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{{short description|Granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad}}
{{short description|Granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad}}{{Infobox royalty
⚫
| name = Umm Kulthum bint Ali <br> أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ
{{infobox person
| name = Umm Kulthum bint Ali
| image = Kulthum bint Ali.png
⚫
| caption = Umm Kulthūm bint Alī in [[Islamic calligraphy]]
| image = Kulthum bint Ali.png
| succession = [[Umar#Family|Consort of the Rashidun caliph]]
⚫
| caption = Kulthūm bint Alī in [[Islamic calligraphy]]
| reign = 638–644
⚫
| native_name = {{lang|ar|أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ}}
| reign-type = Tenure
⚫
| birth_place = [[Medina]], Al-[[Hijaz]] <br />{{smaller|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}}
| predecessor =
| birth_date = 4 February 627 CE <br /> (18 [[Rabi' al-awwal]] [[Hijri year|AH]] 6)
| successor = {{plainlist|
⚫
| father = [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
*[[Na'ila bint al-Furafisa]]}} (Consort of [[Uthman]])
⚫
| mother = [[Fatimah|Fāṭimah bint Muḥammad]]
| birth_name =
| known_for = A granddaughter of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]
| spouse = {{bulleted list
| birth_date = {{circa|February 627}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Medina]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| [[Umar|'Umar ibn al-Khattab]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Majlisi |first=Muhammad Baqir |title=Mir'at ul-Oqool |volume=21 |page=199}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Tusi |first=Nasir Al-Din |title=Al-Mabsoot |volume=4 |page=272}}</ref>
⚫
| death_date = {{circa|685–705}}
| [[Awn ibn Ja'far]]
⚫
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]
| [[Muhammad ibn Ja'far]]
| burial_place = [[Bab al-Saghir Cemetery|Bab al-Saghir]], Damascus
| [[Abdullah ibn Ja'far]]
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]]
| issue = [[Zayd ibn Umar|Zayd]]<br>Ruqayya<br>Fatima
| house = [[Banu Hashim|Hashim]] (by birth) <br> [[Banu Adi|Adi]] (by marriage)
| house-type = Tribe
⚫
| father = [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
⚫
| mother = [[Fatima bint Muhammad]]
}}
}}

⚫
| death_date = {{circa|685–705}}
⚫
'''Umm Kulthum bint Ali''' ({{lang-ar|أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ}}), was the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and the daughter of the fourth caliph [[Ali]] and [[Fatimah|Fatima bint Muhammad]]. Whether or not she married [[Umar]] is a controversial topic between Sunnis and Shia.<ref>Shams ad-Din al-Dhahabi. ''Siyar A`lam al-Nubala'.'' (2001). ''Volume 3: Kibar al-Tabi'in'', p. 501. Beirut: Resalah Publishing House.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2019}} She is given the epithet 'the Younger' to distinguish her from her older sister, [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab the Elder]] (Zaynab al-Kubra).<ref>Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. ''Kitab al-Irshad. Volume 1'', p. 354.{{qn|date=February 2019}}</ref>
⚫
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Umayyad Empire]]
| death_cause = Poisioning
| resting_place = [[Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque]], Damascus, or [[Baab Sagheer]], [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| relatives = {{Collapsible list
| state = collapsed
| [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]] <small>(maternal grand mother)</small>
| [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] <small>(brother)</small>
| [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] <small>(brother)</small>
| [[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]] <small>(brother)</small>
| [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] <small>(sister)</small>
| [[Hilal ibn Ali|Hilal]] <small>(paternal half-brother)</small>
| Abbas <small>(paternal half-brother)</small>
}}
| family = [[Ahl al-Bayt|House of Islamic prophet Muhammad]]
}}
⚫
'''Umm Kulthum bint Ali''' ({{lang-ar|أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ}}), was the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and the daughter of the fourth caliph [[Ali]] and [[Fatimah|Fatima bint Muhammad]]. Whether or not she married [[Umar]] is a controversial topic between Sunnis and Shia.<ref>Shams ad-Din al-Dhahabi. ''Siyar A`lam al-Nubala'.'' (2001). ''Volume 3: Kibar al-Tabi'in'', p. 501. Beirut: Resalah Publishing House.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2019}} She is given the epithet 'the Younger' to distinguish her from her older sister, [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab the Elder]] (Zaynab al-Kubra).<ref>Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. ''Kitab al-Irshad. Volume 1'', p. 354.{{qn|date=February 2019}}</ref>
{{Islam}}


==Early life and family==
==Early life and family==
Line 39: Line 30:


==First marriage==
==First marriage==
When Umm Kulthum was reportedly eleven years old, the [[List of caliphs|caliph]] [[Umar]] proposed to her. Ali wanted his daughters to marry his brother [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja'far's]] sons, but Umar promised, "No man on the face of the earth will treat her better than I will."<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299}}
When Umm Kulthum was reportedly eleven years old, the [[List of caliphs|caliph]] [[Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}) proposed to her.<ref>{{cite book |last=Majlisi |first=Muhammad Baqir |title=Mir'at ul-Oqool |volume=21 |page=199}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Al-Tusi |first=Nasir Al-Din |title=Al-Mabsoot |volume=4 |page=272}}</ref> Ali wanted his daughters to marry his brother [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja'far's]] sons, but Umar promised, "No man on the face of the earth will treat her better than I will."<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299}}


Ali protested that she had not yet reached puberty,<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299,300}} but Omar commanded that she be presented to him. Ali gave his daughter a striped garment and instructed her: "Take this to the Commander of the Faithful and tell him: 'My father says, "If you like this garment, keep it; if you don't like it, return it."'" When Umm Kulthum brought this message to Omar, she reported, "He did not undo the garment nor look at anything except at me." He told her that he was pleased, and so Ali consented to the marriage.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299–300}} Omar gave his bride a dower of 40,000 ''dirhams'',<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Smith, G. R. (1994). ''Volume 14: The Conquest of Iran'', p. 101. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> and the marriage was consummated in November or December 638 (Dhu'l-Qaada 17&nbsp;AH).<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Juynboll, G. H. A. (1989). ''Volume 13: The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt'', pp. 109-110. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> Umar announced the marriage to his friends, who congratulated him. He then also said that he heard Muhammad say that "Every line and lineage is cut off on the Day of Judgement except for my line and lineage". Upon hearing this, Umar desired to be in the lineage of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Baugh|2017|p=251}}
Ali protested that she had not yet reached puberty,<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299,300}} but Umar commanded that she be presented to him. Ali gave his daughter a striped garment and instructed her: "Take this to the Commander of the Faithful and tell him: 'My father says, "If you like this garment, keep it; if you don't like it, return it."'" When Umm Kulthum brought this message to Umar , she reported, "He did not undo the garment nor look at anything except at me." He told her that he was pleased, and so Ali consented to the marriage.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299–300}} Umar gave his bride a dower of 40,000 ''dirhams'',<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Smith, G. R. (1994). ''Volume 14: The Conquest of Iran'', p. 101. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> and the marriage was consummated in November or December 638 (Dhu'l-Qaada 17&nbsp;AH).<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Juynboll, G. H. A. (1989). ''Volume 13: The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt'', pp. 109-110. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref> Umar announced the marriage to his friends, who congratulated him. He then also said that he heard Muhammad say that "Every line and lineage is cut off on the Day of Judgement except for my line and lineage". Upon hearing this, Umar desired to be in the lineage of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Baugh|2017|p=251}}


