Outline of film: Difference between revisions

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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to film:

Film refers to motion pictures as individual projects and to the field in general. The name came from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures.

What type of thing is film?

Film can be described as all of the following:

Art – aesthetic expression for presentation or performance, and the work produced from this activity.
- One of the arts – as an art form, film is an outlet of human expression, that is usually influenced by culture and which in turn helps to change culture. Film is a physical manifestation of the internal human creative impulse.
  - One of the visual arts – visual arts is a class of art forms, including painting, sculpture, photography, printmaking and others, that focus on the creation of works which are primarily visual in nature.
  - One of the performing arts – art forms in which artists use their body, voice, or objects to convey artistic expression. Performing arts include a variety of disciplines but all take the form of a performance in front of an audience.
  - Fine art – in Western European academic traditions, fine art is art developed primarily for aesthetics, distinguishing it from applied art that also has to serve some practical function. The word "fine" here does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional Western European canons.
Show business – a means of providing employment for actors, screenwriters, artisans and technicians, regardless of whether the finished film was produced as a for-profit enterprise or as a not-for-profit public service.

Other names for film

Movie
Motion picture
Talking picture
Picture
Celluloid
Flick (or flicker)
Photoplay
Picture show
The cinema
The silver screen (talkie era); the silver sheet (silent era)
Videos

Essence of film

Filmmaking – process of making a film. Filmmaking involves a number of discrete stages including an initial story, idea, or commission, through scriptwriting, casting, shooting, editing, and screening the finished product before an audience that may result in a film release and exhibition. Filmmaking is both an art and an industry. That is why they call it "show business". It's a show and a business. Films were originally recorded onto nitrate film stock which was highly flammable.^[1] After the late 1950s, polyester film was used which was shown through a movie projector onto a large screen (in other words, an analog recording process). The adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the entire process of production, distribution, and exhibition from start to finish.

Cinematic genres

Film genre

By setting

Biography - portrays a real-life character in his or her real-life story
Crime - places its character within realm of criminal activity
Fantasy - films set in imaginary worlds, often with a swords and sorcery theme
Film noir - portrays its principal characters in a nihilistic and existentialist realm or manner
Historical - taking place in the past
Science fiction - placement of characters in an alternative reality, typically in the future or in outer space
Sports - sporting events and locations pertaining to a given sport
War - battlefields and locations pertaining to a time of war
Westerns - colonial period to modern era of the western United States

By mood

Action - generally involves a moral interplay between "good" and "bad" played out through violence or physical force
Adventure - involving danger, risk, and/or chance, often with a high degree of fantasy
Comedy - intended to provoke laughter
Drama - mainly focuses on character development
Erotic - sexuality or eroticism and sex acts, including love scenes
Horror - intended to provoke fear in audience
Mystery - the progression from the unknown to the known by discovering and solving a series of clues
Romance - dwelling on the elements of romantic love
Thrillers - intended to provoke excitement and/or nervous tension into audience

By format

Biographical - a biopic is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person, with varying degrees of basis in fact
Documentary - a factual following of an event or person to gain an understanding of a particular point or issue
Experimental (avant-garde) - created to test audience reaction or to expand the boundaries of film production/story exposition then generally at play
Musical - a film interspersed with singing by all or some of the characters
Silent - a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue

By production type

Live action - film using actors
Animation - illusion of motion by consecutive display of static images which have been created by hand or on a computer
Television - a film that is produced for and originally distributed by a television network

By length

Short - may strive to contain many of the elements of a "full-length" feature, in a shorter time-frame
Serial - similar to shorts, but forms a constant story arc
Feature film - film that is "full-length"

By age

Children's film - films for young children; as opposed to a family film, no special effort is made to make the film attractive for other audiences
Family - intended to be attractive for people of all ages and suitable for viewing by a young audience; examples of these are Disney films
Teen film - intended for and aimed towards teens although some teen films, such as the High School Musical series; may also be a family film; not all of these films are suitable for all teens, as some are rated R
Adult film - intended to be viewed only by an adult audience, content may include violence, disturbing themes, obscene language, or explicit sexual behaviour. This includes various forms of exploitation films. Adult film may also be used as a synonym for pornographic film.

