Indian rupee

Indian rupee

File:RupiasIndias2.png Indian Banknotes Coins of various denominations
ISO 4217
Code	INR (numeric: 356)
Subunit	0.01
Unit
Symbol	‎
Nickname	Rupeyaa, paisa
Denominations
Subunit
1/100	Paisa
Symbol
Paisa	p
Formerly used symbols
Banknotes
Freq. used	10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 Rupees
Rarely used	1, 2, 5 Rupees
Coins
Freq. used	1, 2, 5, 10 Rupees
Rarely used	5, 10, 20, 25, 50 paise
Demographics
Official user(s)	India
Unofficial user(s)	Bhutan (alongside the Bhutanese ngultrum) Nepal (in towns of Nepalese side of Nepal-India border, alongside the Nepalese rupee)
Issuance
Central bank	Reserve Bank of India
Website	www.rbi.org.in
Printer	Reserve Bank of India
Website	www.rbi.org.in
Mint	India Government Mint
Website	www.hydmint.org
Valuation
Inflation	8.5%, August 2010
Source	eaindustry.nic.in
Method	WPI
Pegged by	Bhutanese ngultrum (at par) Nepalese rupee (1 INR = 1.6 NPR)

The Indian rupee (Hindi: रुपया) (sign: ₹; code: INR) is the official currency of the Republic of India. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.

The modern rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa). The coins have nominal values of 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 paise as well as 1, 2, 5 and 10 rupees. The bank notes are available in nominal values of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 rupees. The Indian rupee symbol () is an amalgam of both the Devanagari consonant "र" (Ra) and the Latin letter "R" without the vertical bar. The design was presented to the public by the government of India on 15 July 2010. Previously, the abbreviation Rs. was used and the Indian rupee did not have a symbol of its own.

Etymology

The word Rupee is derived from the Sanskrit word रौप्य(raupya) meaning "silver" or "made of silver". Many Indian languages use this root, for example, రూపాయి (rūpāyi) in Telugu, ரூபாய் (rūbāi) in Tamil, रुपया (rupayā) in Hindi, રૂપિયો (rupiyo) in Gujarati, ರೂಪಾಯಿ (rūpāyi) in Kannada and Tulu, രൂപ (rūpā) in Malayalam and रुपये (rupaye) in Marathi. However, in West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram, Orissa, and Assam, the Indian rupee is officially known by names derived from the Sanskrit word टङ्क (Tanka) which means money. Thus, the rupee is called টাকা (Taka) in Bengali, টকা (tôka) in Assamese, and ଟଙ୍କା (Tanka) in Oriya and is written as such on Indian banknotes.

Symbol

Main article: Indian rupee sign

On March 5, 2009 the Indian government announced a contest to create a symbol for the rupee. During the year 2010's Union Budget, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee mentioned that the proposed symbol would reflect and capture the Indian ethos and culture. Five symbols were shortlisted, and the Cabinet selected the definitive symbol created by D Udaya Kumar on July 15, 2010. The symbol is derived from a combination of the Devanagari letter ‘र’ and English letter ‘R’. The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) make an allusion to the tricolor and also depict an equality sign which symbolizes the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity. The Indian government will try to adopt the symbol within six months in the country and globally within 18 to 24 months. Before the adoption of the symbol, the most commonly used symbols for the rupee were Rs, Re or if the text was in an Indian language, then an appropriate abbreviation in that language.

Numeral system

Main article: Indian numbering system

In Indian English, values greater than or equal to hundred thousand Indian rupees are counted in terms of lakhs (one lakh = hundred thousand), crores (one crore = ten million) and arabs (one arab = one billion). For example, the amount ₹3,25,84,729.25 is read as three crores, twenty-five lakhs, eighty-four thousand, seven hundred and twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise. The use of million or billion, as is standard in American or British English, is not very common.

History

Main article: History of the rupee

Use in India

Rupiya released by Sher Shah Suri, 1540–1545 CE

File:Indian Notes 10 100 500.JPG

Modern Indian notes

A 10 rupees note of the 1990s

India was one of the earliest issuers of coins (circa 6th century BC). The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees were those by the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings) and the Bengal Bank (1784–91), amongst others. Until 1815, the Madras Presidency also issued a currency based on the fanam, with 12 fanams equal to the rupee.

Historically, the rupee, derived from the Sanskrit word raupya, which means silver, was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the U.S. and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the relative value of silver to gold. Suddenly the standard currency of India could not buy as much from the outside world. This event was known as "the fall of the rupee".

India was not affected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825 that attempted to introduce the British sterling coinage to the British colonies. British India at that time was controlled by the British East India Company. The silver rupee continued as the currency of India throughout the entire period of the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India set itself firmly upon a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee. His decision was influenced by a letter, written in the year 1805, by Lord Liverpool that extolled the virtues of mono-metallism.

Following the Indian Mutiny in 1857, the British government took direct control of British India. Since 1851, gold sovereigns were being produced in large numbers at the Royal Mint branch in Sydney, New South Wales. In the year 1864 in an attempt to make the British gold sovereign become the 'imperial coin', the treasuries in Bombay and Calcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns. These gold sovereigns however never left the vaults. As was realized in the previous decade in Canada and the next year in Hong Kong, existing habits are not easy to replace. And just as the British government had finally given up any hopes of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling, they simultaneously realized, and for the same reasons, that they couldn't easily replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee, as had been the desire of the British East India Company.

Since the great silver crisis of 1873, a growing number of nations had been adopting the gold standard. In 1898, following the recommendations of the Indian Currency Committee, British India officially adopted the gold exchange standard by pegging the rupee to the British pound sterling at a fixed value of 1 shilling 4 pence (i.e., 15 rupees = 1 pound). In 1920, the actual silver value of the rupee was increased in value to 2 shillings (10 rupees = 1 pound). In British East Africa at this time, the decision was made to replace the rupee with a florin. No such opportunity was, however, taken in British India.

In 1927, the peg was once more reduced, this time to 18 pence (13⅓ rupees = 1 pound). This peg was maintained until 1966, when the rupee was devalued and pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 7.5 rupees = 1 dollar (at the time, the rupee became equal to 11.4 British pence). This peg lasted until the U.S. dollar devalued in 1971.

The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following independence in 1947, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states. Some of these states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). Other currencies included the Hyderabad rupee and the Kutch kori. Nominal value during British rule, and the first decade of independence:

• 1 damidi(pie) = 0.520833 paise
• 1 kani(pice) = 1.5625 paise
• 1 paraka = 3.125 paise
• 1 anna = 6.25 paise (1 Anna)
• 1 beda = 12.5 paise (2 Anna)
• 1 pavala = 25 paise (4 Anna)
• 1 artharupee = 50 paise (8 Anna)
• 1 rupee = 100 paise (16 Anna)

In 1957, decimalisation occurred and the rupee was divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for "new paise"). In 1964, the initial "naye" was dropped. Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas respectively, not unlike the usage of "bit" in American English for ⅛ dollar.

• The One Rupee Banknote, now not in use.
  The One Rupee Banknote, now not in use.
• The two-rupee banknote
  The two-rupee banknote
• 
  French Indian 1 rupee (1938)
• One rupee — Obverse
  One rupee — Obverse

The rupee on the East African coast and South Arabia

In East Africa, Arabia, and Mesopotamia the Rupee and its subsidiary coinage was current at various times. The usage of the Rupee in East Africa extended from Somalia in the north, to as far south as Natal. In Mozambique the British India rupees were overstamped, and in Kenya the British East Africa Company minted the rupee and its fractions as well as pice. The rise in the price of silver immediately after the First World War caused the rupee to rise in value to two shillings sterling. In 1920 in British East Africa, the opportunity was then taken to introduce a new florin coin, hence bringing the currency into line with sterling. Shortly after that, the Florin was split into two East African shillings. This assimilation to sterling did not however happen in British India itself. In Somalia the Italian colonial authority minted 'rupia' to the exact same standard, and called the pice 'besa'.

The rupee in the Straits Settlements

The Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the nineteenth century, however, the East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place. These attempts were resisted by the locals, and by 1867 when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company, attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned.

International use

See also: Pakistani rupee

With Partition, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with "Pakistan". In previous times, the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles, and Mauritius.

The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India [Amendment] Act, 1 May 1959. This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling. After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) – replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively.

The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee, and both currencies are accepted in Bhutan. The Indian rupee is also accepted in towns in Nepal which lie near the border with India however Indian Rupee denominations of 500 and 1000 are banned in Nepal

Coins

East India Company, 1862

The three Presidencies established by the British East India Company (Bengal, Bombay and Madras) each issued their own coinages up to 1835. All three issued rupees together with fractions down to ⅛ and 1⁄16 rupee in silver. Madras also issued 2 rupees coins.

Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued 1 pie, ½, 1 and 2 paise. Bombay issued 1 pie, ¼, ½, 1, 1½, 2 and 4 paise. In Madras, there were copper coins for 2, 4 pies, 1, 2 and 4 paisa, with the first two denominated as ½ and 1 dub or 1⁄96 and 1⁄48 rupee. Note that Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815.

All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs, including 1⁄16, ⅛, ¼ and ½ in Bengal, 1⁄15 (a gold rupee) and ⅓ (pancia) in Bombay and ¼, ⅓ and ½ in Madras.

In 1835, a single coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper 1⁄12, ¼ and ½ anna, silver ¼, ½ and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper ½ pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the Company had been taken over by the Crown.

Regal issues, 1862–1947

In 1862, coins were introduced which are referred to as Regal issues. They bore the portrait of Queen Victoria and the designation "India". Denominations were 1⁄12 anna, ½ pice, ¼ and ½ anna (all in copper), 2 annas, ¼, ½ and 1 rupee (silver) and 5 and 10 rupees and 1 mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891 while no ½ anna coins were issued dated later than 1877.

In 1906, bronze replaced copper for the lowest three denominations and in 1907, a cupro-nickel 1 anna was introduced. In 1918 and 1919, cupro-nickel 2, 4 and 8 annas were introduced, although the 4 and 8 annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. Also in 1918, the Bombay mint struck gold sovereigns and 15 rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure due to the First World War.

In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The 1⁄12 anna and ½ pice ceased production, the ¼ anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin, cupro-nickel and nickel-brass ½ anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce some 1 and 2 annas coins, and the composition of the silver coins was reduced from 91.7% to 80%. The last of the regal issues were cupro-nickel ¼, ½ and 1 rupee pieces minted in 1946 and 1947.

Independent issues, predecimal, 1950–1957

India's first coins after independence were issued in 1950. They were 1 pice, ½, 1 and 2 annas, ¼, ½ and 1 rupee denominations. The sizes and compositions were the same as the final Regal issues, except for the 1 pice, which was bronze but not holed.

Independent issues, decimal, 1957-

The first decimal issues of India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 & 50 naye paise, as well as 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze, the 2, 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel & the 25 & 50 naye paise & 1 rupee were nickel. In 1964, the word naya(e) was removed from all the coins. Between 1964 & 1967, aluminum 1, 2, 3, 5 & 10 paise were introduced. In 1968, nickel-brass 20 paise were introduced, replaced by aluminum coins in 1982. Between 1972 & 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25 & 50 paise as well as the 1 rupee. In 1982, cupro-nickel 2 rupees coins were introduced. In 1988, stainless steel 10, 25 & 50 paise were introduced, followed by 1 & 5 rupee coins in 1992. Recently 5 Rupee coins made from Brass are being minted by RBI

Between 2005 & 2008, new, lighter 50 paise, 1, 2 & 5 rupee coins were introduced, all struck in ferritic stainless steel. The move was prompted by the melting down of older coins whose face value was less than their scrap value.

The coins commonly in circulation are 1, 2, 5 & 10 rupees. Although they remain valid, paise coins have become increasingly rare in regular usage.

Circulating Coins
Image		Value	Technical parameters				Description		Year of
Obverse	Reverse		Diameter	Mass	Composition	Shape	Obverse	Reverse	first minting	last minting
		5 paise	22 mm (diagonal)	1.5 g	Aluminium	Diamond with curved edges	Emblem of India	Value	1957
		10 paise	16 mm	2 g	Ferritic stainless steel	Circular	Emblem of India	Value	1961
		20 paise	26 mm	2 g	Aluminium	Hexagon	Emblem of India	Value	1982
		25 paise	19 mm	2.83 g	Ferritic stainless steel	Circular	Emblem of India, value	Rhinoceros	1988
File:Paise50Head.png	File:Paise50Tail.png	50 paise	22 mm	3.79 g	Ferritic stainless steel	Circular	Emblem of India, value	Value, Hand showing clenched fist	1988
File:Rupee1CoinHead.png	File:Rupee1CoinTail.png	₹1	25 mm	4.85 g	Ferritic stainless steel	Circular	Emblem of India, value	Value, Two stalks of wheat	1992
File:Rupee1ThumbHead.png	File:Rupee1ThumbTail.png	₹1	25 mm	4.85 g	Ferritic stainless steel	Circular	Emblem of India	Value, Hand showing thumb	2007
File:Rupee2CuproNickelHead.png	File:Rupee2CuproNickelTail.png	₹2	26 mm	6 g	Cupro-Nickel	Eleven Sided	Emblem of India, Value	National Integration	1982
File:Rupee2SteelHead.png	File:Rupee2SteelTail.png	₹2	27 mm	5.62 g	Ferritic stainless steel	Circular	Emblem of India	Value, Hand showing 2 fingers	2007
File:Rupee5CuproNickelCoinHead.png	File:Rupee5CuproNickelCoinTail.png	₹5	23 mm	9 g	Cupro-Nickel	Circular	Emblem of India	Value	1992
		₹5	23 mm	6 g	Ferritic stainless steel	Circular	Emblem of India	Value, wavy lines	2007
		₹5	23 mm	6 g	Brass	Circular	Emblem of India	Value, wavy lines	2009
		₹10	28 mm	8 g	Bimetallic	Circular	Emblem of India with value	Value, wavy lines	2009
For table standards, see the coin specification table.