They had two children, [[Zayd ibn Omar|Zayd]] and Ruqayya.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299,300}}<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 204. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> Ruqayya later married Ibrahim, a son of [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]], by whom she had a daughter.<ref>{{cite book|last1=ibn Sa'd|first1=Muhammad |author-link1=Ibn Sa'd|last2=Bewley|first2=Aisha|title=The Men of Madina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2EkAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ruqayya+bint+umar+ibn+al-Khattab%22|volume=Two|year=2000|publisher=Ta-Ha|isbn=978-1-897940-90-7|page=112}}</ref> Their third daughter Fatima married Abd al-Rahman, the son of [[Zayd ibn al-Khattab]].{{Sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=140}}
They had two children, [[Zayd ibn Omar|Zayd]] and Ruqayya.<ref name="Saad8"/>{{rp|299,300}}<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 204. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> Ruqayya later married Ibrahim, a son of [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]], by whom she had a daughter.<ref>{{cite book|last1=ibn Sa'd|first1=Muhammad |author-link1=Ibn Sa'd|last2=Bewley|first2=Aisha|title=The Men of Madina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2EkAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ruqayya+bint+umar+ibn+al-Khattab%22|volume=Two|year=2000|publisher=Ta-Ha|isbn=978-1-897940-90-7|page=112}}</ref> Their third daughter Fatima married Abd al-Rahman, the son of [[Zayd ibn al-Khattab]].{{Sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=140}}
One story from their married life tells how Umm Kulthum sent a gift of perfume to the [[Martina (empress)|Empress of Byzantium]]. The Empress sent back a "superb" necklace for Umm Kulthum. Omar believed that his wife should not have conducted a private correspondence at the expense of the state postal service, so he reimbursed her for the cost of the perfume and placed the Empress's necklace in the state treasury.<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Humphreys, R. S. (1990). ''Volume 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate'', p. 28. Albany: State University of New York Press</ref> Nevertheless, it was said that Omar treated Umm Kulthum "with extreme honour and respect" because she was Muhammad's granddaughter.<ref>Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Kathir. ''Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya''. Translated by Le Gassick, T. (2000). ''The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume 4'', p. 438. Reading, UK: Garnet Publishing.</ref>
One story from their married life tells how Umm Kulthum sent a gift of perfume to [[Martina (empress)|Martina]], wife of [[Heraclius]] ({{Reign|610|641}}) and [[List of Roman and Byzantine empresses|Byzantine empress]]. The Empress sent back a "superb" necklace for Umm Kulthum. Umar believed that his wife should not have conducted a private correspondence at the expense of the state postal service, so he reimbursed her for the cost of the perfume and placed the Empress's necklace in the state treasury.<ref>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Humphreys, R. S. (1990). ''Volume 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate'', p. 28. Albany: State University of New York Press</ref> Nevertheless, it was said that Umar treated Umm Kulthum "with extreme honour and respect" because she was Muhammad's granddaughter.<ref>Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Kathir. ''Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya''. Translated by Le Gassick, T. (2000). ''The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume 4'', p. 438. Reading, UK: Garnet Publishing.</ref>


==Subsequent marriages==
==Subsequent marriages==

Revision as of 15:54, 19 May 2022

Umm Kulthum bint Ali
أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ
Umm Kulthūm bint Alī in Islamic calligraphy
Consort of the Rashidun caliph
Tenure638–644
Successor
(Consort of Uthman)
Bornc. February 627
Medina, Arabia
Diedc. 685–705
Damascus, Syria
Burial
Bab al-Saghir, Damascus
SpouseUmar ibn al-Khattab
IssueZayd
Ruqayya
Fatima
TribeHashim (by birth)
Adi (by marriage)
FatherAli ibn Abi Talib
MotherFatima bint Muhammad

Umm Kulthum bint Ali (Arabic: أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ), was the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the daughter of the fourth caliph Ali and Fatima bint Muhammad. Whether or not she married Umar is a controversial topic between Sunnis and Shia.[1][unreliable source?] She is given the epithet 'the Younger' to distinguish her from her older sister, Zaynab the Elder (Zaynab al-Kubra).[2]

Early life and family

She was born in 627 (6 AH) as the fourth child of Ali and of Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah.[3] Her siblings were Hasan, Husayn and Zaynab.[4]: 18  Muhammad gave her the kunya 'Umm Kulthum' because she closely resembled his daughter, Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad, Zaynab's maternal aunt.[5]

First marriage

When Umm Kulthum was reportedly eleven years old, the caliph Umar (r. 634–644) proposed to her.[6][7] Ali wanted his daughters to marry his brother Ja'far's sons, but Umar promised, "No man on the face of the earth will treat her better than I will."[4]: 299 

Ali protested that she had not yet reached puberty,[4]: 299, 300  but Umar commanded that she be presented to him. Ali gave his daughter a striped garment and instructed her: "Take this to the Commander of the Faithful and tell him: 'My father says, "If you like this garment, keep it; if you don't like it, return it."'" When Umm Kulthum brought this message to Umar , she reported, "He did not undo the garment nor look at anything except at me." He told her that he was pleased, and so Ali consented to the marriage.[4]: 299–300  Umar gave his bride a dower of 40,000 dirhams,[8] and the marriage was consummated in November or December 638 (Dhu'l-Qaada 17 AH).[9] Umar announced the marriage to his friends, who congratulated him. He then also said that he heard Muhammad say that "Every line and lineage is cut off on the Day of Judgement except for my line and lineage". Upon hearing this, Umar desired to be in the lineage of Muhammad.[10]

They had two children, Zayd and Ruqayya.[4]: 299, 300 [11] Ruqayya later married Ibrahim, a son of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, by whom she had a daughter.[12] Their third daughter Fatima married Abd al-Rahman, the son of Zayd ibn al-Khattab.[13]

One story from their married life tells how Umm Kulthum sent a gift of perfume to Martina, wife of Heraclius (r. 610–641) and Byzantine empress. The Empress sent back a "superb" necklace for Umm Kulthum. Umar believed that his wife should not have conducted a private correspondence at the expense of the state postal service, so he reimbursed her for the cost of the perfume and placed the Empress's necklace in the state treasury.[14] Nevertheless, it was said that Umar treated Umm Kulthum "with extreme honour and respect" because she was Muhammad's granddaughter.[15]

Subsequent marriages

After Omar's death in 644, Umm Kulthum married her young cousin, Ja'far's son Awn,[28] for a dower of 4,000 dirhams. Her brother Hasan remarked that he had never seen such passionate love as Umm Kulthum's for Awn. However, Awn died after only a short time.[29]

After Awn's death, Ali married Umm Kulthum to Awn's brother Muhammad,[4]: 299 [16] again for 4,000 dirhams. But Muhammad also died.[29]

After the death of her husband Muhammad, Umm Kulthum became one of the wives of Awn and Muhammad's eldest brother, Abdullah,[32] after the death of her sister Zaynab al-Kubra.[33][better source needed]. With respect to divorce the book of Muhammad Al-Munajjid discloses that Zaynab died while married to him (Abdullah bin Jafar).[34] Umm Kulthum remarked: "I was not shy with [my mother-in-law] Asma bint Umays. Two of her sons died while married to me, but I did not fear this for the third."[4]: 299 

Umm Kulthum had no children by any of her three latter marriages.[4]: 299 

Battle of Karbala

She is reported to have been present at the Battle of Karbala, during which her earrings were taken from her by an attacking soldier.[35][36] Afterwards, Umm Kulthum, along with her sister Zaynab, gave a eulogy condemning the people of Kufa for abandoning her brother Husayn, who was killed in the battle.[37] They also delivered many sermons (khuṭba), condemning the assassination of Husayn and challenging the Umayyad authority.[37][38]

Death

Tomb of Umm Kulthum bint Imam Ali at Bab al-Saghir

The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705) poisoned Umm Kulthum and her son Zayd.[10] Eighty people attended their funeral,[4]: 299  where Sa'id ibn al-As conducted the prayers, and the congregation included Abdullah ibn Omar and Abu Hurairah.[39] It has been suggested that Abd al-Malik poisoned Zayd since Zayd was a descendent of Umar and Ali, who were the second and fourth caliphs, and could possibly threaten Abd al-Malik's caliphate. In addition, he also poisoned his mother.[10]

Umm Kulthum is buried in Baab Sagheer cemetery in Damascus, Syria .[citation needed] The Mausoleum of Umm Kulthum is located in Arrawiya village in Damascus.[citation needed]

Fatimids believe that she is also known as "Zaynab the Younger" and that she is buried at Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, Damascus; whereas Zaynab the Elder lived at the end of her life in Cairo[40] and was buried there at Al-Sayeda Zainab Mosque.[41]

Legacy

Umm Kulthum is widely honored by Shia Muslims and by Sunni Muslims.

See also

References

  1. ^ Shams ad-Din al-Dhahabi. Siyar A`lam al-Nubala'. (2001). Volume 3: Kibar al-Tabi'in, p. 501. Beirut: Resalah Publishing House.
  2. ^ Al-Shaykh al-Mufid. Kitab al-Irshad. Volume 1, p. 354.[need quotation to verify]
  3. ^ Shams ad-Din al-Dhahabi. Siyar A`lam al-Nubala'. (2001). Volume 3: Kibar al-Tabi'in, p. 500. Beirut: Resalah Publishing House.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  5. ^ Qumi 1989, p. 228.
  6. ^ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool. Vol. 21. p. 199.
  7. ^ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. Vol. 4. p. 272.
  8. ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Smith, G. R. (1994). Volume 14: The Conquest of Iran, p. 101. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  9. ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Juynboll, G. H. A. (1989). Volume 13: The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt, pp. 109-110. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  10. ^ a b c Baugh 2017, p. 251.
  11. ^ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr, p. 204. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  12. ^ ibn Sa'd, Muhammad; Bewley, Aisha (2000). The Men of Madina. Vol. Two. Ta-Ha. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-897940-90-7.
  13. ^ Ahmed 2010, p. 140.
  14. ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Humphreys, R. S. (1990). Volume 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate, p. 28. Albany: State University of New York Press
  15. ^ Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Kathir. Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya. Translated by Le Gassick, T. (2000). The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume 4, p. 438. Reading, UK: Garnet Publishing.
  16. ^ a b c Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Kathir. Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya. Translated by Le Gassick, T. (2000). The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume 4, pp. 418, 438. Reading, U.K.: Garnet Publishing.
  17. ^ Shustari, Qazi Nurullah. Majalis ul-Mo'mineen. pp. 85–89.
  18. ^ al-Murtaza, Sharif. Al-Shaafi. p. 116.
  19. ^ Al-Hadid, Hibatullah. Sharh Nahj ul-Balagha. Vol. 3. p. 124.
  20. ^ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Bihar al-Anwar. p. 621.
  21. ^ Ardabili, Muqaddas. Hadiqat al-Shi'a. p. 277.
  22. ^ Shustari, Qazi Nurullah. Masa'ib un-Nawasib. p. 170.
  23. ^ Al-Amili, Zayn al-Din al-Juna'i. "Lawahiq-al-'Aqd". Masalik al-Ifham fi Sharh Shara-il-Islam. Vol. 1.
  24. ^ Qumi, Abbas. Muntahi al-Aamal. Vol. 1. p. 186.
  25. ^ Shahidi, Sayyed Ja'far. Life of Fatemeh Zahra(SA). pp. 263–265.
  26. ^ Baqir, Muhammad. Mir'at ul-Uqool. Vol. 21. p. 199.
  27. ^ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. Vol. 4. p. 272.
  28. ^ [4]: 299 [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
  29. ^ a b Guillaume, A. (1960). New Light on the Life of Muhammad, p. 51. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  30. ^ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. pp. Volume 4, pg 272.
  31. ^ Baqir, Muhammad. Mir'at ul-Uqool. pp. Volume 21, pg 199.
  32. ^ [4]: 299 [16][30][31]
  33. ^ Lammens, H. (1912). Fatima et les filles de Mahomet, pp. 125-126. Rome: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici.
  34. ^ Al-Munajjid, Muhammad Saalih. HOW HE TREATED THEM (2014 (First) ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Zad Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-603-01-6237-6.
  35. ^ Sharif 2007, p. 1502.
  36. ^ Muzaffari. Tarikh. p. 208.
  37. ^ a b Qutbuddin 2019, p. 384.
  38. ^ Gruendler 2008, p. 201.
  39. ^ Nasa'i 3:21:1980.
  40. ^ "Balaghatun Nisa", by Abul Fazl Ahmad bin Abi Tahir
  41. ^ Jiwa, Shainool; Sajoo, Amyn; Daftary, Farhad; Daftary, Farhad, eds. (2015). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. p. 216. ISBN 978-1784534776.

Bibliography

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