By audience reception

Cult film – Films with a devoted fanbase
Midnight movie – Genre of late-night low-budget films
Sleeper hit – Entertainment product that becomes successful gradually with little promotion
Underground film – Genre of film outside the mainstream

Cinema by region

History of film

Block booking
Camera obscura
Thomas Edison
Intertitle – prior to the days of sound film, intertitles (cards with text inserted into the scene) represented dialogue or descriptive/narrative material
Magic lantern
Motion Picture Patents Company
Phantasmagoria
Silent film
Zoetrope – one of several pre-film animation devices which produced the illusion of movement, most popular in the mid- to late 1800s

General film concepts

Film theory

Academy Awards – an American awards show hosted by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences which recognizes excellence in cinematic achievement, as voted for by the academy itself. The statuettes handed out to winners are nicknamed "Oscars".
Actor
American Film Institute
B movie
Film directing
Film editing
Film studio
Movie projector
Cinematography
Set construction
Sound stage

Film formats

List of film formats

Films

List of films by title: #, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J-K, L, M, N-O, P, Q-R, S, T, U-V-W, & X-Y-Z
List of years in film

Films by genre

Films by origin

List of films by region and country of origin

Films by setting location

Lists of films based on location

Films by cost

Films by success

Films by movement

Absolute film (1920s)
Budapest school (1972 - 1984)
Cinéma du look (1980s)
Cinema Novo (1960 - early 1970s)
Czechoslovak New Wave (1960s)
Dogme 95 (1995 - 2005)
Free Cinema (1956 - 1959)
French New Wave (1958 - late 1960s)
German Expressionism (1913 -1920s)
Grupo Cine Liberación (1969 - 1971)
Hong Kong New Wave (1979 - early 1990s)
Italian neorealism (1944 - 1952)
Japanese New Wave (1956 - 1976)
Kammerspielfilm (1920s)
L.A. Rebellion (1967 - 1989)
Mumblecore (2002 - )
New French Extremity (1999 - 2003)
New Hollywood (Summer 1967 through Spring 1983)
New Nigerian Cinema (2006 - )
New Queer Cinema (1990s)
No Wave (1976 - 1985)
Parallel Cinema (1952 - 1976)
Poetic Realism (1930s - 1940s)
Polish Film School (1955 - 1963)
Pure Film Movement (1910s - 1920s)
Remodernist film (2004 - )
Surrealist Cinema (1920s)
Third Cinema (1969 - 1978)
Yugoslav Black Wave (1963 - 1972)

Film companies

Film studios

Major film studios

Majors (Big Five)

Walt Disney Studios – American film studio owned by The Walt Disney Company, founded in 1923
Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group (a subsidiary of Sony Pictures) – American film studio owned by Sony, founded in 1924
Paramount Pictures (a subsidiary of Paramount Global) – American film studio owned by Paramount Global, founded in 1912
Universal Studios (a subsidiary of NBCUniversal) – American film studio owned by Comcast, founded in 1912
Warner Bros. (a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery) – American film studio owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, founded in 1923

Others

Lionsgate – Canadian-American entertainment company
Lantern Entertainment – American independent film studio
MGM – American film and television company
Netflix, Inc. – American media company
Amazon MGM Studios – American entertainment company
Apple Studios – Film and television production company

Awards and festivals

Notable people from the film industry

Film theorists

Rudolf Arnheim – German author and theorist
André Bazin – French film critic (1918–1958)
Sergei Eisenstein – Soviet filmmaker and theorist (1898–1948)
Siegfried Kracauer – German writer (1889–1966)
Lev Kuleshov – Soviet filmmaker and film theorist
Vsevolod Pudovkin – Soviet film director, screenwriter and actor

Famous film producers

Notable film producers

George Lucas – American filmmaker (born 1944)
David O. Selznick – American film producer (1902–1965)
Jerry Bruckheimer – American film and television producer (born 1943)

