misrepresentation of ancient Indian religions and to document the contributions of India to world civilization.[10] None of the members of the advisory board was an academic and most belonged to the software industry.[10]

The Foundation has given more than 400 grants for research, education and community work and has provided small grants to major universities in support of programs including a visiting professorship in Indic studies at Harvard University, Yoga and Hindi classes at Rutgers University, the research and teaching of non-dualistic philosophies at University of Hawaii, Global Renaissance Institute and a Center for Buddhist studies at Columbia University, a program in religion and science at University of California, an endowment for the Center for Advanced Study of India at University of Pennsylvania, and lectures at the Center for Consciousness Studies at University of Arizona. The foundation has provided funding for journals like Education about Asia[17] and International Journal of Hindu Studies[18] and for the establishment of the Mahatma Gandhi Center for Global Non-violence at James Madison University.[18]

While the foundation's own materials describe its purposes in terms of education and philanthropy, scholars of Hinduism and South Asia see it largely as an organization committed to the "surveillance of the Academy", and a senior U.S. scholar of Hinduism, Columbia University's Jack Hawley, has published a refutation of the foundation's characteristic charges against the study of Hinduism in North America.[19]

Criticism of American academia (2000s)

Wendy's Child Syndrome

See also: Invading the Sacred

In early 2000s Malhotra started writing articles criticising Wendy Doniger and related scholars, claiming that she applied Freudian psycho-analysis to aspects of Indian culture.[web 1] His 2002 blog post titled "Wendy's Child Syndrome"[20] was considered as the starting point[21] of a "rift between some Western Hinduism scholars [...] and some conservative Hindus in India, the United States, and elsewhere".[web 1] Martha Nussbaum has called it a "war"[15] by "the Hindu right"[22] against American scholars.[21]

The blog post "has become a pivotal treatise in a recent rift between some Western Hinduism scholars—many of whom teach or have studied at Chicago—and some conservative Hindus in India, the United States, and elsewhere".[web 1] Malhotra concluded in his blog post: "Rights of individual scholars must be balanced against rights of cultures and communities they portray, especially minorities that often face intimidation. Scholars should criticize but not define another's religion."[web 1]

According to Braverman, "Though Malhotra's academic targets say he has some valid discussion points, they also argue that his rhetoric taps into the rightward trend and attempts to silence unorthodox, especially Western, views."[web 1][note 2]

The essay, together with a series of related essays and interviews, has been republished in Academic Hinduphobia, in the wake of the withdrawal of Doniger's The Hindus: An Alternative History from the Indian market, due to a lawsuit "alleging that it was biased and insulting to Hindus".[23] The withdrawal led to extensive media attention, and renewed sales in India. According to Malhotra "the drama has diverted attention away from the substantive errors in her scholarship to be really about being an issue of censorship by radical Hindus", hence the republication of his critique of Wendy Doniger[23] and scholars related to her.[note 3]

American academia

In his 2003 blog post "Does South Asian Studies Undermine India?" at Rediff India Abroad: India as it happens, Malhotra criticises what he views as uncritical funding of South Asian Studies by Indian-American donors.[6] According to Malhotra:

Many eminent Indian-American donors are being led down the garden path by Indian professors who, ironically, assemble a team of scholars to undermine Indian culture. Rather than an Indian perspective on itself and the world, these scholars promote a perspective on India using worldviews which are hostile to India's interests.[6]

Malhotra voices four criticisms of American academia: [7]

  1. "American academia is dominated by a Eurocentric perspective that views western culture as being the font of world civilisation and refuses to acknowledge the contributions of non-western societies such as India to European culture and technique".[7]
  2. The academic study of religion in the United States is based on the model of the "Abrahamic" traditions; this model is not applicable to Hinduism.[7]
  3. Western scholars focus on the "sensationalist, negative attributes of religion and present it in a demeaning way that shows a lack of respect for the sentiments of the practitioners of the religion".[7]
  4. South Asian Studies programmes in the United States create "a false identity and unity"[7] between India and its Muslim neighbour states, and undermine India "by focusing on its internal cleavages and problems".[7]

Malhotra argues that American scholarship has undermined India "by encouraging the paradigms that oppose its unity and integrity",[6] with scholars playing critical roles, often under the garb of 'human rights' in channelling foreign intellectual and material support to exacerbate India's internal cleavages.[6] According to Malhotra, Indian-American donors were "hoodwinked"[6] into thinking that they were supporting India through their monetary contributions to such programmes.[6] Malhotra compares the defence of Indian interests with corporate brand management, distrusting the loyalties of Indian scholars:[6]

Therefore, it is critical that we do not blindly assume that Indian scholars are always honest trustees of the Indian-American donors' sentiments. Many Indian scholars are weak in the pro-India leadership and assertiveness traits that come only from strongly identifying with an Indian Grand Narrative.
They regard the power of Grand Narrative (other than their own) as a cause of human rights problems internally, failing to see it as an asset in global competition externally. Hence, there is the huge difference between the ideology of many Indian professors and the ideology espoused by most successful Indian-American corporate leaders.[6]

According to Malhotra, a positive stance on India has been under-represented in American academia, due to programmes being staffed by Westerners, their "Indian-American Sepoys"[24] and Indian Americans wanting to be white — whom he disparages as "career opportunists" and "Uncle Toms"[25] who "in their desire to become even marginal members of the Western Grand Narrative sneer at Indian culture in the same manner as colonialists once did".[25] Malhotra has accused academia of abetting the "Talibanisation" of India, which would also lead to the radicalisation of other Asian countries.[26]

U-turn theory

Main article: Pizza effect

According to Malhotra, the Western appropriation of Indic ideas and knowledge systems has a long history. "The U-Turn Theory",[24] as stated by Malhotra, the appropriation occurs in several stages:[27][28]

  1. In the first stage, a Westerner approaches an Indian guru or tradition with extreme deference, acquires the knowledge as a sincere disciple, lives in the ashram and adopts the usage of Hindu iconography.
  2. Once the transfer of knowledge is complete, the former disciple, and their followers progressively erase all traces of the original source, such as removal of the Sanskrit terms and historic context of India. The knowledge gets repackaged as the idea of their own thought or they claim to be universal by removal of the Indian heritage, and may even proceed to denigrate the source Indian tradition. At this stage, the traditional Indian knowledge gets decontextualized and Christianized.
  3. In the final stage, the ideas are exported back to India by the former disciple and/or his followers for consumption as Western science or as 'superior' thought. Malhotra cites numerous examples to support this theory, dating from the erasure of Upanishadic and Vijnanavada Buddhist influences on Plotinus[note 4] to the modern day reimportation of Christian Yoga into India.

