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Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC
Roy Rogers Restaurants
FormerlyRoBee's Roast Beef (1967-1968)
Company typeWholly owned subsidiary
IndustryRestaurants
FoundedFebruary 12, 1968; 56 years ago (1968-02-12) in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States
FounderAzar's Big Boy restaurants
Headquarters4991 New Design Road Suite 109 Frederick, MD 21703[1]
Number of locations
41 [2]
Area served
West Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia
Products
ServicesFranchising
Decrease US$14.8 million (3rd Qtr. 2022)[3]
OwnerPlamondon Companies
Parent
Websiteroyrogersrestaurants.com

Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC is a chain of fast food restaurants primarily located in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. The chain originated as the rebranding of the RoBee's House of Beef chain of Fort Wayne, Indiana, acquired by the Marriott Corporation in February 1968. However, Marriott first used the Roy Rogers Roast Beef name on conversions of the company's Junior Hot Shoppes in the Washington, D.C. area in April 1968, then the existing RoBee's stores. An aggressive nationwide franchising campaign was launched. At its peak, the chain included over 600 locations. The chain now has 41 restaurants in six states, of which 25 are company owned and the rest are franchised.[2][4]

The Roy Rogers chain was sold in 1990 to Imasco, then the parent company of Hardee's, and experienced severe decline as many locations converted to Hardee's. In 2002, the trademark was purchased by Plamondon Companies.[5]

Roy Rogers' menu consists primarily of hamburgers, roast beef sandwiches, fried chicken, nine side items (including french fries), and beverages. Many locations also serve breakfast.[6]

History

Roy Rogers' picture hangs in every restaurant.

1967–1968: RoBee's and Marriott

In 1967 the Azar's Big Boy restaurant franchise started RoBee's House of Beef restaurants in Ft. Wayne, Indiana.[7][8] The Marriott Corp., which had acquired Bob's Big Boy and the Big Boy trademark in 1967, acquired RoBee's in February 1968 with plans to expand nationwide. RoBee's franchises would first be offered to Big Boy franchisees to coincide with their existing Big Boy territory.[8] At the time there were 13 RoBee's restaurants in six states.[8]

During the acquisition, in January 1968, the competing roast beef chain Arby's sued RoBee's for trademark infringement and (other similarities that it considered) unfair competition.[9] Because "RoBee's" sounded too much like "Arby's" the settlement required a new brand name and Marriott wanted something recognizable.[10] Big Boy founder Bob Wian, then sitting on Marriott's board of directors, was friends with Roy Rogers' agent and suggested that the company approach Rogers about the use of his name. Already interested in associating with a chain restaurant, Rogers was in similar discussions with another company when Marriott called.[11] Nonetheless, he accepted Marriott's offer: Rogers would receive a licensing fee for use of his name and also be paid for personal appearances at the restaurants.[12] The restaurants would be called "Roy Rogers Roast Beef Sandwich" restaurants, and despite Arby's complaints,[9] it retained RoBee's building design[13] and covered wagon logo design.[14]

Several major Big Boy franchisees accepted Marriott's offer and became Roy Rogers regional franchisees,[note 1] including Abdow's,[17] Frisch's,[18] Elias Brothers,[19] Marc's,[20] and Shoney's[16] which together covered much of the Northeastern, Midwest and Southern US. Pittsburgh franchisee Eat'n Park rejected the offer and took public offense at paying fees to Rogers.[21] In the Pittsburgh area and elsewhere, other regional franchisees were sought who would also subfranchise to smaller operators, and by January 1969 Marriott claimed regional franchises for every state but Alaska.[22] Roy Rogers' restaurants also opened in Canada, franchised to that nation's Big Boy franchisee, JB's of Canada.[23]

Marriott divided the United States into 33 franchise regions[12] and required regional franchisees open a set number of restaurants in a four-year period. Regional franchisees would pay Marriott a 2% royalty, and subfranchisees typically pay the regional franchisee 3%,[24] who would keep the additional 1%.[12] A restaurant required a $35,000 cash investment upfront,[25][26][note 2] including $7,500 paid to Marriott. Additionally, the cost of the building and equipment, with seating for 42 persons, cost about $100,000 in 1968, excluding the cost of land.[27] Marriott offered financing but charged an interest rate of 12% on land and 17% for the building.[12] The prototype restaurant seated 40 to 45 persons with additional outdoor seating on an optional patio in front of the building,[28] but actual restaurants varied, one franchisee's dining area accommodating 75 persons.[24]

The first Roy Rogers restaurant opened up on Co- founder and Hot Shoppes manager, Henry L. Wright's property in April 1968 in the Bailey's Crossroads section of Falls Church, Virginia, on the corner of Leesburg Pike and Carlin Springs Road (5603 Leesburg Pike). Another opened at 5214 River Road, in Bethesda, Maryland. The area was selected because Marriott was headquartered in metropolitan Washington, D.C.,[29] the River Road unit located directly across the street. (Marriott executives and Marriott family members were frequent patrons of this store.) These first locations were conversions of Jr. Hot Shoppes, Marriott's existing fast food chain.[note 3] In May 1968, RoBee's units began to open as Roy Rogers. Rogers made a four state tour of namesake restaurants in the Southern U.S., appearing at each location for an hour, shaking hands and handing out signed photographs.[29] Filming for the first television commercials advertising Roy Rogers Restaurants took place in the Apple Valley, California area where Rogers lived with his family. In 1968 and 1969, Rogers and friends, Earl Bascom[30] and Mel Marion, were filmed at various locations including the historic Las Flores Ranch in Summit Valley and the Campbell Ranch in Victorville.

Rapid growth began in 1968 and Marriott made optimistic projections. In October 1968, there were reportedly 38 units open and 65 under construction,[31] and by December, 56 open and 39 under construction.[28] Marriott projected 700 or more Roy Rogers restaurants in four years.[28] By June 1969, 105 units were open with a new projection of 870 in four years.[24] A February 1970 newspaper article reported that over 160 units were in operation.[32] However, growth halted in 1970, when Marriott suspended Roy Rogers franchising, due to financial losses from closings of failing locations.[33] The following year, the Texas–based regional franchise, Ram-Hart Systems, filed for Chapter 11 protection, asking to terminate leases found unprofitable, which were making the entire chain unprofitable.[34][35] After franchising resumed, only 172 restaurants were open by September 1972,[36] a quarter of the 700 stores projected four years earlier.[28]

Roy Rogers Restaurant in Westminster, Maryland, in a former Gino's building, owned by the Plamondon Companies, remodeled in 2018
Roy Rogers Restaurant in Germantown, Maryland owned by the Plamondon Companies, opened in 2009

In 1982, Marriott bought the Gino's restaurant chain for $48.6 million. The company converted 180 of the 313 restaurants to Roy Rogers to expand in the Baltimore/Washington area.[37][38]

1990: Hardee's

In 1990, Marriott sold the chain for $365 million to Imasco, the parent company of Hardee's, a Midwestern and Southern chain seeking further expansion into the Mid-Atlantic market. The remaining non-franchised Roy Rogers locations were converted into Hardee's restaurants, although many of the converted Hardee's continued to offer Roy Rogers' fried chicken. The conversion of the Roy Rogers chain caused a customer revolt and the units returned the Roy Rogers' brand.[39] The restaurants promoted new flame-broiled hamburgers, but they were not the same as the original Roy Rogers products and later failed.

Hardee's finally sold the remaining Roy Rogers locations to McDonald's, Wendy's, and Boston Market between 1994 and 1996. This left 13 Roy Rogers franchisees, with two dozen free-standing locations, in addition to locations owned by HMSHost in travel plazas along highways in the Northeast.

Prior to the Hardee's acquisition, Roy Rogers cooked its fries in a blend of beef tallow and vegetable oil. Hardee's, which had already replaced tallow with all vegetable shortening, implemented the same procedure for Roy Rogers.[40]

2002: Plamondon Companies

In 1997, CKE Restaurants acquired Hardee's from Imasco, but Imasco retained the Roy Rogers trademark and franchise system, finally selling Roy Rogers to Plamondon Enterprises (now Plamondon Companies) in 2002, after three years of negotiation.[41] Roy Rogers was relaunched as Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC. Plamondon had already opened the first new Roy Rogers restaurant in Frederick, Maryland in 2000.[42][43] At the time of the sale, there were 63 existing Roy Rogers franchises in nine states.[41]

Plamondon Companies, which opened its first franchised Roy Rogers restaurant in 1980, took the lead among franchisees in developing products, hosting training sessions and shooting new food photography for their stores. The company is run by Jim Plamondon and Peter Plamondon Jr., the two sons of Peter Plamondon Sr., head of the restaurant division at Marriott when the Roy Rogers brand was created. Based in Frederick, Maryland, Plamondon is a privately held company.[44]

Key dates

  • 1968: Marriott acquires the 16 unit RoBee's roast beef chain. A trademark infringement complaint by Arby's causes rebranding as Roy Rogers restaurants.
  • 1968: The first Roy Rogers opens at 5603 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, Virginia.
  • 1970: Marriott halts franchising and takes write-offs due to bad investments in failing stores.
  • 1970s: Roy Rogers chain struggles under Marriott. Several hundred franchised and company units open, but much less than company projections.
  • 1970s: First Long Island stores open in Greenvale (Nassau County, New York) and Commack (Suffolk County, New York).
  • 1973: Stores in Uniondale, Island Trees, and Farmingdale (all located in Nassau County, New York) open.
  • 1975: Long Island store opens in Shirley, New York, in Suffolk County.
  • 1976: Roy Rogers in Fairfax, Virginia (on Little River Turnpike at the border of Alexandria, Virginia) is robbed, in a high-profile case, where five employees were herded into the restaurant's freezer and shot in the head. Four people were killed, and one survived.[45]
  • 1977: Roy Rogers and his Sons of the Pioneers singers, make an appearance at a Fairfax location on August 30. While performing, a 17 year old ran past the bandstand and hurled a cottage cheese pie in Rogers' face. The youth plead guilty a month later and was fined $100 for his actions.[46]
  • 1982: Marriott purchases the Gino's restaurant chain for $48.6 million and converts many of the restaurants to Roy Rogers.[47]
  • 1982: Marriott threatens to take the Riese family, a franchisee, to court when they discovered the Rieses were reserving space for Häagen Dazs and Godfather's Pizza in a property slotted for a Times Square Roy Rogers restaurant.[48][49]
  • 1989: Marriott decides to get out of the fast-food business and sell its Roy Rogers, Howard Johnson's, Bob's Big Boy and other chains to concentrate on its fast-food operations catering to captive buyers at airports and along turnpikes.[50]
  • 1990: A total of 648 Roy Rogers locations are in operation—primarily in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states.
  • 1990: Marriott sells Roy Rogers to Hardee's, subsidiary of Imasco, for $365 million in its plan to exit the fast-food business.[51]
  • 1990: Hardee's converts 220 Roy Rogers locations to Hardee's.
  • 1992: Hardee's reconverts 220 former Roy Rogers locations back to Roy Rogers.[52]
  • 1992: Jordan, McGrath, Case & Taylor Inc., a New York advertising agency, is hired to promote the Roy Rogers brand.[53]
  • 1992: Ronald R. Powell, who ran Roy Rogers from 1985 to 1987 under Marriott, becomes President of Roy Rogers and is believed to have influenced Hardee's decision in dropping its conversion strategy and restoring the chain to its original identity.[54]
  • 1994: Hardee's sells 84 company-owned Roy Rogers restaurants in the Philadelphia region to Boston Market for $22 million.[55]
  • 1995: Hardee's sells 45 company-owned Roy Rogers restaurants in the New York region to Wendy's International Inc.[56]
  • 1996: Hardee's sells 184 company-owned Roy Rogers restaurants in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area to McDonald's for $74 million.[57]
  • 1996: Only 13 Roy Rogers franchisees remain operating a total of about 152 units through the Northeast, including 48 units in highway travel plazas and 15 in New York City.[58]
  • 1997: CKE Restaurants (Carl's Jr.) acquires Hardee's from Imasco. Imasco retains Roy Rogers trademark due to a franchisee lawsuit.
  • 1997: The Riese family, now franchisees of 18 Roy Rogers restaurants, sues CKE Restaurants and Imasco for $10 million, claiming the Roy Rogers chain has been destroyed through "a series of marketing errors of epic proportions."[59]
  • 1997: CKE enters into a management agreement for the six Roy Rogers restaurants currently operated by Hardee's. CKE also agrees to perform services relating to the continued franchise operations of the Roy Rogers restaurant chain for $1.5 million over three years.
  • 2002: Imasco sells Roy Rogers trademark rights to Plamondon Enterprises, Inc. (Roy Rogers Franchise Co.).
  • 2003: HMSHost (formerly Host Marriott Services) signs agreement to continue operating Roy Rogers in travel plazas.
  • 2003: Roy Rogers Franchise Company unveils its "Roy Rogers Rides Again!" refranchising growth initiative.
  • 2003: Roy Rogers Restaurants launches royrogersrestaurants.com website.
  • 2006: Roy Rogers Restaurants rank 4th in the Franchise Times "20 to Watch in 2006."
  • 2021: Roy Rogers created a vice president of franchise sales position and hired Gregg Koffler. The strategy is to build concentrically out of core markets in the Mid-Atlantic, like Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The growth circle would slowly get bigger and include New York, the Eastern Seaboard, and states like Ohio, Tennessee, Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia.[60]
  • Roy Rogers gets into a new partnership with One Holland Corp. restaurant group and plans to open 10 new Roy Rogers locations over the next six years. The new locations would be in Hamilton, Butler and Clermont counties in Southwest Ohio; Boone, Kenton, Campbell counties in Northern Kentucky; and Dearborn County in Southeast Indiana. The first location will be in Cleves, Ohio. It's expected to open up this winter.[61][62]

Products and services

Roy Rogers Restaurant at the Indian Castle Service Plaza on the New York State Thruway. This location, along with the entire service plaza, closed in July 2021 as part of a plan to be demolished and rebuilt.

Though standard Roy Rogers locations serve food in a typical fast-food fashion, some locations (such as the locations that were formerly Jr. Hot Shoppes) and the franchises located throughout Mid-Atlantic highway rest-stops serve the food in a cafeteria-style. An exception is the Allentown service plaza on the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Northeast Extension, which serves its customers in the typical fast-food fashion since it reopened in May 2008 (the entire service plaza had been rebuilt from its original form, which included cafeteria-style serving).

In the cafeteria-style restaurants, customers push their trays on rails past stations stocked with pre-wrapped packages of hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and roast-beef sandwiches. A feature of this chain in any of the locations is the Fixin's Bar which features numerous condiments. Due to this feature, sandwich items are delivered without any of the customary garnishes. After selecting and paying for these items, patrons can garnish them to their own taste at the Fixin's Bar with such items as ketchup, BBQ sauce, mayonnaise, horseradish sauce, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, and onions. Numerous locations offer hand-dipped milkshakes made with Edy's Ice Cream.

Popular items on the menu are roast beef sandwiches and fried chicken, which was advertised by Roy Rogers under the "Pappy Parker" name beginning in the 1970s using a cartoon prospector (the Pappy Parker name was inherited from Marriott's original Hot Shoppes chain).[63][64] Other signature items at Roy Rogers are the Gold Rush chicken sandwich (a fried chicken breast with bacon, a slice of Monterey Jack cheese, and a honey-based BBQ sauce) and the Double-R Bar Burger (a cheeseburger with ham). The side items featured at Roy Rogers are french fries, baked potatoes, mashed potatoes with gravy, and baked beans.

Locations

Roy Rogers Restaurants are in these six states, along with the number of locations.

  • West Virginia 1
  • Maryland 23
  • New Jersey 2
  • New York 1
  • Pennsylvania 7
  • Virginia 7

As of November 2022, there are 41 Roy Rogers restaurants.[65]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Elias Brothers[15] and Shoney's[16] were already RoBee's franchisees.
  2. ^ The Pittsburgh regional franchisee charged $36,000.[12][24]
  3. ^ As of February 2018, McDonald's operates at both listed sites.

References

  1. ^ "Roy Rogers Family Restaurants Franchise Overview". Franchising.com.
  2. ^ a b "Locations- Roy Rogers Restaurants". www.royrogersrestaurants.com. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  3. ^ "Rogers Corporation Reports Third Quarter 2022 Results". Business Wire.
  4. ^ "Roy Rogers' focus on 3 key components sets it apart in QSR space". QSR Web.
  5. ^ "Plamondon Buys Roy Rogers Trademark". AllBusiness.com. August 21, 2002. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  6. ^ "Breakfast | Roy Rogers Restaurants".
  7. ^ "Marriott May Buy A Restaurant Chain". The Record. Hackensack, NJ. January 12, 1968. p. C-20. Retrieved October 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b c "Big Boy Group acquires Robee's". The Escanaba Daily Press. Escanaba, Michigan. February 10, 1968. p. 2. Retrieved February 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  9. ^ a b "Infringement charged". The Indianapolis Star (First ed.). January 9, 1968. p. 24. Retrieved February 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  10. ^ Heath, Thomas (April 17, 2016). "Brothers bring back Roy Rogers and its 'holy trio' of burgers, chicken, roast beef". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  11. ^ Berry, Coleen Dee (October 1, 1982). "A closer look: Cowboy king walks tall on tour". The Asbury Park Press (Main ed.). Asbury Park, New Jersey. p. 4. Retrieved February 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  12. ^ a b c d e Markowitz, Jack (September 25, 1969). "Marriott and fast food". Business today. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 25. Retrieved February 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  13. ^ ...
  14. ^ ...
  15. ^ "New franchise". Detroit Free Press. November 17, 1967. p. 8B. Retrieved February 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  16. ^ a b "Focus". The Gastonia Gazette. Gastonia, North Carolina. October 27, 1967. p. 1. Retrieved February 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. The new building will house Robee's Roast Beef Sandwich Shop and will be open for business on Nov. 15. The franchise for the shop is owned by Shoney's and the shop will be operated by their personnel. Free access icon
  17. ^ "ATT: Franchise Minded Investors! [Advertisement]". The Boston Globe. March 23, 1969. p. B-83. Retrieved October 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "Tuesday—Another Roy Rogers". The Cincinnati Enquirer. May 24, 1969. p. 18. Retrieved February 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon Note: Frisch's operated Frisch's Big Boy. They held the Roy Rogers franchise in southern Ohio, southern Indiana, and all of Kentucky and Florida. Frisch's subfranchised its Big Boy rights in Northern Ohio and Northern Indiana, and didn't take Roy Rogers franchise territory there.
  19. ^ ....
    • "Elias Bros. runs Roy Rogers units". Detroit American. July 10, 1968. p. 10. Retrieved February 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
    • "New franchise". Detroit Free Press. November 17, 1967. p. 8B. Retrieved February 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon Note: Elias Brothers held the Michigan Big Boy franchise and already held the Michigan RoBee's franchise.
  20. ^ "Marcus Corp. to offer public sale of stock". Green Bay Press-Gazette. December 30, 1969. p. B7. Retrieved February 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon Note: Marcus Corporation was the holder of the Big Boy franchise and operated as Marc's Big Boy; it covered Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and parts of Illinois.
  21. ^ "For the record!". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Eat'n Park Restaurants. September 29, 1969. p. 33. Retrieved February 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  22. ^ "The name of the game is profit . . . [advertisement]". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 5, 1969. p. 161. Retrieved February 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  23. ^ ...
  24. ^ a b c d Allan, William (June 24, 1969). "Roy Rogers happy trail leads to Pleasant Hills restaurant". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 22. Retrieved February 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  25. ^ "The name of the game is profit [advertisement]". The Baltimore Sun. August 30, 1968. p. 29. Retrieved February 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  26. ^ "Roy Rogers Roast Beef Sandwich Franchise [advertisement]". The Southern Illinoisan. Carbondale, Illinois. November 10, 1968. p. 34. Retrieved February 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  27. ^ "Second unit of restaurant chain started". The Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1968. p. 16–J. Retrieved February 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. The 42-seat restaurants cost about $100,000 for the building and equipment, excluding the cost of the land. Free access icon
  28. ^ a b c d "Roast beef restaurant opens unit in Van Nuys". Valley News. Van Nuys, California. December 20, 1968. p. 31–A. Retrieved March 18, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ a b Vann, Jim (May 12, 1968). "Roy Rogers greeted Friday by many Jackson admirers". The Jackson Sun. p. 10. Retrieved February 8, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Note: His tour included: May 8: Atlanta, Georgia / May 9: Greensboro-, Gastonia-, Charlotte, North Carolina / May 10: Jackson-, Memphis, Tennessee / May 11: Birmingham, Alabama; Charlotte, Georgia. Free access icon
  30. ^ "Bascom becomes member of "royal cowboy" society". Columbian-Progress. Columbia, Mississippi. February 25, 1993. p. 4B. Retrieved April 9, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  31. ^ "Start work on fourth restaurant site". Valley News. Van Nuys, California. October 11, 1968. p. 31–A. Retrieved March 18, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  32. ^ "S.B. to get Roy Rogers Restaurant". The San Bernardino County Sun. February 26, 1970. p. B–4. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "Tax credit 'windfall' seen by president of Marriott". The Baltimore Sun. Dow Jones News Service. August 27, 1971. p. C7. Retrieved March 20, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. The company last year halted franchising of. its Roy Rogers roast-beef restaurants and took a large writeoff on closedowns of some franchises already opened. 'But we should do better this year,' [J. W. Marriott Jr.] said. Of 10 profit centers in Marriott's restaurant group, nine turned a profit in fiscal 1971. Free access icon
  34. ^ "Roy Rogers Roast Beef Bankrupt: Seek closure of some sites". Tucson Daily Citizen. Associated Press. March 5, 1971. p. 59. Retrieved March 20, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  35. ^ "Different Roy Rogers franchise: Finance case doesn't affect S.B. store". The San Bernardino County Sun. Associated Press. March 10, 1971. p. B–11. Retrieved March 20, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. [Ram-Hart] operates Roy Rogers roast beef restaurants franchises in Texas, Arizona, Nevada and parts of Northern California. Free access icon
  36. ^ "Roy Rogers Restaurant opens here". Cumberland Evening Times. September 11, 1972. p. 9. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  37. ^ "Marriott Offers To Buy Gino's". The New York Times. 1982-01-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  38. ^ Knight, Jerry (1982-01-05). "Marriott Corp. Makes Bid For Gino's". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-08-12.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ^ "tesg's guide to big chain road food consumption". 99w.com. January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  40. ^ Burros, Marian (April 11, 1990). "EATING WELL; Fast Food Chains Try to Slim Down". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  41. ^ a b "A burger and a shake-up". Washington Business Journal. November 14, 2003. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  42. ^ "Roy Rogers pulls franchising trigger". Washington Times. April 12, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  43. ^ "Roy's Franchisee Triggers Rebirth". Retail Traffic Magazine. June 1, 2005. Archived from the original on July 22, 2005. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  44. ^ "Plamondon Enterprises Inc". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved July 1, 2009.[dead link‍]
  45. ^ "Fairfax Judge Presided Over 'Roy Rogers' Murder Case". Washington Post. June 28, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  46. ^ "$100 Fine Follows Fast Pie in Eye Of Fast Food King". Washington Post. September 22, 1977. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  47. ^ "Marriott Gino's Bid Backed By Boards". The New York Times. January 8, 1982. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  48. ^ "Branding An Empire". Riese Restaurants. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  49. ^ "Murray Riese, 73, Restaurateur Who Developed the Food Court". The New York Times. July 21, 1995. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  50. ^ "Marriott Plans Retreat From Fast-Food Wars". The New York Times. December 19, 1989. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  51. ^ "Company News; Roy Rogers Chain Is Sold to Hardee's". The New York Times. January 31, 1990. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  52. ^ "History". geocities.com/roy_rogers_wb. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009 – via Geocities.
  53. ^ "The Media Business: Advertising -- Addenda; Roy Rogers Account To Jordan, McGrath". The New York Times. March 9, 1992. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  54. ^ "Powell returns to Roy Rogers as president". Nation's Restaurant News. April 13, 1992. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2009 – via FindArticles.
  55. ^ "Boston Chicken buys 84 Roy Rogers units; Hardee's exits Philadelphia, restates commitment to stronger markets". Nation's Restaurant News. January 17, 1994. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2009 – via FindArticles.
  56. ^ "Company News; Hardee's is set to sell its Roy Rogers Restaurants". The New York Times. December 16, 1995. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  57. ^ "Pact set on buying Roy Rogers sites for $74 million". The New York Times. August 3, 1996. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
  58. ^ "Hardee's sale to McDonald's hangs up Roy Rogers' spurs". Nation's Restaurant News. August 12, 1996. Archived from the original on May 20, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2009 – via FindArticles.
  59. ^ "Riese sues Imasco, CKE over Roy Rogers". Nation's Restaurant News. June 30, 1997. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2009 – via FindArticles.
  60. ^ Coley, Ben (June 25, 2021). "Roy Rogers Revitalizes Long-Awaited Franchise Initiative".
  61. ^ "Roy Rogers restaurant planned to open in Cleves this winter". May 20, 2022.
  62. ^ "Roy Rogers". October 19, 2021.
  63. ^ "Hey, Pardners, Free Coke! [Advertisement]". The Pittsburgh Press. September 1, 1976. p. 32. Retrieved May 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  64. ^ "Pappy's a-comin'. [Advertisement]". Courier-Post. Camden, NJ. November 2, 1977. p. 6. Retrieved May 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  65. ^ "Locations2022". Retrieved September 21, 2022.
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