Famous directors

Notable film and television directors

Woody Allen – American filmmaker, actor, and comedian (born 1935)
Pedro Almodovar – Spanish filmmaker (born 1949)
Robert Altman – American filmmaker (1925–2006)
Theo Angelopoulos – Greek film director, screenwriter and film producer
Michelangelo Antonioni – Italian film director and screenwriter (1912–2007)
Ingmar Bergman – Swedish filmmaker (1918–2007)
Bernardo Bertolucci – Italian film director and screenwriter (1941–2018)
Kathryn Bigelow – American film director (born 1951)
Robert Bresson – French film director (1901–1999)
Tod Browning – American film director (1880–1962)
Luis Bunuel – Spanish-Mexican filmmaker (1900–1983)
James Cameron – Canadian filmmaker (born 1954)
Frank Capra – Italian-born American film director (1897–1991)
Marcel Carné – French film director (1906–1996)
John Carpenter – American filmmaker (born 1948)
John Cassavetes – Greek-American filmmaker and actor (1929–1989)
Claude Chabrol – French film director (1930–2010)
Charles Chaplin – English comic actor and filmmaker (1889–1977)
Yash Chopra – Indian film director and film producer (1932–2012)
René Clair – French filmmaker and writer (1898–1981)
Henri-Georges Clouzot – French film director, screenwriter and producer
Jean Cocteau – French writer and film director (1889–1963)
Joel and Ethan Coen – American filmmakers
Francis Ford Coppola – American filmmaker (born 1939)
George Cukor – American film director and producer
Michael Curtiz – Hungarian-American director (1886–1962)
Cecil B. DeMille – American film director, producer and actor (1881–1959)
Vittorio De Sica – Italian film director and actor (1901–1974)
Carl Dreyer – Danish film director (1889–1968)
Clint Eastwood – American actor and director (born 1930)
Sergei Einstein – Soviet filmmaker and theorist (1898–1948)
Rainer Werner Fassbinder – German filmmaker (1945–1982)
Federico Fellini – Italian filmmaker (1920–1993)
Robert J. Flaherty – American documentary filmmaker
David Fincher – American filmmaker (born 1962)
Victor Fleming – American film director, cinematographer, and producer
John Ford – American film director (1894–1973)
Milos Forman – Czech-American filmmaker (1932–2018)
Bob Fosse – American choreographer, dancer, and director (1927– 1987)
Abel Gance – French film director and producer
Jean-Luc Godard – French and Swiss film director (1930–2022)
D.W. Griffith – American filmmaker (1875–1948)
Howard Hawks – American film director (1896–1977)
Werner Herzog – German director, producer, screenwriter (born 1942)
Alfred Hitchcock – English film director (1899–1980)
John Huston – American filmmaker (1906–1987)
Peter Jackson – New Zealand filmmaker (born 1961)
Miklos Jancso – Hungarian film director and screenwriter (1921–2014)
Alejandro Jodorowsky – Chilean and French filmmaker
Elia Kazan – American film and theatre director (1909–2003)
Abbas Kiarostami – Iranian filmmaker (1940–2016)
Krzysztof Kieslowski – Polish film director and screenwriter (1941–1996)
Stanley Kubrick – American filmmaker (1928–1999)
Akira Kurosawa – Japanese filmmaker (1910–1998)
Fritz Lang – Austrian filmmaker (1890–1976)
David Lean – British film director (1908–1991)