Malhotra mentions a number of "U-Turners" from the scholarly fields of mind sciences, cognitive sciences and psychology:[28][note 5]

In Vivekananda's Ideas and the Two Revolutions in Western Thought (2013), Malhotra claims that Vivekananda has deeply influenced modern western thought, but that this influence in some cases remains unacknowledged and uncredited.[39] According to Malhotra, examples are William James and his The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902); Aldous Huxley and his The Perennial Philosophy (1945); and the notion of involution in the works of Ken Wilber,[39] a term which Vivekananda probably took from western Theosophists, notably Helena Blavatsky, in addition to Darwin's notion of evolution, and possibly referring to the Samkhya term sātkarya.[40][note 7]

Criticism of Christian Yoga

According to Malhotra, the practice of distorted version of Yoga, Christian Yoga, is not only inimical but also detrimental to Christianity's fundamental principles and doctrines. He supports his argument by specifically citing the theology of Christianity and Bible, and compares it to the philosophies of Yoga.[49]

  1. Yoga transcends all dogma and beliefs.
    2. Yoga, meditation and Mantras cannot transcend the person, who believes in the historicity of Christianity and various events. Yogic path of embodied-knowing seeks to dissolve the historic ego, both individual and collective as false.[50] Yoga is a do-it-yourself path that eliminates the need for intermediaries such as a priesthood or other institutional authority. Its emphasis on the body runs contrary to Christian beliefs that the body will lead humans astray. The ultimate goal is to move to a state of self-realization. [note 8]
  2. Yoga leads to unity consciousness i.e. no separation from God.
    3. According to Vedanta, a being is not separate from God, we're a divine being ourself and we're part of God and creation. However, this fundamental teaching of Yoga contradicts Christianity's beliefs that God and creation are separate entities. [note 9]
  3. Bible considers the silent mind to be dangerous.
    4. According to Christianity, in prayer, you're supposed to be filled with Biblical passage, and Nicene Creed diverts attention away from the state of silence, however, the whole practice of meditation in authentic Yoga system is to pursue the state of emptiness with refined focus to self-direct awareness to attain liberation, contrary to be filled with dogma.[51][49] Yoga's self-centering silence is seen as resisting submission to an external God according to Christianity.[note 10]
  4. Christianity considers Mantras as 'prayer' to a pagan God, which violates a Commandment.[note 11]
    5. Although Mantras are neither mere prayer nor devotional songs to a God but a sacred utterance for transcendence, enlightenment and liberation, the usage of Mantras violates the Commandment. Christianity neither accepts Mantra for transcendence nor accepts as a prayer to 'One True God'.[51][note 12]
  5. Biblical cosmology subverts the Vedic principal of Rta.
    6. Rta, in Hindu philosophy, is the fundamental fabric of reality and the principle of the natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. Conceptually, it's closely allied with Dharma, and the action of individuals in relation to those ordinances, referred to as Karma. However, this fundamentally contradicts Nicene Creed.[51]

Malhotra further mentions that practitioners of Christian Yoga and people who advocate it, neither understand Christianity nor the roots, complexity, and philosophies of Yoga.[50] According to Shreena Gandhi, professor of Religious studies at Michigan State University, many American Yoga teachers do not learn about Hinduism, Indian culture and spiritual philosophies of Yoga.[53] So, only far few American teachers go much deeper than mere physical forms or Asanas, hence they dilute the true depth and philosophies of Yoga.[53] Most Western Yoga teachers, states Malhotra, mentions Pranayama, chanting Om or Asanas as health-related components of modern Yoga, yet this attitude is based, at best, a shallow or lack of understanding of Yoga'a Dharmic roots and philosophy.[51]

The practice of Om as a sacred utterance is designed to dissolve Namarupa from the mind, that is the whole idea and the principle behind the Mantra.[51] Its universality lies in its ability to transcend all particular historic contexts. The names 'Jesus', 'Allah', or 'Amen' are proper nouns laden with historic context and aren't a synonym for a Mantra which have a specific transcendental context.[51] Patanjali mentions Om as Vacakah or vibration of Ishvara, hence the experience it brings cannot be generated by an alternative sound such as the sound or names of other God.[51] Yoga and Hinduism are deeply coupled, and renaming the original Sanskrit terms doesn't do any favor, since the actual physical practices, in the case of asanas remains the same, states Malhotra.[50] Swami Param, head of Classical Yoga Academy in Manahawkin, New Jersey, states that "If people could not acknowledge the Hindu elements and roots of Yoga, they should not bother studying it." He further adds, "As Hindus, we have no problem studying other religions, but we give them the respect they deserve."[54]

Yoga's metaphysics centers around the quest to attain liberation from one's conditioning caused by the past Karma. Karma includes the baggage from prior lives, underscoring the importance of reincarnation.[50] Malhotra points out, while it's "fashionable" for Westerners to say that, they believe in Karma and reincarnation, they have seldom worked out the contradictions with core Biblical doctrines.[note 13][50][51] Yogic liberation is therefore not contingent upon any unique historic events or interventions. Every individual's ultimate essence is Sat-Cit-Ananda, Originally Divine, and not Originally Sinful by birth, Malhotra indicates this very fundamental contradiction of the doctrines of Original sin and Nicene Creed.[50][51]

Malhotra further claims that Dharmic traditions are misunderstood by the West, one being the scholars conflated the use of Dharmic images and deities with pre-Christian Peganism, although Paganism is quite different from Dharmic bhakti.[51] This suspicion of idolatry is one of the greatest obstacles which the Western practitioners of Yoga face, states Malhotra.[51] The negative and erroneous association of Yoga with an idolatry of the body gives rise to odd hybrids such as Christian Yoga or Jewish Yoga or, Muslim Yoga, who claim to provide a cleaned-up Yoga, which is free from dangers of idolatry.[51][55] He adds, internalized taboos, social prejudices, and all stereotypes of Dharmic culture and Hinduism in particular, act as a filter in the interpretation of Dharmic traditions, such as Yoga and meditation to create varied responses to Yoga.[51]

Although few Christian Yoga or 'Secular' Yoga practitioners make baseless claims, states Malhotra, such as "Yoga doesn't belong to Hinduism" or "Yoga isn't Hindu",[51][56][57] he asserts that, such people neither understands the philosophy Yoga nor its relation to Hinduism. It's a fact of the matter that Yoga is one of the six major orthodox schools of Hinduism (Āstika), hence those preconceived claims are factually incorrect. Yoga, in Hinduism, is a way towards liberation from Saṃsāra and Duḥkha.[note 14]

Furthermore, Malhotra cites a survey research conducted by the Yoga practitioners in the West shows that those who attained a sense of self-directed awareness, are less likely to identify as "Christians" or any dogma based religions,[49][58] and more likely identified to be with Dharmic religions such as, Buddhists, or, contrary to that as Spiritual but not religious.[note 15] Douglas R. Groothuis, professor of philosophy at Denver Seminary, says that "Yoga was a Hindu practice structured to help people attain a higher spiritual state within, and that is incompatible with Christian teachings", further he adds, "I don't think Christian Yoga works, It's an oxymoron".[54]

Academic Hinduphobia: A Critique of Wendy Doniger's Erotic School of Indology (early 2000s/2016)

Several of Malhotra's essays from the early 2000s were re-published by Voice of India in 2016 in Academic Hinduphobia: A Critique of Wendy Doniger's Erotic School of Indology.[23] According to Malhotra, the essays have been republished in the wake of the withdrawal of Doniger's The Hindus: An Alternative History from the Indian market, due to a lawsuit "alleging that it was biased and insulting to Hindus".[23] The withdrawal led to extensive media attention, and renewed sales in India. According to Malhotra "the drama has diverted attention away from the substantive errors in her scholarship to be really about being an issue of censorship by radical Hindus", hence the republication of his critique of Wendy Doniger[23] and scholars related to her.

Breaking India (2011)

Main article: Breaking India

Malhotra's book Breaking India: Western Interventions in Dravidian and Dalit Faultlines[59] discusses three faultlines trying to destabilise India:

  1. Islamic radicalism linked with Pakistan.
  2. Maoists and Marxist radicals supported by China via intermediaries such as Nepal.
  3. Dravidian and Dalit identity separatism being fostered by the West in the name of human rights.[note 16]

This book goes into greater depth on the third: the role of US and European churches, academics, think-tanks, foundations, government and human rights groups in fostering separation of the identities of Dravidian and Dalit communities from the rest of India.[61]

According to Malhotra:

In South India, a new identity called Dravidian Christianity is being constructed. It is an opportunistic combination of two myths: the "Dravidian race" myth and another that purports that early Christianity shaped the major Hindu classics.[62]

British linguists Francis Ellis (1777–1819) and later Alexander Campbell worked in India to theorize that the south Indian languages belong to a different family than the north Indian ones (as remains the standard academic view). Much later, another colonial scholar, Brian Houghton Hodgson (d. 1894), was promoting the term "Tamilian" as a racial construct, describing the so-called aborigines of India as primitive and uncivilized compared to the "foreign Aryans".[62]

A scholar-evangelist from the Anglican Church, Bishop Robert Caldwell (1814–91), pioneered what now flourishes as the "Dravidian" identity. In his Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Race, he argued that the south Indian mind was structurally different from the Sanskrit mind. Linguistic speculations were turned into a race theory. He characterized the Dravidians as "ignorant and dense", accusing the Brahmins – the cunning Aryan agents – for keeping them in shackles through the imposition of Sanskrit and its religion.[62]

Being Different (2011)

Main article: Being Different

Being Different is a critique of the western-centric view on India, characterised by the Abrahamic traditions. Malhotra intends to give an Indian view on India and the west, as characterised by the Indian Dharmic traditions. Malhotra argues that there are irreconcilable differences between Dharmic traditions and Abrahamic religions.[63] The term dharma:

... is used to indicate a family of spiritual traditions originating in India which today are manifested as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. I explain that the variety of perspectives and practices of dharma display an underlying integral unity at the metaphysical level.[64]

According to Malhotra, Abrahamic religions are history-centric in that their fundamental beliefs are sourced from history – that God revealed his message through a special prophet and that the message is secured in scriptures. This special access to God is available only to these intermediaries or prophets and not to any other human beings. History-centric Abrahamic religions claim that we can resolve the human condition only by following the lineage of prophets arising from the Middle East. All other teachings and practices are required to get reconciled with this special and peculiar history. By contrast, the dharmic traditions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism—do not rely on history in the same absolutist and exclusive way.[65]

According to Malhotra, Dharmic traditions claim an endless stream of enlightened living spiritual masters, each said to have realised the ultimate truth while alive on this earth, and hence, able to teach this truth to others. Unlike in the case of Dharmic traditions, the great teachers of Abrahamic traditions are not living models of embodied enlightenment. Instead, Abrahamic teachers proclaim the truth based on historical texts. The consequences of these divergent systems are at the heart of Dharmic-Abrahamic distinctions. Dharmic flexibility has made fundamental pluralism possible, which cannot occur within the constraints of historicentrism.[65]

According to Malhotra, both Western and Dharmic civilisations have cherished unity as an ideal, but with a different emphasis. Malhotra posits a distinction between a "synthetic unity" that gave rise to a static intellectual worldview in the west, positioning itself as universal,[66] and an "integral unity" that gave rise to a dynamic worldview based on the notion of Dharma.[66] While the former is characterised by a top-down essentialism embracing everything a priori, the latter is said to be a bottom-up approach acknowledging the dependent co-origination of alternative views of the human and the divine, the body and the mind, and the self and society.

Indra's Net (2014)

Main article: Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity

Indra's Net is an appeal against the thesis of neo-Hinduism and a defense of Vivekananda's view of Yoga and Vedanta. The book argues for a unity, coherence, and continuity of the Yogic and Vedantic traditions of Hinduism and Hindu philosophy. It makes proposals for defending Hinduism from what the author considers to be unjust attacks from scholars, misguided public intellectuals, and hostile religious polemicists.

The book's central metaphor is "Indra's Net". As a scriptural image "Indra's Net" was first mentioned in the Atharva Veda (c. 1000 BCE).[67][note 17] In Buddhist philosophy, Indra's Net served as a metaphor in the Avatamsaka Sutra[68][69] and was further developed by Huayen Buddhism to portray the interconnectedness of everything in the universe.[68][69][70] Malhotra employs the metaphor of Indra's Net to express

the profound cosmology and outlook that permeates Hinduism. Indra's Net symbolizes the universe as a web of connections and interdependences.... The net is said to be infinite, and to spread in all directions with no beginning or end. At each node of the net is a jewel, so arranged that every jewel reflects all the other jewels.... a microcosm of the whole net.... [and] individual jewels always remain in flux.[71]

The book uses Indra's Net as a metaphor for the understanding of the universe as a web of connections and interdependences, an understanding which Malhotra wants to revive as the foundation for Vedic cosmology,[72] a perspective that he asserts has "always been implicit"[73] in the outlook of the ordinary Hindu.

A revised edition was published in 2016, after charges of plagiarism. The revised edition omits most references to the work of Andrew J. Nicholson but rather refers original Sanskrit sources instead which according to Malhotra, Nicholson failed to attribute his ideas to and explains that the unity of Hinduism is inherent in the tradition from the times of its Vedic origins.[74]

The Battle for Sanskrit (2016)

Main article: Battle for Sanskrit: Dead or Alive, Oppressive or Liberating, Political or Sacred?

The Battle for Sanskrit is a critique of the American indologist Sheldon Pollock. Malhotra pleads for traditional Indian scholars to write responses to Pollock's views, who takes a critical stance toward the role of Sanskrit in traditional views on Indian society. Malhotra is critical of Pollock's approach, and argues that western Indology scholars are deliberately intervening in Indian societies by offering analyses of Sanskrit texts which would be rejected by "the traditional Indian experts".[75][page needed] He also finds western scholars too prescriptive, that is, being "political activists" that want to prescribe a specific way of life.[75][page needed]

The inducement for this book was the prospect of Sringeri Peetham, the monastery founded by Adi Shankara in southern India, collaborating with Columbia University to set up an "Adi Shankara Chair" for Hindu religion and philosophy, sponsored by an Indian donor. The instalment committee for the chair was to be headed by Sheldon Pollock, whom Malhotra regards as an erudite scholar but also as one who undermines the traditional understanding. Malhotra contacted the lead donor to voice his concerns, which were not shared by the donor.[75][page needed] Nevertheless, Malhotra fears "the issue of potential conflict when the occupant of the chair takes positions that undermine the very tradition that has backed and funded the chair".[75][page needed] According to Malhotra,

... the Vedic traditions are under assault from a school of thought whose fundamental assumptions are dismissive of the sacred dimension. If, out of naivety, we hand over the keys to our institutions and allow outsiders to represent our legacy, then any chance of genuine dialogue will be lost. Furthermore, because of the enormous prestige and power of Western universities, a view of the Sanskrit will become accepted by the public.[75][page needed]

The 'network of trust' created by the book is said to have caused 132 academics from India to sign a petition asking for the removal of Sheldon Pollock from the editorship of the Murty Classical Library of India.[76]

Sanskrit Non-Translatables: The Importance of Sanskritizing English (2020)

Sanskrit Non-Translatables, a book by Malhotra published in 2020 and coauthored by Satyanarayana Dasa,[77] deals with the idea of Sanskritizing the English language and enriching it with powerful Sanskrit words. It continues the discussion on the idea of non-translatability of Sanskrit, first introduced in the book, Being Different.[78]

The book discusses 54 non-translatables across various genres that are being commonly mis-translated. It empowers English speakers with the knowledge and arguments to introduce these Sanskrit words into their daily speech with confidence. For English readers, the book is the starting point of the movement to introduce loanwords into their English vocabulary without translation.[79][80]

Reception

Appreciation

Scholars have widely recognized that Malhotra has been influential in articulating diaspora and conservative dissatisfaction with the Western world's scholarly study of Hinduism. John Hinnells, a British scholar of comparative religions, considers Malhotra to lead a faction of Hindu criticism of methodology for the examination of Hinduism.[81]

Other scholars welcome his attempt to challenge the western assumptions in the study of India and South Asia[82] but also question his approach, finding it to be neglecting the differences within the various Indian traditions.[83][84] In response, Malhotra points out that he does not state that all those traditions are essentially the same, that there is no effort to homogenise different Dharmic traditions, but that they share the assertion of integral unity.[85]

Prema A. Kurien considers Malhotra to be at "the forefront of American Hindu effort to challenge the Eurocentricism in the academia".[86]

Criticism

Martha Nussbaum criticises Malhotra for "disregard for the usual canons of argument and scholarship, a postmodern power play in the guise of defense of tradition".[87] Brian K. Pennington has called his work "ahistorical" and "a pastiche of widely accepted and overly simplified conclusions borrowed from the academy". Pennington has further charged that Malhotra systematically misrepresents the relationship between Hinduism and Christianity, arguing that in Malhotra's hands, "Christian and Indic traditions are reduced to mere cartoons of themselves."[88] According to Jonathan Edelmann, one of the major problems with Malhotra's work is that he does not have a school of thought that he represents or is trained in. This fact undermines his claims to be engaged in purvapaksa debate. Purvapaksa debate requires location in a particular place of argument.[89]

In May 2015, St. Olaf College Hindu-American scholar Anantanand Rambachan, who studied three years with Swami Dayananda, published an extensive response to Malhotra's criticisms in Indra's Net charging that Malhotra's "descriptions of my scholarship belong appropriately to the realm of fiction and are disconnected from reality". According to Rambachan, Malhotra's understanding and representation of classical Advaita is incorrect, attributing doctrines to Shankara and Swami Dayananda which are rejected by them.[90][note 18] Malhotra's epistemological foundations have also been critically questioned by Anantanand Rambachan. He does not, according to Rambachan, situate his discussion in relation to classical epistemologies or clarify his differences with these.[91]

Malhotra's critiques on Wendy Doniger's Freud psychoanalytic interpretations of Hinduism on her academic works, have "led to verbal and physical attacks on western scholars and their institutions."[92][93]

Malhotra claimed on social media in August 2020 that he spoke out against Wikipedia in the 1990s in a talk in Auroville that was posted in their magazine, when the portal sought Indian users for donations. Wikipedia, on the other hand, was founded in 2001. Malhotra's claims were criticized on social media.[94][95]

In November 2022, Google cancelled Malhotra's talk at its headquarters after receiving complaints about his views on homosexuality and Islam.[96] A day after cancelling his talk, Google introduced rules for inviting guest speakers to its offices.[97]

Allegations of plagiarism

In July 2015, Richard Fox Young of Princeton Theological Seminary[note 19][note 20][98][note 21] and Andrew J.Nicholson who authored Unifying Hinduism, alleged Malhotra had plagiarized Unifying Hinduism in Indra's Net.[100] Nicholson further said that Malhotra not only had plagiarised his book, but also "twists the words and arguments of respectable scholars to suit his own ends".[100][note 22] Permanent Black, publisher of Nicholson's Unifying Hinduism, stated that they would welcome HarperCollins' "willingness to rectify future editions" of Indra's Net.[100]

In response to Nicholson, Malhotra stated "I used your work with explicit references 30 times in Indra's Net, hence there was no ill-intention",[104] and cited a list of these references.[105] He announced that he would be eliminating all references to Nicholson and further explained:[104][note 23]

I am going to actually remove many of the references to your work simply because you have borrowed from Indian sources and called them your own original ideas [...] Right now, it is western Indologists like you who get to define 'critical editions' of our texts and become the primary source and adhikari. This must end and I have been fighting this for 25 years [...] we ought to examine where you got your materials from, and to what extent you failed to acknowledge Indian sources, both written and oral, with the same weight with which you expect me to do so.[104]

According to Malhotra, he removed all references of Nicholson in chapter 8 of Indra's Net, replacing them with references to the original Indian sources.[106]

Publications

Books

  • Breaking India: Western Interventions in Dravidian and Dalit Faultlines (2011) (publisher: Amaryllis, An imprint of Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.; ISBN 978-8191067378)
  • Rajiv Malhotra (2011), Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism (publisher: HarperCollins India; ISBN 978-9-350-29190-0)
  • Rajiv Malhotra (2014), Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity (publisher: HarperCollins India; ISBN 978-9-351-36244-9)
  • Rajiv Malhotra (2016), Battle for Sanskrit: Dead or Alive, Oppressive or Liberating, Political or Sacred? (publisher: Harper Collins India; ISBN 978-9351775386)
  • Rajiv Malhotra and Satyanarayana Dasa Babaji (2020), Sanskrit Non-Translatables: The Importance of Sanskritizing English (publisher: Amaryllis, An imprint of Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.; ISBN 978-93-90085-48-4)

Other publications

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b On the Infinity Foundation:
    • Kurien: "The next Indic studies organisation established in the United States was the Educational Council of Indic Traditions (ECIT), which was founded in 2000 (along with an associated Indictraditions Internet discussion group) under the auspices of the Infinity Foundation, based in New Jersey. The Infinity Foundation was formed in 1995 by the wealthy Indian American entrepreneur Rajiv Malhotra, who, after a career in the software, computer, and telecom industries had taken an early retirement to pursue philanthropic and educational activities. As Indic studies gradually became the main focus of the Infinity Foundation, the ECIT was disbanded (the Indictraditions group was also closed down later, in the summer of 2003)."[14]
    • Nussbaum: "The chief antagonist behind these attacks is Rajiv Malhotra, a very wealthy man who lives in New Jersey and heads the Infinity Foundation, which has made grants in the area of Hinduism studies."[15]
    • Taylor: "... Rajiv Malhotra, a self-described Indian-American entrepreneur, philanthropist and community leader. Malhotra had graduated from St Stephen's College, Delhi, in 1971, and came to the US to pursue degrees in physics and computer science, where his subsequent career spanned the software, telecom and media industries (Ramaswamy, de Nicolas and Banerjee, 2007, p. 472, n.5). He left the business world in 1995 to establish the Infinity Foundation, a non-profit organisation that seeks to promote East-West dialogue and a proper understanding of the Indian civilizational experience in the world, particularly in the United States and India."[16]
  2. ^ See also Jeffrey J. Kipal, "The Tantric Truth of the Matter: A Forthright Response to Rajiv Malhotra"
  3. ^ The bundle contains the following essays:
    1. The Academic Cult of Eroticizing Hindus[subnote 1]
    2. The Asymmetric Dialog of Civilizations
    3. The Axis of Neocolonialism
    4. RISA Lila - 1: Wendy's Child Syndrome[subnote 2]
    5. RISA Lila - 2: Limp Scholarship and Demonology[subnote 3]
    6. Wendy Doniger on the Couch: A Tantric Psychoanalysis (2015)[subnote 4]
    7. The Insider/Outsider: Academic Game of Sarah Caldwell
    8. Response to Jeffrey Kripal's Sulekha Article
    9. The Bindi as a Drop of Menstrual Blood
    10. The Interpretation of Gods
    11. The Washington Post and Hinduphobia[subnote 5]
    12. Challenging The Washington Post
    13. Hinduism in American Classrooms
  4. ^ The possible influence of Indian thought on Plotinus was mentioned already by his student and biographer Porphyry (3rd c. CE): "he became eager to make acquaintance with the Persian philosophical discipline and that prevailing among the Indians."[29] Blurb for Paulos Mar Gregorios (2002), Neoplatonism and Indian Philosophy, SUNY Press: "During the last two centuries a remarkable similarity between the philosophical system of Plotinus (205 270 A.D.) and those of various Hindu philosophers in various centuries, including some that lived prior to the Third Century A.D. has been discovered."[30] See also R. Baine Harris (ed).(1982), Neoplatonism and Indian Thought, SUNY Press
  5. ^ Other examples include:
    • Stephen LaBerge, prominent professor of cognitive science at Stanford University measured the effects of Yoga nidra and coined the term Lucid dream, leading to establishments of multiple institutes. However, LaBerge does not ackowldege Indian and Tibetian advanced meditators as scientific peers, whom he worked with for his PhD dissertation. Malhotra states, LaBerge later called the discovery as his own as part his proprietary Lucrative Movement.[28][31]
    • Francisco Varela, co-founder of Mind and Life Institute, despite being initiated by Dalai Lama into advanced Indo-Tibetian techniques over many decades, repackaged every idea into his "new" discovery, which Varela called Neurophenomenology based on Husserl's philosophy, although the philosophy was a merely a theory. Varela's home page and articles are entirely about "Western science" and disguise all the Indian sources. His students miss the fact that, he learned this as a practitioner of Buddhist meditation for 25 years until his death in 2001.[28][32]
    • Evan Thompson, one of the Verela's ace student who now distanced himself openly from the Indian source traditions, although his PhD thesis was on Madhyamaka Buddhism. Thompson claims that, he learned everything by his own research using Epistemology and findings of Verela as starting point. Furthermore, Thompson doesn't considers Indo-Tibetan sources as relevant to his research anymore, despite Verela's works being heavily based on Buddhist meditation practices. Malhotra points out how the dominant culture's appropriations are installed as locus for future generations, such as Thompson.[33][28]
  6. ^ Namely:
    * Benson, Herbert (1974). "Your Innate Asset for Combating Stress". Harvard Business Review.
    * Oreme-Johnson, David W.; Waltson, Kenneth G. (1998). "All approaches to preventing or reversing effects of stress are not the same" (PDF).
    * Resnick, Lloyd (2011). "A once(and future) meditator tries the relaxation response for stress". Harvard Health Publishing.
  7. ^ Theosophic ideas on involution has "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools."[40] According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the involvement, of divine cosnciousness into matter."[41] With spirit, Vivekananda refers to prana or purusha, derived ("with some original twists") from Samkhya and classical yoga as presented by Patanjali in the Yoga sutras.[41] Wilber took the notion of involution from Sri Aurobindo, who may, or may not, have been influenced by Vivekananda's notion that "evolution presupposes a prior involution."[42] Malhotra downplays contemporary academic scholarship[43] which shows how western ideas such as Universalism, via Unitarian missionaries who collaborated with the Brahmo Samaj, themselves influenced Vivekananda.[44][45][46][47][48]
  8. ^ Malhotra cites Biblical historicity, the apostle Paul was troubled by the clash between body and spirit, and wrote: "For in my inner being I delight in God's law; but I see another law at work in the members of my body, waging war against the law of my mind and making me a prisoner of the law of sin at work within my members. What a wretched man I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death?" (Romans 7:22-24). The effectiveness of the prayers and techniques thought by the Church depends on the particular circumstances of Jesus' history, however, this fundamentally contradicts the philosophies of Yoga.
  9. ^ According to Christians, salvation depends on occurrences of three historical events: the incarnation, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus; and for Jews, it's Exodus. However, Dharmic traditions insists direct experience and empirical testing are important for the acquisition of knowledge, hence Yoga, and meditation are the tools for one to discover the truth in an endeavor that requires active inner and outer engagement. The focus is, therefore, on self-discipline, experimentation with techniques and adaptation of methods to different temperaments and life circumstances.[51]
  10. ^ Malhotra further mentions the critical distinction between Dharmic and Western reliance on history in the meditative practices. Dharmic traditions, remove the layers of conditioning that obfuscates one's true Self and the highest truth, while the West lacks both techniques and conceptual base to do so. According to Dharmic religions, states Malhotra, even if all the historical records were lost, historic memory erased, and even holy sites are destroyed, the ultimate truth could be recovered by any ordinary humans through spiritual practices. Malhotra's views were supported by the scholar Richard Lannoy, who states that "Contrary to Judeo-Christian or Islamic traditions, history has no metaphysical significance for either Hinduism or Buddhism. The highest the idea is jivan-mukta, one who liberates from Time. Man, according to Indian views, must, at all costs, find in this world a road that issues upon a trans-historical and a-temporal plane". He adds, Westerners who are keen to practice asanas, however, consider pranayama to be going too far in attempts to manipulate consciousness.[51] Many Christian mystics were prosecuted in the past because of precisely fear that supernatural influences tied to Satan may enter in the silent mind.[51]
  11. ^ Malhotra further clarifies that, when Christianity took over Europe, the idea is to evangelize people who worship the false gods, since the Church cannot establish the authority as long as the people are worshiping 'false gods'. However, Malhotra further states that a pop-culture Christian accepts Mantras, although orthodox Christians do not. Malhotra asserts that Mantras for transcendence is not accepted in Christianity and he further claims that any Christian theologians would agree to that.[49][52]
  12. ^ The practice of Mantra rejects the History-Centrism in the official doctrine of Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, most Protestant churches, as well as the Anglican Communion, states Malhotra. Since the mantra is not sanctioned by the Bible or the Torah, it cannot be a prayer to One True God.[51]
  13. ^ According to Karma, Adam and Eve's deeds would produce effects only on their individual future lives, and not to all their progeny and Infinitum. Karma is also not a sexually transmitted problem flowing from ancestors, states Malhotra.
  14. ^ In Judeo-Christian traditions, states Malhotra, the reliance on one or more historic events is crucial to the knowledge of God, to spiritual life, and to salvation.[51] Revelation comes from a transcendent God who personally intervenes at a specific place, point in time, and set of circumstances to "save" mankind and offer the truth.[51] Dharmic faiths, in contrast, do not depend on literal historic events in the same manner. They posit that truth can not only be found only externally but also within, by each person. Dharmic traditions, however, deal with their past through history, but through itihasa. Truth is not dependent or contingent upon history; rather, history is a manifestation of it, hence, the Dharmic relation with history is incomparable to that of the West. Because the study of itihasa is intended to bring about a change within and ultimately transcend space and time itself through Yoga, Dharmic religions by and large do not feel the pressure to present themselves as "history-centric", states Malhotra.
  15. ^ Malhotra mentions an example from the study that, Kristine, who grew up Catholic in Indiana, and tried Yoga for physical "stretches", but later practiced the spiritual aspects of it, now prefers Ashtanga's eight limbs over Christianity's Ten Commandments[58][49]
  16. ^ In the 20th century Dravidianist, Tamil nationalists, have developed an alternative narrative for the neo-Hindu narrative.[60] According to Bryant, both groups have used colonial Indology to construct opposing narratives which "suited their practical purposes".[60] Brahmins attacked Dravidianism, claiming Tamil to be an integral part of the Brahmin heritage.[60]
  17. ^ The Atharva Veda verse 8.8.6. says: "Vast indeed is the tactical net of great Indra, mighty of action and tempestuous of great speed. By that net, O Indra, pounce upon all the enemies so that none of the enemies may escape the arrest and punishment." And verse 8.8.8. says: "This great world is the power net of mighty Indra, greater than the great. By that Indra-net of boundless reach, I hold all those enemies with the dark cover of vision, mind and senses."Ram, Tulsi (2013). Atharva Veda: Authentic English Translation. Agniveer. pp. 910–911. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  18. ^ Rambachan: "Mr. Malhotra is, in reality, representing Swami Dayananda as teaching a version of what is known in the Advaita tradition as the doctrine of jñāna-karma-samuccaya, or the necessity of combining ritual action and knowledge for liberation. Śaṅkara decisively rejects this and so does Swami Dayananda Saraswati."[90] See also advaita-vedanta.org, [Advaita-l] jnana karma samuccaya.
  19. ^ Young is the Elmer K. and Ethel R. Timby Associate Professor of the History of Religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. He has authored and edited books on Christianity and Christian conversion in India and elsewhere in Asia. Young's books include "Asia in the making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present" (2013, OCLC 855706908), "Constructing Indian Christianities: Culture, Conversion and Caste" (2014, OCLC 900648811), "Perspectives on Christianity in Korea and Japan: the Gospel and culture in East Asia" (1995, OCLC 33101519) and "Resistant Hinduism: Sanskrit sources on anti-Christian Apologetics in Early Nineteenth-Century India" (1981, OCLC 8693222).
  20. ^ Young studied Malhotra's work for an essay published in 2014. See: Young (2014), Studied Silences? Diasporic Nationalism, 'Kshatriya Intellectuals' and the Hindu American Critique of Dalit Christianity's Indianness. In: Constructing Indian Christianities: Culture, Conversion and Caste chapter 10
  21. ^ Young gave an explanation for his allegations in an open letter to his colleagues at Princeton Theological Seminary, where he is currently employed.[99] See a letter from Fox to his colleagues. Malhotra comments on his references to Nicholson at Swarajya magazine, "Nicholson's Untruths", while "Independent Readers and Reviewers" respond at "Rebuttal of false allegations against Hindu scholarship".
  22. ^ Nicholson refers to page 163 of Indra's Net, which copies p.14 of Unifying Hinduism:
    • Malhotra Indra's Net p.163: "Vivekananda's challenge was also to show that this complementarity model was superior to models that emphasized conflict and contradiction. He showed great philosophical and interpretive ingenuity, even to those who might not agree with all his conclusions. [19]"[101]
    • Nicholson Unifying Hinduism (2010) p.14: "Vijnanabhikshu's challenge is to show that the complementary model he espouses is superior to other models emphasizing conflict and contradiction. Even his distractors must admit that he often shows extraordianry philosophical and interpretive ingenuity, whether or not all his arguments to this end are ultimately persuasive."[102]
    Malhotra's note 19 refers to "Nicholson 2010, pp.65, 78", not to p.14.[101] None of these pages mentions Vivekananda.[103]
  23. ^ So far, Malhotra has given seven responses:

Subnotes

  1. ^ See The Academic Cult of Eroticizing Hindus. Interview with Vishal Agarwal
  2. ^ See RISA Lila – 1: Wendy's Child Syndrome
  3. ^ See RISA Lila – 2 – Limp Scholarship And Demonology
  4. ^ See Swarajya magazine, "'Oh, Doctor!' Wendy Doniger On The Couch (A Tantric-Psychoanalysis)": "Rajiv Malhotra interviews Stuart Sovatsky an American scholar and practitioner of Psychology and Hindu traditions on the Wendy Doniger syndrome."
  5. ^ See: Shankar Vedantam, "Wrath over a Hindu God", and Malhotra's response, "Washington Post and Hinduphobia"

References

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  4. ^ Thurman 2004, p. xi.
  5. ^ Shoaib Daniyal (2015), Plagiarism row: How Rajiv Malhotra became the Ayn Rand of Internet Hindutva, Scroll.in
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rajiv Malhotra (2003), Does South Asian Studies Undermine India?
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  9. ^ "Infinity Foundation". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Campbell, James T.; Guterl, Matthew Pratt; Lee, Robert G. (2007). Race, Nation, and Empire in American History. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807831274.
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  13. ^ Kurien 2007, pp. &#91, page needed&#93, .
  14. ^ Kurien 2007, p. 155.
  15. ^ a b Nussbaum 2009, p. 247.
  16. ^ Taylor 2011, pp. 153–154.
  17. ^ Campbell 2007, pp. 258–259
  18. ^ a b Mittal 2006, p. xiv
  19. ^ "Course Challenges | Religion".
  20. ^ Rajiv Malhotra (2002), "RISA Lila – 1: Wendy's Child Syndrome"
  21. ^ a b Nussbaum 2009, pp. 246–247.
  22. ^ Nussbaum 2009, p. 246.
  23. ^ a b c d e rajivmalhotra.com, Academic Hinduphobia
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  27. ^ a b c "Are Indians buying back their own ideas from the West?" lecture at IIT Mumbai, 1 April 2013
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lecture on U-Turn Theory: How the West Appropriates Indian Culture at Lady Sri Ram College, Delhi, 26 August 2006
  29. ^ Porphyry, On the Life of Plotinus and the Order of His Books, Ch. 3 (Armstrong's Loeb translation)
  30. ^ Blurb for Paulos Mar Gregorios (2002), Neoplatonism and Indian Philosophy, SUNY Press
  31. ^ Kuan, Tse-fu (2008). Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources. Routledge. ISBN 9780415437370.
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  40. ^ a b Heehs 2020, p. 175.
  41. ^ a b Nanda 2010, p. 335.
  42. ^ Heehs 2020, p. 175-176.
  43. ^ Hitchhiker's Guide to Rajiv Malhotra's Discussion Forum
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  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Malhotra, Rajiv (2011). Being Different: An Indian Challenge To Western Universalism. HarperCollins. ISBN 9789351160502.
  52. ^ Malhotra, Rajiv (2012). "Dharma Bypasses 'History-Centrism'".
  53. ^ a b Gandhi, Shreena; Wolff, Lillie (2017). "Yoga and the Roots of Cultural Appropriation".
  54. ^ a b Zezima, Katie (2005). "In New Yoga Classes, Pose and Prayer". New York Times.
  55. ^ "World Council of Religious leaders" (PDF). 2008.
  56. ^ Vitello, Paul (2010). "Hindu Group Stirs a Debate Over Yoga's Soul". New York Times.
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  59. ^ Malhotra 2011b.
  60. ^ a b c Bryant & Patton 2013, p. 453.
  61. ^ Malhotra, Rajiv (2011b). Breaking India: Western Interventions in Dravidian and Dalit Faultlines.
  62. ^ a b c Rajiv Malhotra (2011), How Evangelists Invented "Dravidian Christianity"
  63. ^ Kurien 2007, p. 198.
  64. ^ Malhotra 2011a.
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  66. ^ a b Tilak 2012.
  67. ^ Malhotra 2014, pp. 4–5, 310.
  68. ^ a b Malhotra 2014, p. 13.
  69. ^ a b Jones 2003, p. 16.
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  71. ^ Malhotra 2014, pp. 4–5.
  72. ^ Malhotra 2014, p. 4.
  73. ^ Malhotra 2014, p. 18.
  74. ^ Revised chapter 8
  75. ^ a b c d e Malhotra 2016.
  76. ^ Nikita Puri, Murty Classical Library: Project interrupted, Business Standard, 12 March 2016. See also the full input of Rajiv Malhotra to the journalist.
  77. ^ Malhotra, Rajiv; Dasa Babaji, Satyanarayana (2020). Sanskrit non-translatables: the importance of Sanskritizing English. Bhopal, India: Manjul Publishing House. ISBN 978-93-90085-48-4. OCLC 1224160534.
  78. ^ Malhotra 2011a, pp. 251–306.
  79. ^ "Sanskrit Non-Translatables". rajivmalhotra.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  80. ^ Sanskrit Non-Translatables. ASIN 9390085489.
  81. ^ Hinnells 2010, p. 52.
  82. ^ Larson 2012, p. 311.
  83. ^ Yelle 2012.
  84. ^ Larson 2012.
  85. ^ Malhotra 2012a.
  86. ^ Kurien 2007, p. 195
  87. ^ Nussbaum 2009, p. 258.
  88. ^ Pennington 2013.
  89. ^ Edelmann 2013.
  90. ^ a b "Untangling the False Knots in Rajiv Malhotra's 'Indra's Net'", Swarajya magazine
  91. ^ Rambachan 2013.
  92. ^ Taylor, McComas (14 August 2015). "Tigers vs goats: Rajiv Malhotra's battle for Sanskrit". Asian Studies Association of Australia.
  93. ^ Taylor 2011.
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  95. ^ "'Biased, anti-Hindu' — campaign begins against Wikipedia after it urges Indians to donate". ThePrint. 2 August 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
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  97. ^ Dave, Paresh (19 November 2022). "Google sets rules for HQ guest speakers after row over Indian historian -emails". Reuters.
  98. ^ FP Staff (7 July 2015). "Historian Richard Fox Young accuses writer Rajeev Malhotra of plagiarism". Firstpost. Network 18. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  99. ^ a letter from Fox to his colleagues
  100. ^ a b c Unifying Hinduism: Statements from the Author and from the Publisher
  101. ^ a b Tradition responds, pp.162-163, 328-329
  102. ^ Nicholson 2010, p. 14.
  103. ^ Nicholson 2010, p. 65,78.
  104. ^ a b c Rajiv Malhotra, "Rajiv Malhotra has a rejoinder to Andrew Nicholson" Archived 8 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ^ Swarajya magazine, "Nicholson's Untruths"
  106. ^ "Changes to Chapter 8 - Indra's Net". Indra's Net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.

Sources

Printed sources

Web-sources

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Braverman, Amy M. (December 2004). "The interpretation of gods: Do leading religious scholars err in their analysis of Hindu texts?". University of Chicago Magazine. 97 (2).

Further reading

Malhotra's criticisms

  • Kurien, Prema A. (2007), A place at the multicultural table: the development of an American Hinduism, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-4056-6

Background information

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