Left-libertarianism: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 17:43, 11 April 2009

Left-libertarianism (sometimes synonymous with left-wing libertarianism and libertarian socialism^[1]^[2]) is a term that has been used to describe several different libertarian political movements and theorists.

Left-libertarianism, as defended by contemporary theorists such as Peter Vallentyne, Hillel Steiner, and Michael Otsuka, is a doctrine that has a strong commitment to personal liberty and has an egalitarian view concerning natural resources, believing that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of resources to the detriment of others.^[3]^[4] Some left-libertarians of this type support some form of income redistribution on the grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources.^[4] Social anarchists, including Murray Bookchin^[5], anarcho-communists^[6] such as Peter Kropotkin and anarcho-collectivists such as Mikhail Bakunin, are sometimes called left-libertarian.^[7] Noam Chomsky also refers to himself as a left libertarian.^[8] The term is sometimes used synonymously with libertarian socialism^[9] or used in self-description by geoists who support individuals paying rent to the community for the use of land. Left libertarian parties, such as Green, share with "traditional socialism a distrust of the market, of private investment, and of the achievement ethic, and a commitment to expansion of the welfare state."^[10]

In contrast, right libertarianism holds that that that there are no fair share constraints on use or appropriation.^[11]

Differing from the above definition, some anarchists who support private ownership of resources and a free market call themselves left libertarian. These individuals include Roderick T. Long^[12] and Samuel Edward Konkin III^[13] Others, such as scholar David DeLeon, do not consider free-market private property anarchism to be on the left.^[14]

In analytic philosophy

File:Philippe Van Parijs 070416.jpg

Political theorist Philippe Van Parijs has contributed to the academic literature on left-libertarianism

Left-libertarianism combines the libertarian premise that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership with the egalitarian premise that natural resources should be shared equally. Left-libertarianism holds that unappropriated natural resources are either unowned or owned in common, believing that private appropriation is only legitimate if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if private appropriation is taxed to compensate those who are excluded from natural resources. This contrasts with right libertarians who argue for a right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as land.^[15]

A number of Anglo-American political philosophers argue for the validity and necessity of some social welfare programs within the context of libertarian self-ownership theory. Peter Vallentyne and Hillel Steiner edited a primer, The Origins of Left-Libertarianism: An Anthology of Historical Writings. This text places Hugo Grotius, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Spence, Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer and Henry George in the left libertarian tradition.^[16] Steiner himself wrote An Essay on Rights, a pioneering look^{[original research?]} at rights and justice from a left-libertarian perspective.

Philippe Van Parijs has written extensively on what he calls "real libertarianism," an approach very similar to Steiner and Otsuka's,^{[original research?]} and usually subsumed under the rubric of left-libertarianism. More recently, Michael Otsuka published Libertarianism Without Inequality, where he argues for incorporating egalitarian ideas into libertarian rights schemes.

Though not left-libertarians themselves, G. A. Cohen, John Roemer, and Jon Elster have also written extensively about the notions of self-ownership and equality, which provide the basis for this branch of left libertarian thought. This self-styled left-libertarianism's historical roots in the school of analytical Marxism has cast a cloud of doubt over it for both leftists and libertarians of more conventional stripe.^{[citation needed]}

Property and natural resources

Pro-capitalist libertarian theory is sometimes called "right-libertarianism." It places a very strong emphasis on private property. Unrestricted capitalism and free markets are advocated by all right-libertarians, with some of them believing that property rights are the most basic rights of all, or that all genuine rights can be understood as property rights rooted in self-ownership (right-libertarians can and do differ on the notion of intellectual property). However, Vallentyne and some other left-libertarian philosophers take a more moderate – and, in their view, realistic - approach. They differ from mainstream right-libertarians on the issue that Robert Nozick calls the "original acquisition of holdings". That is the question of how property rights came about in the first place, and how property was originally acquired.

Right-libertarians hold that "wilderness" is unowned, and that unowned resources are made into property by use. This is generally referred to as homesteading. According to John Locke, when a person "mixes his labor" with a previously unowned object, it becomes his. A person who cultivates a field in the wilderness, by virtue of "mixing his personality" with the land, becomes the rightful owner of it (subject to the Lockean proviso that equally-good land remains free for the taking for others).

Vallentyne and some other left-libertarians hold that "wilderness" is commonly owned by all the people in a given area. Since there is no predetermined distribution of land and (they argue) since there is no reason to believe that, all things being equal, some people deserve more property than others, it makes sense to think of resources as commonly owned. Thus this brand of left-libertarianism denies that first use or "mixing labor" has any bearing on ownership. As such, it argues that any theory of left-libertarianism must structure its social and legal system around enforcing this idea of common ownership. Different proponents of this school of thought have different ideas about what can be done with property. Some believe that one must gain some kind of permission from their community in order to use resources. Others argue that people should be allowed to appropriate land in exchange for some kind of rent and they must either pay taxes on the profits made from the appropriated resources or allow the products of those resources to become common property.

Historically, the Georgists were a leftist tendency within libertarianism. They believed that all humanity rightfully owned all land in common and that individuals should pay rent to the rest of society for taking sole or exclusive use of that land. People in this movement were often referred to as "single taxers," since they believed that the only legitimate tax was land rent. However, they did believe that private property could be created by applying labor to natural resources.

Radical free-marketeers

Mutualism emerged from early 19th-century socialism, and is generally considered a market-oriented part of the libertarian socialist tradition. Mutualists generally accept property rights, but with a short abandonment time period. In other words, a person must make (more or less) continuous use of the item or else he loses ownership rights. This is usually referred to as "possession property" or "usufruct." Thus, in this usufruct system, absentee ownership is illegitimate, and workers own the machines they work with.

Mutualism has reemerged more recently, incorporating modern economic ideas such as marginal utility theory. Kevin A. Carson's book Studies in Mutualist Political Economy was influential in this regard, updating the labor theory of value with Austrian economics. Agorism^[17], an anarchist tendency founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III, advocates counter-economics, working in untaxed black or grey markets, and boycotting as much as possible the unfree taxed market with the intended result that private voluntary institutions emerge and outcompete statist ones. Geoanarchism, an anarchist form of Henry George's philosophy, is considered left-libertarian because it assumes land to be initially owned in common, so that when land is privately appropriated the proprietor pays rent to the community. These philosophies share similar concerns and are collectively known as left-libertarianism.

Rapprochement with the Left

The first attempt at rapprochement between the postwar American libertarian movement and the Left came in the 1960s, when Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard came to question libertarianism's traditional alliance with the Right in light of the Vietnam War. During this period, Rothbard came to advocate strategic alliances with the New Left over issues such as the military draft and black power.

File:KarlHess.gif

Karl Hess

Working with radicals like Ronald Radosh, Rothbard argued that the consensus view of American economic history, wherein government has stepped in as a countervailing interest to corporate predation, is fundamentally flawed. Rather, he argued, government intervention in the economy has largely benefited established players at the expense of marginalized groups, to the detriment of both liberty and equality. Moreover, the "Robber Baron Period", adulated by the right and despised by the left as a laissez-faire haven, was not laissez-faire at all but in fact a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital. Rothbard criticized the "frenzied nihilism" of left-libertarians but also criticized right-wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state; he believed that libertarians should adopt any non-immoral tactic available to them in order bring about liberty.^[18]

Rothbard's initial leftward impulse was maintained by Karl Hess, picked up by activists like Samuel Edward Konkin III and Roderick Long. These left-libertarians agree with Rothbard that presently-existing capitalism does not even vaguely resemble a free market, and that most presently-existing corporations are the beneficiaries and chief supporters of statism. By this line of reasoning, libertarianism should make common cause with the anti-corporate left. Rapprochement with the left has led many left-libertarians to reject some traditional right-libertarian stances, such as hostility to labor unions and support for intellectual property, or even to limit valid real-property rights to use-and-occupancy.

Cultural politics

Contemporary left-libertarians also show markedly more sympathy than mainstream or paleo-libertarians towards various cultural movements which challenge non-governmental relations of power. For instance, left-libertarians Roderick Long and Charles Johnson have called for a recovery of the nineteenth-century alliance between radical liberalism and feminism.^[19] Left-libertarians are more likely to take recognizably leftist stances on issues as diverse as feminism, gender and sexuality, sexual freedom, drug policy, race, class, immigration, environmentalism, gun rights, and foreign policy. Current writers who have significantly impacted or explored this aspect of left-libertarianism include Chris Sciabarra, Roderick Long, Charles Johnson, Kevin Carson, and Arthur Silber.