Spike Lee – American filmmaker (born 1957)
Sergio Leone – Italian filmmaker (1929–1989)
Ernst Lubitsch – German-American film director (1892–1947)
Sidney Lumet – American filmmaker (1924–2011)
David Lynch – American filmmaker (born 1946)
Louis Malle – French film director, screenwriter, and producer
Joseph L. Mankiewicz – American film director, screenwriter, and producer (1909–1993)
Leo McCarey – American film director (1898–1969)
Jean-Pierre Melville – French filmmaker and actor (1917–1973)
Vincente Minnelli – American stage and film director (1903–1986)
Kenji Mizoguchi – Japanese filmmaker (1898–1956)
F. W. Murnau – German film director (1888–1931)
Christopher Nolan – British and American filmmaker (born 1970)
Manoel de Oliveira – Portuguese film director, screenwriter and racing driver (1908–2015)
Max Ophüls – German film director (1902–1957)
Nagisa Oshima – Japanese filmmaker (1932–2013)
Yasujiro Ozu – Japanese filmmaker (1903–1963)
Georg Wilhelm Pabst – Austrian film director (1885–1967)
Sergei Parajanov – Soviet filmmaker (1924–1990)
Pier Paolo Pasolini – Italian writer, filmmaker, poet, and intellectual (1922–1975)
Sam Peckinpah – American film director (1925–1984)
Roman Polanski – French and Polish filmmaker (born 1933)
Michael Powell/Emeric Pressburger – English film director
Otto Preminger – Austrian-American director, producer, and actor (1905–1986)
Vsevolod Pudovkin – Soviet film director, screenwriter and actor
Nicholas Ray – American film director (1911–1979)
Satyajit Ray – Indian filmmaker and writer (1921–1992)
Jean Renoir – French film director and screenwriter (1894–1979)
Alain Resnais – French film director
Jacques Rivette – French film director, screenwriter and film critic
Eric Rohmer – French film director (1920–2010)
Roberto Rossellini – Italian film director (1906–1977)
Ken Russell – British film director (1927–2011)
Martin Scorsese – American filmmaker (born 1942)
Ousmane Sembene – Senegalese film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and author (1923–2007)
Douglas Sirk – German film director (1897–1987)
Steven Spielberg – American filmmaker (born 1946)
Josef von Sternberg – Austrian-American film director (1894–1969)
Eric von Stroheim – Austrian-American actor and director (1885–1957)
Quentin Tarantino – American filmmaker (born 1963)
Andrei Tarkovsky – Soviet filmmaker (1932–1986)
Jacques Tati – French mime, filmmaker, actor, and screenwriter (1907–1982)
Lars von Trier – Danish filmmaker (born 1956)
François Truffaut – French film director (1932–1984)
Agnes Varda – French photographer, artist, film director and screenwriter (1928–2019)
King Vidor – American writer and director (1894–1982)
Jean Vigo – French film director
Luchino Visconti – Italian theatre, opera and cinema director
Andrzej Wajda – Polish film director (1926–2016)
Orson Welles – American filmmaker (1915–1985)
William Wellman – American director, actor (1896–1975)
Wim Wenders – German filmmaker (born 1945)
James Whale – English film director (1889-1957)
Billy Wilder – Austrian-American filmmaker (1906–2002)
Wong Kar-wai – Hong Kong film director (born 1958)
Sam Wood – Director, producer, and actor
William Wyler – German-born American filmmaker (1902–1981)