The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint. Note the 1, 2 & 5 rupee coins have been minted since independence. Coins minted with the "Hand Picture" are 2005 onwards.

Banknotes

British India, 1861–1947

In 1861, the Government of India introduced its first paper money, 10 rupee in 1864, 5 rupees in 1872, 10,000 rupees in 1899, 100 rupees in 1900, 50 rupees in 1905, 500 rupees in 1907 and 1000 rupees in 1909. In 1917, 1 and 2½ rupees notes were introduced. The Reserve Bank of India began note production in 1938, issuing 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1000 and 10000 rupee notes, while the Government continued to issue 1 rupee notes.

Independent issues since 1949

After independence, new designs were introduced to remove the portrait of the King. The government continued to issue the 1 rupee note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations, including the 5000 and 10,000 rupee notes introduced in 1949. In the 1970s, 20 and 50 rupee notes were introduced but denominations higher than 100 rupees were demonetized in 1978. In 1987, the 500 rupee note was introduced, followed by the 1000 rupees in 2000.

In September 2009, the Reserve Bank of India decided to introduce polymer notes (polymer banknote) on a trial basis. Initially, 100 crore (1 billion) pieces of ₹10 denomination notes will be introduced. According to the Reserve Bank officials, the polymer notes will have an average lifespan of 5 years (4 times the regular Indian bank notes) and will be difficult to counterfeit. They would also be cleaner than the regular notes.

Currently circulating notes

The design of banknotes is approved by the Central Government on the recommendations of the Central Board of the Reserve Bank of India. Currency notes are printed at the Currency Note Press, Nashik, Bank Note Press, Dewas, Bharatiya Note Mudra Nigam (P) Limited presses at Salboni and Mysore and at the Watermark Paper Manufacturing Mill, Hoshangabad.

The current series of banknotes, which began in 1996, is called the Mahatma Gandhi series. At present, banknotes are issued in the denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1000. Printing of ₹5 notes which had stopped earlier restarted in 2009. ATMs usually give out ₹100, ₹500, and ₹1000 notes. The Zero rupee note is not an official government issue but a symbol of protest and it is printed and distributed by an NGO in India.

Mahatma Gandhi Series
Image		Value ₹	Dimensions	Main Color	Description			Year of issue
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	Watermark
File:5rupees.png	File:Rupees5rev.png	5	117 × 63 mm	Green	Mahatma Gandhi	Tractor	Mahatma Gandhi	2002 / 2009
File:10rupees.png	File:Rupees10rev.png	10	137 × 63 mm	Orange-violet		Rhinoceros, elephant, tiger		1996 / 2006
File:20Rupees.png	File:Rupees20rev.png	20	147 × 63 mm	Red-orange		Palm trees, Kovalam Beach		2002 / 2006
File:50Rupees.png	File:Rupees50rev.png	50	147 × 73 mm	Violet		Parliament of India		1997 / 2005
File:100Rupees.png	File:Rupees100rev.png	100	157 × 73 mm	Blue-green at centre, brown-purple at 2 sides		Himalaya Mountains		1996 / 2005
File:500Rupees.png	File:Rupees500rev.png	500	167 × 73 mm	Olive and yellow		Dandi March		1997 / 2005
File:Rupees1000.jpg	File:Rupees1000rev.png	1000	177 × 73 mm	Amber-Red		Economy of India		2000 / 2005
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

File:Languagepanel.jpg

Language panel on an Indian banknote

Languages

Each banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse side, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse of each note is a language panel that displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in the alphabetical order. The languages included on the panel are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

Security features

The main security features of the current banknotes are listed below:

• Watermark - White side panel of notes has Mahatma Gandhi watermark.
• Security thread - All notes have a silver security band with inscriptions visible when held against light which reads Bharat in Hindi and RBI in English.
• Latent image - On notes with denominations of ₹20 and upwards, a vertical band on the right side of the Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait contains a latent image showing the respective denominational value in numeral which is visible only when the note is held horizontally at eye level.
• Microlettering - Numeral denominational value is visible under magnifying glass between security thread and latent image.
• Intaglio - On notes with denominations of ₹20 and upwards, the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, the Reserve Bank seal, guarantee and promise clause, Ashoka Pillar Emblem on the left, RBI Governor's signature are printed in intaglio i.e. in raised prints.
• Identification Mark - On the left of the watermark window different shapes are printed in Intaglio for various denominations (₹20 - Vertical Rectangle, ₹50 - Square, ₹100 - Triangle, ₹500 - Circle, ₹1000 - Diamond). This also helps the visually impaired to identify the denomination.
• Fluorescence - Number panels glow under ultra-violet light.
• Optically variable ink - Notes of ₹500 and ₹1000 have their numerals printed in optically variable ink. Number appears green when note is held flat but changes to blue when viewed at angle.
• See through Register - Floral design printed on the front and the back of the note coincides and perfectly overlap each other when viewed against light.
• EURion constellation - A pattern of symbols found on the banknote helps software detect the presence of a banknote in a digital image so that it can prevent its reproduction with devices such as color photocopiers.

Convertibility

Officially, the Indian rupee has a market determined exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact effective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollar is a de facto controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a managed float. Other rates such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY have volatilities that are typical of floating exchange rates. It should be noted, however, that unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a policy of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate. RBI intervention in currency markets is solely to deliver low volatility in the exchange rates, and not to take a view on the rate or direction of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.

Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees, while Indian nationals can import and export only up to 5000 rupees at a time, and the possession of 500 and 1000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited.

RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in addition to the intervention (through active trading) in the currency markets. On the current account, there are no currency conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (though trade barriers do exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money in and out of the country and buy securities (subject to certain quantitative restrictions). Local firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. But local households are restricted in their ability to do global diversification. However, owing to an enormous expansion of the current account and the capital account, India is increasingly moving towards de facto full convertibility.

Many economist have a confusion regarding the interchange of the currency with the gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold, in any circumstances or any situation.Money cannot be changed into gold by the RBI. This is because it will becomes difficult to handle it. India follows the same principle of Great Britain and America.

Chronology

• 1991 - India began to lift restrictions on its currency. A series of reforms remove restrictions on current account transactions including trade, interest payments & remittances and on some capital assets-based transactions. Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS), a dual exchange rate system, introduced a partial convertibility of the Rupee in March 1992.
• 1997 - A panel set up to explore capital account convertibility recommended India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but timetable abandoned in the wake of the 1997-98 East Asian financial crisis.
• 2006 - The Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh, asks the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to prepare a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility. "The "Fuller Capital Account Convertibility Report"" (PDF). 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2009-01-23.

Exchange rates

Historical exchange rates

Indian rupees per currency unit, averaged over the year.

currency	code	1996	2000	2004	2008	2009
U.S. dollar	USD	35.444	44.952	45.340	43.814	48.84995
Canadian dollar	CAD	26.002	30.283	34.914	41.098	42.92026
Euro*	EUR	44.401	41.525	56.385	64.127	68.03312
Pound sterling	GBP	55.389	68.119	83.084	80.633	76.38023
Swiss franc	CHF	28.714	26.654	36.537	40.451	45.05846
Australian dollar	AUD	27.761	26.157	33.409	36.972	38.58082
Japanese yen	JPY	0.32610	0.41711	0.41945	0.42627	0.52239
Singapore dollar	SGD	25.160	26.079	26.830	30.932	33.60388
*before Jan 1, 1999, European Currency Unit, code XEU

Current exchange rates

Current INR exchange rates
From Google Finance:	AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance:	AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE.com:	AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA:	AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD

References

• Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
• Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.

Further reading

• Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar: The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution (history of indian currency & banking), Chapter 2, Rajagraha, Bombay, 7. Mai 1947

External links

• Problem of the Rupee . History of the Rupee till 1923 AD
• Images of historic and modern Indian coins