Criticism

Criticisms of left-libertarianism have come from both the right and left alike. Right-libertarians like Robert Nozick hold that self-ownership and property acquisition need not meet egalitarian standards, they must merely follow the Lockean idea of not worsening the situation of others. Gerald Cohen, an Analytical Marxist philosopher, has extensively criticized left-libertarianism's emphasis on both the values of self-ownership and equality. In his Self-ownership, Freedom, and Equality, Cohen claims that any system that takes equality and its enforcement seriously is not consistent with the full emphasis on self-ownership and "negative freedom" of libertarian thought. Tom G. Palmer of the Cato Institute has responded to Cohen's critique in Critical Review^[20] and has provided a guide to the literature criticizing libertarianism in his bibliographical review essay on "The Literature of Liberty."^[21]

References

^ Murray Bookchin and Janet Biehl. The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell, 1997. p. 170
^ Steven V Hicks, Daniel E Shannon. The American journal of economics and sociolology. Blackwell Pub, 2003. p. 612
^ "Libertarianism" entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Prof. Will Kymlicka "libertarianism, left-" in Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 9780199264797. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premise that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. See also Steiner, Hillel & Vallentyne. 2000. Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1
^ ^a ^b Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran. 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. Sage Publications Inc. p. 128
^ Joy Palmer, David Edward Cooper, Peter Blaze Corcoran. Fifty key thinkers on the environment. Routledge. 2001. p. 241
^ DeLeon, David. 1978. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1978
^ Goodwin, Barbara. 1987. Using Political Ideas, 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137-138
^ O'Hara, Phillip Anthony. 1999. Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Routledge. p. 15
^ e.g. Faatz, Chris, "Toward[s] a Libertarian Socialism." Available at [1].
^ Herbert Kitschelt, cited in Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. pp. 180-181.
^ "Libertarianism" entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
^ Long, Roderick. T. "An Interview With Roderick Long"
^ Konkin, Samuel. New Libertarian Manifesto New Libertarian Manifesto
^ "The individualism of the unregulated marketplace to be right-wing libertarianism." - DeLeon, David. 1978. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 123
^ Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy sidebar/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianismLibertarianism sidebar/. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
Prof. Will Kymlicka "libertarianism, left-" in Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. City: Oxford U Pr, N Y. ISBN 9780199264797. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property.
^ The Origins of Left-Libertarianism: An Anthology of Historical Writings Palgrave MacMillan 2001 ISBN 0312235917
^ http://www.agorism.info
^ Lora, Ronald & Longton, Henry. 1999. The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America. Greenwood Press. p. 369
^ Johnson, Charles. "Libertarian Feminism: Can This Marriage Be Saved?" (essay). Molinari Society. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Tom G. Palmer. G. A. Cohen on Self-ownership, Property and Equality
^ Boaz, David. 1998. The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman. Free Press. p. 415-455. ISBN 0684847671

External links

Agorism.info
Alliance of the Libertarian Left
LeftLibertarian.org (anti-corporate left-libertarianism) blog aggregator
leftlib.org (philosophical left-libertarianism)
Mutualist.org, free market anti-capitalism
Peter Vallentyne's online papers
Prominent Anarchists and Left-Libertarians
Spunk Library: Left libertarian critiques of anarcho-capitalism and right-libertarianism

[1] Murray Bookchin and Janet Biehl. The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell, 1997. p. 170

[2] Steven V Hicks, Daniel E Shannon. The American journal of economics and sociolology. Blackwell Pub, 2003. p. 612

[3] "Libertarianism" entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Prof. Will Kymlicka "libertarianism, left-" in Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 9780199264797. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premise that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. See also Steiner, Hillel & Vallentyne. 2000. Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1

[Gaus,_Gerald_F._2004._p._128-4] Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran. 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. Sage Publications Inc. p. 128

[5] Joy Palmer, David Edward Cooper, Peter Blaze Corcoran. Fifty key thinkers on the environment. Routledge. 2001. p. 241

[6] DeLeon, David. 1978. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1978

[7] Goodwin, Barbara. 1987. Using Political Ideas, 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137-138

[8] O'Hara, Phillip Anthony. 1999. Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Routledge. p. 15

[9] .g. Faatz, Chris, "Toward[s] a Libertarian Socialism." Available at [1].

[10] Herbert Kitschelt, cited in Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. pp. 180-181.

[11] "Libertarianism" entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[12] Long, Roderick. T. "An Interview With Roderick Long"

[13] Konkin, Samuel. New Libertarian Manifesto New Libertarian Manifesto

[14] "The individualism of the unregulated marketplace to be right-wing libertarianism." - DeLeon, David. 1978. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 123

[15] Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy sidebar/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianismLibertarianism sidebar/. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
Prof. Will Kymlicka "libertarianism, left-" in Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. City: Oxford U Pr, N Y. ISBN 9780199264797. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property.

[16] The Origins of Left-Libertarianism: An Anthology of Historical Writings Palgrave MacMillan 2001 ISBN 0312235917

[17] ttp://www.agorism.info

[18] Lora, Ronald & Longton, Henry. 1999. The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America. Greenwood Press. p. 369

[19] Johnson, Charles. "Libertarian Feminism: Can This Marriage Be Saved?" (essay). Molinari Society. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[20] Tom G. Palmer. G. A. Cohen on Self-ownership, Property and Equality

[21] Boaz, David. 1998. The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman. Free Press. p. 415-455. ISBN 0684847671

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{For|the anti-[[statist]] versions of [[socialism]]|libertarian socialism}}
-{{Libertarianism sidebar}}
+{{Libertarianism sidebar|expanded=Schools}}
+{{Socialism sidebar}}
-'''Left-libertarianism''' (or '''left-wing libertarianism''') is a term that has been adopted by several different [[libertarianism| libertarian]] political movements and theorists. The usage is largely restricted to the [[United States]], where the mainstream "left" is not related to [[Marxism]]. Two distinct definitions emerge.
+'''Left-libertarianism''' (sometimes synonymous with '''left-wing libertarianism''' and '''[[libertarian socialism]]'''<ref>Murray Bookchin and Janet Biehl. The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell, 1997. p. 170</ref><ref>Steven V Hicks, Daniel E Shannon. The American journal of economics and sociolology. Blackwell Pub, 2003. p. 612</ref>) is a term that has been used to describe several different [[libertarianism|libertarian]] political movements and theorists.
+Left-libertarianism, as defended by contemporary theorists such as [[Peter Vallentyne]], [[Hillel Steiner]], and [[Michael Otsuka]], is a doctrine that has a strong commitment to personal liberty ''and'' has an [[egalitarian]] view concerning [[natural resources]], believing that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim [[property|private ownership]] of resources to the detriment of others.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/ "Libertarianism" entry] at the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''<br />Prof. Will Kymlicka "libertarianism, left-" in {{cite book |last=Honderich |first=Ted |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=9780199264797 |quote=It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premise that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property.}} See also Steiner, Hillel & Vallentyne. 2000. ''Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1</ref><ref name="Gaus, Gerald F. 2004. p. 128">Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran. 2004. ''Handbook of Political Theory''. Sage Publications Inc. p. 128</ref> Some left-libertarians of this type support some form of [[income redistribution]] on the grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources.<ref name="Gaus, Gerald F. 2004. p. 128"/> Social anarchists, including [[Murray Bookchin]]<ref>Joy Palmer, David Edward Cooper, Peter Blaze Corcoran. Fifty key thinkers on the environment. Routledge. 2001. p. 241</ref>, [[anarcho-communist]]s<ref>DeLeon, David. 1978. ''The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism''. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1978</ref> such as [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[anarcho-collectivism|anarcho-collectivists]] such as [[Mikhail Bakunin]], are sometimes called left-libertarian.<ref>Goodwin, Barbara. 1987. ''Using Political Ideas'', 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137-138</ref> [[Noam Chomsky]] also refers to himself as a left libertarian.<ref>O'Hara, Phillip Anthony. 1999. ''Encyclopedia of Political Economy''. Routledge. p. 15</ref> The term is sometimes used synonymously with [[libertarian socialism]]<ref>e.g. Faatz, Chris, "Toward[s] a Libertarian Socialism." Available at [http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/tals.html].</ref> or used in self-description by [[geolibertarianism|geoists]] who support individuals paying rent to the community for the use of land. Left libertarian parties, such as Green, share with "traditional socialism a distrust of the market, of private investment, and of the achievement ethic, and a commitment to expansion of the welfare state."<ref>Herbert Kitschelt, cited in Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe,  Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. pp. 180-181.</ref>
+In contrast, [[right libertarianism]] holds that that that there are no fair share constraints on use or appropriation.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/ "Libertarianism" entry] at the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''</ref>
-The most common definition of left-libertarianism is given by [[Roderick T. Long]], as
-{{cquote|... an integration, or I’d argue, a reintegration of libertarianism with concerns that are traditionally thought of as being concerns of the left. That includes concerns for worker empowerment, worry about plutocracy, concerns about feminism and various kinds of social equality.<ref>Long, Roderick. T. [http://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/ An Interview With Roderick Long]</ref>}}
+Differing from the above definition, some anarchists who support private ownership of resources and a free market call themselves left libertarian. These individuals include [[Roderick T. Long]]<ref>Long, Roderick. T. [http://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/ "An Interview With Roderick Long"]</ref> and [[Samuel Edward Konkin III]]<ref>Konkin, Samuel. New Libertarian Manifesto [http://agorism.info/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf ''New Libertarian Manifesto]''</ref> Others, such as scholar [[David DeLeon]], do not consider free-market private property anarchism to be on the left.<ref>"The individualism of the unregulated marketplace to be right-wing libertarianism." - DeLeon, David. 1978. ''The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism''. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 123</ref>
-This definition was originally popularized by some prominent members of the US [[libertarian]] movement, including [[Samuel Edward Konkin III]]<ref>Konkin is the founder of [[agorism]], author of the ''[http://agorism.info/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf New Libertarian Manifesto]'', and founder of the [http://www.geocities.com/mllweb/ Movement of the Libertarian Left]</ref> and [[Roderick T. Long]].<ref>Long is a well-known writer on left-libertarian [[zine]]s and blogs. One of his descriptions of the political spectrum is in his article for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] entitled [http://www.mises.org/story/2099 Rothbard's "Left and Right": Forty Years Later]</ref> Classically, "left" was used to denote opposition to the ''[[Ancien Régime]]''.  In the revolutionary French assemblies, some free-marketers such as [[Frederic Bastiat]]<ref>[http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0706b.asp Libertarianism: Left or Right?]</ref> sat on the Left. According to Konkin, it was [[Murray Rothbard]]'s idea to call his and Konkin's radical free-market libertarianism "Left," in order to appeal to the [[New Left]] and solidify an alliance with them and because they wanted to distinguish themselves as being interested in building [[counter-economic]] enterprises. In this view, libertarianism based on [[minarchism]], [[gradualism]], [[conservatism]], or [[reformism]] is considered to be on the "Right."<ref>Interview with Samuel Edward Konkin III [http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html]</ref> Left-libertarians of this type tend to support income redistribution to remedy past aggression, based on the [[Entitlement Theory|entitlement theory of justice]].
-Left-libertarians include [[Agorist]]s, [[dialectical libertarian]]s, [[geolibertarian]]s, [[green libertarian]]s, [[mutualism (economic theory)|mutualists]], [[Rothbardian]] [[market anarchists]] and [[voluntaryists]].<ref>http://www.all-left.org</ref>
-A second meaning of "left-libertarianism" is: a doctrine that has a strong commitment to personal liberty ''and'' has an [[egalitarian]] view concerning [[natural resources]]. This belief holds that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim [[property|private ownership]] of resources to the detriment of others.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/ "Libertarianism" entry] at the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]<br />Prof. Will Kymlicka "libertarianism, left-" in {{cite book |last=Honderich |first=Ted |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=9780199264797 |quote=It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premise that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property.}} See also Steiner, Hillel & Vallentyne. 2000. ''Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1</ref><ref>Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran. 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. Sage Publications Inc. p. 128</ref> By this definition, left libertarians include [[anarcho-communist]]s<ref>DeLeon, David. 1978. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1978</ref> such as [[Kropotkin]] and [[anarcho-collectivism|anarcho-collectivists]] such as [[Bakunin]].<ref>Goodwin, Barbara. 1987. Using Political Ideas, 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137-138</ref> This type of left libertarianism is defended by contemporary theorists such as Peter Vallentyne, Hillel Steiner, and [[Michael Otsuka]].<ref>{{cite book
- |last=Vallentyne
- |first=Peter
- |coauthors=Steiner, Hillel
- |title=Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate
- |year=2000
- |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
- |location=Basingstoke
- |language=English
- |isbn=9780312236991
- |pages=page 1
- }}</ref> Some left-libertarians of this type support some form of [[income redistribution]] on the grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources.<ref>Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran. 2004. ''Handbook of Political Theory''. Sage Publications Inc. p. 128</ref>  [[Noam Chomsky]] refers to himself as a left libertarian.<ref>
-O'Hara, Phillip Anthony. 1999. Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Routledge. p. 15</ref> The term is sometimes used synonymously with [[libertarian socialism]]<ref>e.g. Faatz, Chris, "Toward[s] a Libertarian Socialism." Available at [http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/tals.html].</ref> or used in self-description by [[geolibertarianism|geoists]].
-These two definitions are not totally compatible - those who accept one definition often reject the other. E.g. Few in the Alliance of the Libertarian Left would accept the second definition,<ref>The ALL mission statement is: "The Alliance of the Libertarian Left is a multi-tendency coalition of mutualists, agorists, voluntaryists, geolibertarians, left-Rothbardians, green libertarians, dialectical anarchists, radical minarchists, and others on the libertarian left, united by an opposition to statism and militarism, to cultural intolerance (including sexism, racism, and homophobia), and to the prevailing corporatist capitalism falsely called a free market; as well as by an emphasis on education, direct action, and building alternative institutions, rather than on electoral politics, as our chief strategy for achieving liberation." [http://all-left.net/ Cf: ALL web page.]</ref> while scholars such as David DeLeon would reject the second.<ref>"The individualism of the unregulated marketplace" to be right-wing libertarianism." - DeLeon, David. 1978. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 123</ref>
 ==In analytic philosophy==
@@ Line 44: / Line 27: @@
 Right-libertarians hold that "[[wilderness]]" is unowned, and that unowned resources are made into property by use. This is generally referred to as [[homesteading]]. According to [[John Locke]], when a person "mixes his labor" with a previously unowned object, it becomes his. A person who cultivates a field in the wilderness, by virtue of "mixing his personality" with the land, becomes the rightful owner of it (subject to the [[Lockean proviso]] that equally-good land remains free for the taking for others).
-Vallentyne and some other left-libertarians hold that "wilderness" is [[Common ownership|commonly owned]] by all the people in a given area. Since there is no predetermined distribution of land and (they argue) since there is no reason to believe that, all things being equal, some people deserve more property than others, it makes sense to think of resources as commonly owned. Thus this brand of left-libertarianism denies that first use or "mixing labor" has any bearing on ownership. As such, it argues that any theory of left-libertarianism must structure its social and legal system around enforcing this idea of common ownership. Different proponents of this school of thought have different ideas about what can be done with property. Some believe that one must gain some kind of permission from their community in order to use [[Natural resource|resources]]. Others argue that people should be allowed to [[Appropriation (economics)|appropriate]] land in exchange for some kind of rent and they must either pay taxes on the [[profit]]s made from the appropriated resources or allow the products of those resources to become common property.
+Vallentyne and some other left-libertarians hold that "wilderness" is [[Common ownership|commonly owned]] by all the people in a given area. Since there is no predetermined distribution of land and (they argue) since there is no reason to believe that, all things being equal, some people deserve more property than others, it makes sense to think of resources as commonly owned. Thus this brand of left-libertarianism denies that first use or "mixing labor" has any bearing on ownership. As such, it argues that any theory of left-libertarianism must structure its social and legal system around enforcing this idea of common ownership. Different proponents of this school of thought have different ideas about what can be done with property. Some believe that one must gain some kind of permission from their community in order to use [[Natural resource|resources]]. Others argue that people should be allowed to [[Appropriation (economics)|appropriate]] land in exchange for some kind of rent and they must either pay taxes on the [[Profit (accounting)|profits]] made from the appropriated resources or allow the products of those resources to become common property.
 Historically, the [[Georgism|Georgists]] were a leftist tendency within libertarianism. They believed that all humanity rightfully owned all land in common and that individuals should pay rent to the rest of society for taking sole or exclusive use of that land. People in this movement were often referred to as "[[single taxers]]," since they believed that the only legitimate tax was land rent. However, they did believe that [[private property]] could be created by applying labor to [[natural resources]].