Famous actors

Notable actors

Woody Allen – American filmmaker, actor, and comedian (born 1935)
Fred Astaire – American dancer, actor, and singer (1899–1987)
Lauren Bacall – American actress (1924–2014)
Amitabh Bachchan – Indian actor (born 1942)
Ingrid Bergman – Swedish actress (1915–1982)
Humphrey Bogart – American actor (1899–1957)
Marlon Brando – American actor (1924–2004)
Richard Burton – Welsh actor (1925–1984)
James Cagney – American actor and dancer (1899–1986)
Lon Chaney, Sr. – American actor (1883–1930)
Charles Chaplin – English comic actor and filmmaker (1889–1977)
Gary Cooper – American actor (1901–1961)
Julie Christie – British actress (born 1940)
Joan Crawford – American actress (1900s-1977)
Russell Crowe – New Zealand-born actor (born 1964)
Tom Cruise – American actor (born 1962)
Bette Davis – American actress (1908–1989)
Daniel Day-Lewis – English actor (born 1957)
James Dean – American actor (1931–1955)
Olivia de Havilland – British and American actress (1916–2020)
Leonardo DiCaprio – American actor (born 1974)
Kirk Douglas – American actor (1916–2020)
Clint Eastwood – American actor and director (born 1930)
Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. – American actor and filmmaker (1883–1939)
W.C. Fields – American comedian, actor, juggler and writer (1880–1946)
Joan Fontaine – English-American actress (1917–2013)
Clark Gable – American actor (1901–1960)
Greta Garbo – Swedish-American actress (1905–1990)
Judy Garland – American actress, singer, and vaudevillian (1922–1969)
Dorothy Gish – American actress (1898–1968)
Lillian Gish – American actress (1893–1993)
Cary Grant – English and American actor (1904–1986)
Alec Guinness – English actor (1914–2000)
Gene Hackman – American actor (born 1930)
Tom Hanks – American actor and film producer (born 1956)
Audrey Hepburn – British actress (1929–1993)
Katharine Hepburn – American actress (1907–2003)
Charlton Heston – American actor (1923–2008)
William Holden – American actor (1918–1981)
Anthony Hopkins – Welsh actor (born 1937)
Boris Karloff – English actor (1887–1969)
Buster Keaton – American actor, comedian and filmmaker (1895–1966)
Angela Lansbury – British and American actress (1925–2022)
Laurel and Hardy – British-American comedy duo
Christopher Lee – English actor, singer and military officer (1922–2015)
Vivien Leigh – British actress (1913–1967)
Jack Lemmon – American actor (1925–2001)
Peter Lorre – Hungarian and American actor (1904–1964)
Myrna Loy – American actress (1905–1993)
Fredric March – American actor (1897–1975)
Walter Matthau – American actor (1920–2000)
Steve McQueen – American actor (1930–1980)
Marilyn Monroe – American actress and model (1926–1962)
Michael Murphy – American film and television actor
Paul Newman – American actor and film director (1925–2008)
Jack Nicholson – American actor and filmmaker (born 1937)
Laurence Olivier – English actor and director (1907–1989)
Peter O'Toole – British actor (1932–2013)
Al Pacino – American actor (born 1940)
Geraldine Page – American actress (1924–1987)
Anthony Perkins – American actor (1932–1992)
Sidney Poitier – Bahamian-American actor, filmmaker, diplomat (1927–2022)
Oliver Reed – British actor (1938–1999)
Burt Reynolds – American actor (1936–2018)
Edward G. Robinson – American actor (1893–1973)
Ginger Rogers – American actress, dancer and singer (1911–1995)
James Stewart – American actor (1908–1997)
Meryl Streep – American actress (born 1949)
Elizabeth Taylor – British and American actress (1932–2011)
The Three Stooges – American slapstick comedy trio
Spencer Tracy – American actor (1900–1967)
Denzel Washington – American actor (born 1954)
John Wayne – American actor (1907–1979)
Orson Welles – American filmmaker (1915–1985)
Shelley Winters – American actress (1920–2006)
Joanne Woodward – American actress (born 1930)

References

^ Accomando, Beth. "What's The Issue With Nitrate Film Stock? It's Combustible". NPR. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

External links

Template:Curlie
Allmovie - information on films: actors, directors, biographies, reviews, cast and production credits, box office sales, and other movie data
Film Site - reviews of classic films
Rottentomatoes.com - movie reviews, previews, forums, photos, cast info
The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) - information on current and historical films and cast listings

[1] Accomando, Beth. "What's The Issue With Nitrate Film Stock? It's Combustible". NPR. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

[1]

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 *[[Teen film]] - intended for and aimed towards teens although some teen films, such as the ''[[High School Musical]]'' series; may also be a family film; not all of these films are suitable for all teens, as some are rated R
 *[[Adult film]] - intended to be viewed only by an adult audience, content may include violence, disturbing themes, obscene language, or explicit sexual behaviour. This includes various forms of [[exploitation films]]. ''Adult film'' may also be used as a synonym for [[pornographic film]].
+==By audience reception==
+* {{Annotated link|Cult film}}
+* {{Annotated link|Midnight movie}}
+* {{Annotated link|Sleeper hit}}
+* {{Annotated link|Underground film}}
 ==Cinema by region==

v t e Cinema of Africa
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

v t e Cinema of North America
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States
Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

v t e Cinema of South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

v t e Cinema of Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal