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'''Marvel Publishing, Inc.''', a company doing business as '''Marvel Comics''', produces [[American comic book]]s and related media. It forms a subsidiary of [[Marvel Entertainment]], Inc.<ref>[http://www.secinfo.com/d122g8.ted.c.htm SECInfo.com: "Marvel Entertainment/Inc. 10-K for 12/31/07"], filed February 28, 2008</ref>

Marvel counts among [[List of Marvel Comics characters|its characters]] such well-known properties as [[Spider-Man]], [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]], [[Iron Man]], [[The X-Men]], [[Captain America]], [[The Fantastic Four]], [[The Hulk (comics)|The Hulk]], [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]], [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]], [[The Punisher]], [[Ghost Rider]], [[Deadpool]], [[Blade (comics)|Blade]], [[The Silver Surfer]], [[Nick Fury]], [[Moon Knight]], and others. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the [[Marvel Universe]], with locales set in real-life cities such as New York.<ref name=ultimatemarveluni>[http://www.ultimatemarveluniverse.com/ Ultimate Marvel Universe] Retrieved October 18, 2008
</ref>

The comic-book arm of the company started in 1939 as [[Timely Comics|Timely Publications]], and by the 1950s had generally become known as [[Atlas Comics (1950s)|Atlas Comics]]. Marvel's modern incarnation dates from 1961, with the launching of ''[[Fantastic Four]]'' and other superhero titles created by [[Stan Lee]], [[Jack Kirby]], [[Steve Ditko]], and others. Marvel has since become the largest American comic book publisher over longtime competitor [[DC Comics]].<ref name=officialsite>[http://www.marvel.com/ Marvel Comics] official site Retrieved October 18, 2008</ref></s>

On August 31, 2009, [[The Walt Disney Company]] announced a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion in cash and stock.<ref name="Disney">{{cite web|title=Disney to Acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4B|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/disney-to-acquire-marvel-entertainment-for-4b-2009-08-31|publisher=[[Marketwatch]]|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref> The voting for the deal is scheduled to occur on December 31, 2009.<ref>[http://www.labusinessjournal.com/article.asp?aID=142942 Marvel Sets Date for Disney Vote], ''Los Angeles Business Journal'', December 3, 2009</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Timely Publications===
===Timely Publications===
: {{Main|Timely Comics}}
: {{Main|Timely Comics}}
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[[Image:MarvelComics1.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Marvel Mystery Comics|Marvel Comics]]'' #1 (October 1939), the first comic from Marvel precursor [[Timely Comics]]. Cover art by [[Frank R. Paul]].]]


[[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]] founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939.<ref name="MMC4">Per statement of ownership, dated October 2, 1939, published in ''[[Marvel Mystery Comics]]'' #4 (February 1940), p. 40; reprinted in ''Marvel Masterworks: Golden Age Marvel Comics'' Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1609-5), p. 239</ref> Goodman, a [[pulp-magazine]] [[publisher]] who started by selling a [[Western fiction|Western]] pulp in 1933, expanded into the emerging — and by then already highly popular — new medium of comic books. Goodman began his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, New York. He officially held the titles of [[editing|editor]], managing editor, and [[business manager]], with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.<ref name="MMC4" />

Timely's first publication, ''[[Marvel Mystery Comics|Marvel Comics]]'' #1 (October 1939), included the first appearance of [[Carl Burgos|Carl Burgos']] [[android]] [[superhero]] the [[Human Torch (android)|Human Torch]], and the first generally available appearance of [[Bill Everett|Bill Everett's]] [[anti-hero]] [[Namor|Namor the Sub-Mariner]], among other features. <!--Namor had debuted in Motion Picture Funnies #1; see Wikipedia Sub-Mariner article--> The contents of that sales blockbuster<ref name="fromm">Per researcher Keif Fromm, ''Alter Ego'' #49, p. 4 (caption), ''Marvel Comics'' #1, cover-dated October 1939, quickly sold out 80,000 copies, prompting Goodman to produce a second printing, cover-dated November 1939. The latter appears identical except for a black bar over the October date in the inside front-cover [[indicia]], and the November date added at the end. That sold approximately 800,000 copies. Also per Fromm, the first issue of ''Captain America Comics'' sold nearly one million copies.</ref> came from an outside packager, [[Funnies, Inc.]], but by the following year Timely had its own staff in place. With the second issue the series title changed to ''[[Marvel Mystery Comics]].''<!--per hundreds of references and reprints, some cited under References below-->

The company's first true editor, writer-[[artist]] [[Joe Simon]], teamed up with soon-to-become industry-legend [[Jack Kirby]] to create one of the first patriotically themed [[superheroes]], [[Captain America]], in ''Captain America Comics #1.'' (March 1941) It, too, proved a major sales hit, with a circulation of nearly one million.<ref name="fromm" />

While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these "big three", some notable heroes — many of which continue to appear in modern-day [[retcon]] appearances and flashbacks — include the [[Whizzer (Robert Frank)|Whizzer]], [[Miss America (Marvel Comics)|Miss America]], the [[Destroyer (Timely Comics)|Destroyer]], the original [[Vision (Timely Comics)|Vision]], and the [[Angel (Timely Comics)|Angel]]. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist [[Basil Wolverton|Basil Wolverton's]] best-known features, "[[Powerhouse Pepper]],"<ref>[http://www.comics.org/search.lasso?type=character&query=powerhouse+pepper&sort=chrono&Submit=Search Grand Comics Database: "Powerhouse Pepper"]
</ref><ref>
''A Smithsonian Book of Comic-Book Comics'' (Smithsonian Institution / Harry N. Abrams, 1981)</ref>
as well as a line of children's [[funny animal|funny-animal]] comics featuring popular characters like [[Super Rabbit]] and the duo [[Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal]].

[[Image:300pxAllSurprise12 detail.png|thumb|280px|The [[funny animal|funny-animal]] title ''All Surprise Comics'' #12 (Winter 1946-47) was labeled "A Marvel Magazine" 14 years before the publisher formally adopted the name.]]

Goodman hired a teen-aged relative, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant<!--note: not his personal assistant--> in 1939.<ref>Simon, Joe, with Jim Simon. ''The Comic Book Makers'' (Crestwood/II Publications, 1990), p. 208. ISBN 1-887591-35-4</ref> When editor Simon left the company in late 1941, Goodman made Lieber — by then writing [[pseudonym]]ously as "Stan Lee" — interim editor of the comics line, a position Lee kept for decades except for three years during his military service in [[World War II]]. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles.


===Atlas Comics===
===Atlas Comics===
{{Main|Atlas Comics (1950s)}}
{{Main|Atlas Comics (1950s)}}


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The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion. Goodman's comic-book line dropped them for the most part and expanded into a wider variety of genres than even Timely had published, emphasizing [[horror fiction|horror]], [[Westerns]], [[humor]], [[funny-animal]], [[men's adventure]]-[[drama]], [[crime fiction|crime]], and [[war comics]], and later adding a helping of [[jungle]] books, [[Romance comics in the United States (1946–1975)|romance]] titles, and even [[spy fiction|espionage]], [[medieval]] adventure, [[Bible stories]] and [[sports]]. Like other publishers, Goodman also courted female readers with mostly humorous comics about [[Model (person)|models]] and career women.

Goodman began using the globe logo of Atlas, the newsstand-distribution company he owned, on comics cover-dated November 1951. This united a line put out by the same publisher, staff, and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications, under the umbrella name Atlas Comics.

Atlas, rather than innovate, took what it saw as the proven route of following [[fashion|popular trends]] in television and [[movies]] — [[Western fiction|Westerns]] and war dramas prevailing for a time, [[drive-in theatre|drive-in movie]] monsters another time — and even other comic books, particularly the [[Entertaining Comics|EC]] [[horror (genre)|horror]] line.<ref>
Per [[Les Daniels]] in ''Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics'' (Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1991) ISBN 0-8109-3821-9, pp. 67-68: "The success of EC had a definite influence on Marvel. As Stan Lee recalls, 'Martin Goodman would say, "Stan, let's do a different kind of book," and it was usually based on how the competition was doing. When we found that EC's horror books were doing well, for instance, we published a lot of horror books'".</ref> Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including [[Dan DeCarlo]]'s ''[[Homer the Happy Ghost]]'' (à la ''[[Casper the Friendly Ghost]]'') and ''Homer Hooper'' (à la [[Archie Andrews]]). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes in ''Young Men'' #24-28 (December 1953 - June 1954), with the Human Torch (art by [[Syd Shores]] and [[Dick Ayers]], variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by [[Bill Everett]]), and [[Captain America]] (writer [[Stan Lee]], artist [[John Romita Sr.]]).


[[Image:ff1kirby.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Fantastic Four]]'' #1 (November 1961). Cover art by [[Jack Kirby]] (penciler) and unconfirmed inker.]]
[[Image:ff1kirby.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Fantastic Four]]'' #1 (November 1961). Cover art by [[Jack Kirby]] (penciler) and unconfirmed inker.]]


===1960s===
===1960s===
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The first comic book under the Marvel Comics brand, the [[science-fiction]] anthology ''[[Amazing Adventures]]'' #3, cover-dated August 1961, appeared May 9, 1961 displaying a box labeled "MC" on its cover.<ref>[[Library of Congress]] copyright information at [http://www.comics.org/details.lasso?id=16392 Grand Comics Database: ''Amazing Adventures'' #3]</ref> Then, in the wake of [[DC Comics]]' success in reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly with the [[Barry Allen|Flash]], [[Hal Jordan|Green Lantern]], and other members of the team the [[Justice League of America]], Marvel followed suit.<ref>Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, during a game of golf, either [[Jack Liebowitz]] or [[Irwin Donenfeld]] of rival [[DC Comics]] (then known as National Periodical Publications)<!--also known as name is mentioned here because Stan Lee says "National Comics" in quote directly below this paragraph--> bragged about DC's success with the Justice League (which had debuted in ''The Brave and the Bold'' #28 [February 1960] before going on to its own title) to Timely and Atlas [[publisher]] [[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]].

However, film producer and comics historian [[Michael Uslan]] partly debunked the story in a letter published in ''Alter Ego'' #43 (December 2004), pp. 43-44:


{{cquote|Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as [[Sol Harrison]] and [production chief] [[Jack Adler]] were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers. ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC ''owned'' Independent News). ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces. ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth.
{{cquote|Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as [[Sol Harrison]] and [production chief] [[Jack Adler]] were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers. ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC ''owned'' Independent News). ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces. ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth.
}}
}}


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Goodman, a publishing trend-follower aware of the JLA's strong sales, did direct his comics editor, [[Stan Lee]], to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee in ''Origins of Marvel Comics'' ([[Marvel Fireside Books|Simon and Schuster/Fireside Books]], 1974), p. 16:


{{cquote|Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called ''The'' [sic] ''Justice League of America'' and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, ' why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes?'
{{cquote|Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called ''The'' [sic] ''Justice League of America'' and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, ' why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes?'
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
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The introduction of modern Marvel's first [[superhero]] team, in ''The [[Fantastic Four]]'' #1,<!--first 14 issues had "The" in its title--> cover-dated November 1961, began establishing the company's reputation. From then until the end of 1969, Marvel published a total of 831 comic books with at least one new superhero story,<ref>Marvel Original Superhero Comics of the 1960s, http://www.storypilot.com/sf/marvels-of-the-60s.html</ref> the majority of them written by editor-in-chief [[Stan Lee]].

Editor-writer Lee and freelance artist [[Jack Kirby]]'s Fantastic Four, reminiscent of the non-superpowered adventuring quartet the [[Challengers of the Unknown]] that Kirby had created for DC in 1957, originated in a [[Cold War]] culture that led their creators to deconstruct the superhero conventions of previous eras and better reflect the psychological spirit of their age.<ref>
Genter, Robert. "'With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility': Cold War Culture and the Birth of Marvel Comics", ''The Journal of Popular Culture'' 40:6, 2007</ref> Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.<ref>
Commentators such as comics historian Greg Theakston have suggested that the decision to include monsters and initially to distance the new breed of superheroes from costumes was a conscious one{{By whom|date=June 2009}}, and born of necessity. Since DC distributed Marvel's output at the time, Theakston theorizes that "Goodman and Lee decided to keep their superhero line looking as much like their horror line as they possibly could," downplaying "the fact that [Marvel] was now creating heroes" with the knock-on effect that they ventured "into deeper waters, where DC had never considered going". See: Ro, Ronin. ''Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee and the American Comic Book Revolution'', pp. 86-88 (Bloomsbury, 2004)</ref>
Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the [[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]], [[Spider-Man]], [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]], [[Henry Pym|Ant-Man]], [[Iron Man]], the [[X-Men]] (the original team consisting of [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]], [[Jean Grey]], [[Beast (comics)|Beast]], [[Angel (comics)|Angel]] and [[Iceman (comics)|Iceman]]) and [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]], and such memorable antagonists as [[Doctor Doom]], [[Magneto (comics)|Magneto]], [[Galactus]], the [[Green Goblin]], and [[Doctor Octopus]]. Lee and Steve Ditko generated the most successful new series in ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]''. Marvel even lampooned itself and other comics companies in a [[parody]] comic, ''[[Not Brand Echh]]'' (a play on Marvel's dubbing of other companies as "Brand Echh", à la the then-common phrase "Brand X").<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938716,00.html ''Time'' (October 31, 1960): "The Real Brand X"]</ref>

Marvel's comics had a reputation for focusing on characterization to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} This applied to ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' in particular. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager. Marvel often presents flawed superheroes, freaks, and misfits — unlike the perfect, handsome, athletic heroes found in previous traditional comic books. Some Marvel heroes looked like villains and monsters. In time, this non-traditional approach would revolutionize comic books. Writer Geoff Boucher in 2009 reflected that, "[[Superman]] and [[DC Comics]] instantly seemed like boring old [[Pat Boone]]; Marvel felt like [[The Beatles]] and the [[British Invasion]]. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and [[psychedelia]] that made it perfect for the times — or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?"<ref name=laxgb>Boucher, Geoff, [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2009/09/jack-kirby-the-forgotten-hero-in-marvels-grand-hollywood-adventure.html "Hero Complex" (column): "Jack Kirby, the abandoned hero of Marvel's grand Hollywood adventure, and his family's quest"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', September 25, 2009 (online; scheduled for print edition September 27, 2009)</ref>


Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s,
Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s,


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{{cquote|DC was the equivalent of the big [[Hollywood]] studios: After the brilliance of DC's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it had run into a creative drought by the decade's end. There was a new audience for comics now, and it wasn't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books. The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the [[French New Wave]].... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization, addressing more serious themes, and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond. Moreover, among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves, within the new style that Marvel had pioneered, and push the creative envelope still further.<ref>Sanderson, Peter. IGN.com (October 10, 2003): [http://comics.ign.com/articles/595/595576p1.html Comics in Context #14: "Continuity/Discontinuity"]
</ref>
}}

[[Image:Avengers4.jpg|thumb|''[[Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]]'' #4 (March 1964), with (from left to right), the [[Wasp (comics)|Wasp]], [[Henry Pym|Giant-Man]], [[Captain America]], [[Iron Man]], [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]] and (inset) the [[Sub-Mariner]]. Cover art by [[Jack Kirby]] and [[George Roussos]].]]

Lee, with his charming personality and relentless salesmanship of the company, became one of the best-known names in comics.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} His sense of humor and generally lighthearted manner became the "voice" that permeated the stories, the letters and news-pages, and the hyperbolic house ads of that era's Marvel Comics. He fostered a clubby fan-following with Lee's exaggerated depiction of the Bullpen (Lee's name for the staff) as one big, happy family. This included printed kudos to the artists, who eventually co-plotted the stories based on the busy Lee's rough synopses or even simple spoken concepts, in what became known as the [[Marvel Method]], and contributed greatly to Marvel's product and success. Kirby in particular is generally credited for many of the cosmic ideas and characters of ''Fantastic Four'' and ''The Mighty Thor,'' such as the [[Watcher (comics)|Watcher]], the [[Silver Surfer]] and [[Ego the Living Planet]], while Steve Ditko is recognized as the driving artistic force behind the moody atmosphere and street-level [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalism]] of ''Spider-Man'' and the surreal atmosphere of ''[[Doctor Strange|Dr. Strange]].'' Lee, however, continues to receive credit for his well-honed skills at dialogue and sense of storytelling, for his keen hand at choosing and motivating artists and assembling creative teams, and for his uncanny ability to connect with the readers — not least through the nickname endearments he bestowed in the credits and the monthly "Bullpen Bulletins" and letters pages, giving readers humanizing hype about the likes of "Jolly Jack Kirby," "[[Jim Steranko|Jaunty Jim Steranko]]," "[[Roy Thomas|Rascally Roy Thomas]]," "[[John Romita Sr.|Jazzy Johnny Romita]]," and others, right down to letterers "[[Sam Rosen (comics)|Swingin' Sammy Rosen]]" and "[[Artie Simek|Adorable Artie Simek]]."<!--re citation request: These appear publicly in the 1960s comics themselves-->

Lesser-known staffers during the company's growth{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} in the 1960s (some of whom worked primarily for Marvel publisher [[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]]'s umbrella magazine corporation) included circulation-manager Johnny Hayes, subscriptions-person Nancy Murphy, bookkeeper Doris Siegler, merchandising-person Charles "Chip" Goodman (son of publisher Martin), and Arthur Jeffrey, described in the December 1966 "Bullpen Bulletin" as "keeper of our MMMS <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Merry Marvel Marching Society]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> files, guardian of our club coupons and defender of the faith".

In the fall of 1968, company founder Goodman sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing [[business]]es to the '''Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation'''. It grouped these businesses in a subsidiary called '''Magazine Management Co.''' Goodman remained as publisher.<ref>Daniels, ''Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics'', p. 139.
</ref>

In his investigative memoir ''[[Beaver Street: A History of Modern Pornography]]'', which will be published in the United Kingdom by [[Headpress]] in 2010, New York journalist [[Robert Rosen (writer)|Robert Rosen]] details how, under Martin Goodman’s son Charles “Chip” Goodman, Magazine Management mutated into [[Swank]], a publisher of pornographic magazines.


===1970s===
===1970s===
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Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess.
In 1971 the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief [[Stan Lee]] to do a comic-book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part [[Spider-Man]] story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industry's self-censorship board, the [[Comics Code Authority]], refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodman's approval, published the story regardless in ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' #96-98 (May-July 1971), without the Comics Code seal. The market reacted well to the storyline, and the CCA subsequently revised the Code the same year.<ref>Nyberg, Amy Kiste. ''Seal of Approval: History of the Comics Code''. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, Miss., 1998
</ref>


[[Image:Howard The Duck -8.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Howard the Duck]]'' #8 (January 1977). Cover art by [[Gene Colan]] and [[Steve Leialoha]] ]]
[[Image:Howard The Duck -8.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Howard the Duck]]'' #8 (January 1977). Cover art by [[Gene Colan]] and [[Steve Leialoha]] ]]


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Goodman retired as publisher in 1972 and Lee succeeded him, stepping aside from running day-to-day operations at Marvel. A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to [[horror (genre)|horror]] (''[[The Tomb of Dracula]]''), [[martial arts]], ''([[Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu]]''), [[sword-and-sorcery]] (''[[Conan (Marvel Comics)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[Red Sonja]]''), [[satire]] (''[[Howard the Duck]]'') and [[science fiction]] (''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (comics)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', "[[Killraven]]" in ''[[Amazing Adventures]]'' and -late in the decade - the long-running ''[[Star Wars]]'' series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, that targeted mature readers, under its [[Curtis Magazines]] imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival [[DC Comics]] in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 39 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.<ref>Daniels, ''Marvel'', pp.154-155</ref>

In 1973, Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation changed its name to "Cadence Industries", which in turn renamed Magazine Management Co. as "Marvel Comics Group". Goodman, now completely disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called [[Atlas/Seaboard Comics]] in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name, but this lasted only a year-and-a-half.<ref>[http://www.atlasarchives.com/index.html Atlas Archives]</ref>

In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as ''Howard the Duck'' fell victim to the distribution problems, with some titles reporting low sales when in fact the first specialty comic-book stores resold them at a later date.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} But by the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of [[direct market]] distribution — selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands.

In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. [[Captain Britain]] debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics.<ref>Specific series- and issue-dates in article are collectively per GCD and other databases given under References</ref>


===1980s===
===1980s===
[[Image:Secretwars1.png|thumb|''[[Secret Wars|Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars]]'' #1 (May 1984). Cover art by [[Mike Zeck]].<ref>Both pencils and inks per UHBMCC; GCD remains uncertain on inker.</ref>]]
[[Image:Secretwars1.png|thumb|''[[Secret Wars|Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars]]'' #1 (May 1984). Cover art by [[Mike Zeck]].<ref>Both pencils and inks per UHBMCC; GCD remains uncertain on inker.</ref>]]


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In 1978 [[Jim Shooter]] became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. The company enjoyed some of its best successes during Shooter's nine-year tenure as Editor-in-Chief, most notably [[Chris Claremont]] and [[John Byrne]]'s run on the ''[[Uncanny X-Men]]'' and Frank Miller's run on ''[[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]]''. Also under Shooter's editorial reign, [[Walt Simonson]] revamped ''[[The Mighty Thor]]'' and made it again a bestseller. Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving [[direct market]],<ref>"Marvel Focuses On Direct Sales," ''The Comics Journal'' #59 (October 1980), pp. 11-12.</ref> institutionalized creator royalties, starting the [[Epic Comics|Epic]] imprint for [[creator ownership|creator-owned]] material in 1982; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with ''[[Contest of Champions]]'' and ''[[Secret Wars]]''; and launched a new, albeit ultimately unsuccessful, line named [[New Universe]], to commemorate Marvel's 25th anniversary in 1986.

Despite Marvel's successes in the early 1980s, however, it lost ground to rival DC in the latter half of the decade, as many former Marvel stars defected to their competitor. DC scored critical and sales victories<ref>"DC Overcomes Marvel In Sales," ''The Comics Journal'' #118 (December 1987), p. 24.</ref> with titles and [[limited series]] like ''[[Watchmen]]'', ''[[Batman: The Dark Knight Returns]]'', ''[[Crisis on Infinite Earths]]'', John Byrne's revamp of [[Superman]], and Alan Moore's ''[[Swamp Thing]]''.

In 1981 Marvel purchased the [[DePatie-Freleng Enterprises]] animation studio from Looney Tunes director [[Friz Freleng]] and his business-partner [[David H. DePatie]]. The company was renamed [[Marvel Productions]] and produced animated TV series and movies featuring such characters and properties as [[G.I. Joe (comics)|G.I. Joe]], [[Transformers]], [[Muppet Babies|Jim Henson's Muppet Babies]], and [[Dungeons & Dragons]], as well as cartoons based on Marvel characters, including ''[[Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends]]''.

In 1986, Marvel was sold to [[New World Communications|New World Entertainment]], which within three years sold it to [[MacAndrews and Forbes]], owned by [[Revlon]] executive [[Ronald Perelman]].

===1990s===
[[Image:Spiderman1cover.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Spider-Man]]'' #1, later renamed "Peter Parker: Spider-Man" (August 1990; second printing). Cover art by [[Todd McFarlane]].]]

Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic-book boom of the early 1990s, launching the highly successful [[Marvel 2099|2099]] line of comics set in the future (''[[Spider-Man 2099]]'', etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful [[Razorline]] imprint of [[superhero]] comics created by novelist and filmmaker [[Clive Barker]]. Yet by the middle of the decade, the industry had slumped, and in December 1996 Marvel filed for [[Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection.<ref name="NYT">"Marvel Reaches Agreement to Emerge from Bankruptcy," ''New York Times'' (July 11, 1997), p. D3.</ref>

In 1991, [[Ronald Perelman]], whose company [[MacAndrews and Forbes]] had purchased Marvel in 1986, took the company public in a [[New York Stock Exchange]] [[stock market|stock-offering]] underwritten by [[Merrill Lynch]] and [[First Boston Corporation]]. As part of the process, Marvel Productions sold its back catalog to [[Saban Entertainment]] (which was acquired in 2001 by [[The Walt Disney Company]]).{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Following the rapid rise of this popular stock, Perleman issued a series of [[junk bond]]s that he used to acquire other children's entertainment companies. Many of these [[Bond (finance)|bond]] offerings were purchased by [[Carl Icahn]] Partners, which later wielded much control during Marvel's court-ordered reorganization after Marvel went [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]] in 1996. In 1997, after protracted legal battles, control landed in the hands of [[Isaac Perlmutter]], owner of the Marvel subsidiary [[Toy Biz]].<ref name="NYT" /> With his business partner [[Avi Arad]], publisher [[Bill Jemas]], and editor-in-chief [[Bob Harras]], Perlmutter helped revitalize the comics line.<ref>[[Dan Raviv|Raviv, Dan]]. ''Comic Wars''. New York: Random House, 2002. '''page number?'''</ref>
[[Image:Marvlogo.jpeg|thumb|right|Marvel's logo, circa 1990s]]

Also in the early 1990s, Marvel created [[Marvel Studios]], devoted to film and TV projects. Arad became director of that division in 1993, with production accelerating in 1998 following the success of the film ''[[Blade (film)|Blade]]'' (loosely based on the [[Blade (comics)|Marvel character]]). {{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}

Marvel suffered a major blow in early [[1992 in comics|1992]], when seven of its most highly-prized artists — [[Todd McFarlane]] (known for his work on ''[[Peter Parker: Spider-Man| Spider-Man]]''), [[Jim Lee]] (''[[X-Men]]''), [[Rob Liefeld]] (''[[X-Force]]''), [[Marc Silvestri]] (''[[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]]''), [[Erik Larsen]] (''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]''), [[Jim Valentino]] (''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (Original)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]''), and [[Whilce Portacio]] — left to form [[Image Comics]].<ref name="TCJ">"Bye Bye Marvel; Here Comes Image: Portacio, Claremont, Liefeld, Jim Lee Join McFarlane's New Imprint at Malibu," ''The Comics Journal'' #148 (February 1992), pp. 11-12.</ref> This development is sometimes called the "X-odus", because four of these creators (as well as long-time ''X-Men'' writer [[Chris Claremont]]) — Liefeld, Lee, Silvestri, and Portacio — were famous for their work on the X-Men franchise. Propelled by the artists' star power and the eagerness of comic book collectors to get in early on the "next big thing", many Image titles sold in numbers that no publisher other than Marvel, [[DC Comics|DC]], or [[Valiant Comics]] had achieved since the market's drastic decline in the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

In late 1994 Marvel acquired the comic-book distributor [[Heroes World Distribution]] to use as its own exclusive distributor.<ref name="DuinCC">Duin, Steve and [[Mike Richardson (publisher)|Richardson, Mike]] (ed.s) "Capital City" in ''Comics Between the Panels'' ([[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse Publishing]], 1998) ISBN 1-56971-344-8, p. 69</ref> As the industry's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies, the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America, [[Diamond Comic Distributors Inc.]]<ref>[http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg131.html Rozanski, Chuck, "Diamond Ended Up With 50% of the Comics Market". MileHighComics.com (n.d.)]</ref><ref name="bNet">[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_July_26/ai_18526328 "Diamond Comic Distributors acquires Capital City Distribution; Comic distribution industry stabilized by purchase," bNet: Business Wire (July 26, 1996).]</ref> In early 1997, when Marvel's Heroes World endeavor failed, Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with the "House of Ideas"<ref>"Hello Again: Marvel Goes with Diamond," ''The Comics Journal'' #193 (February 1997), pp. 9-10.</ref> — giving the company its own section of its comics catalog ''Previews''.<ref name="DuinDiamond">Duin, Steve and [[Mike Richardson (publisher)|Richardson, Mike]] (ed.s) "Diamond Comic Distributors" in ''Comics Between the Panels'' ([[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse Publishing]], 1998) ISBN 1-56971-344-8, p. 125-126</ref>

Creatively and commercially, the '90s were dominated by the use of gimmickry to boost sales, such as [[variant cover]]s, cover enhancements, [[Marvel Illustrated Swimsuit|special swimsuit issues]], and [[trading card]]s. In 1991 Marvel began selling [[Marvel Universe Cards]] with trading card maker [[SkyBox International]]. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe. The following year, Marvel acquired the [[Fleer|Fleer Corporation]], also known primarily for its trading cards.

Another common Marvel practice of this period was regular company-wide crossovers that threw the universe's continuity into disarray. In 1996, Marvel had almost all its titles participate in the "[[Onslaught Saga]]," a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters, such as the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] and the [[Fantastic Four]], in the [[Heroes Reborn]] universe, in which Marvel defectors (and now Image Comics stars) [[Jim Lee]] and [[Rob Liefeld]] were given permission to revamp the properties from scratch. After an initial sales bump, sales quickly declined below expected levels, and Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run; the characters soon returned to the [[Marvel Universe]] proper. In 1998, the company launched the imprint [[Marvel Knights]], taking place within Marvel continuity; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief [[Joe Quesada]], it featured tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the [[Inhumans]], [[Black Panther (comics)|Black Panther]] and [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]].


===2000s===
===2000s===
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With the new millennium, Marvel Comics escaped from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the [[Comics Code Authority]] and established its own [[Marvel Rating System]] for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was ''[[X-Force]]'' #119 (October 2001).

Marvel also created new [[imprint]]s, such as [[MAX (comics)|MAX]] (a line intended for mature readers) and [[Marvel Age]] (developed for younger audiences). In addition to this, the company created an [[alternate universe]] imprint, [[Ultimate Marvel]], that allowed the company to [[Reboot (continuity)|reboot]] their major titles by deconstructing and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation. The company has also revamped its [[graphic novel]] division, establishing a bigger presence in the bookstore market.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} As of 2009, Marvel remains a key comics publisher, even as the industry has dwindled to a fraction of its peak size decades earlier.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}

{{As of | 2009}}, Stan Lee, though no longer officially connected to the company save for the title of "Chairman [[Emeritus]]", remains a visible face in the industry. In 2002, he sued successfully for a share of income related to movies and merchandising of Marvel characters, based on a contract between Lee and Marvel from the late 1990s; according to court documents, Marvel had used "[[Hollywood accounting]]" to claim that those projects' "earnings" were not profits. As of 2009. Marvel Comics' parent company, Marvel Entertainment, continues to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange as MVL. Some of its characters have been turned into successful film franchises, the highest-grossing being the ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'' film series, starting in 2000, and the ''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]'' series, beginning in 2002<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=marvelcomics.htm Box Office Mojo: "Franchises: Marvel Comics"]</ref>

In a cross-promotion, the November 1, 2006, episode of the [[CBS]] [[soap opera]] ''[[The Guiding Light]]'', titled "She's a Marvel", featured the character Harley Davidson Cooper (played by [[Beth Ehlers]]) as a superheroine named the Guiding Light. The character's story continued in an eight-page backup feature, "A New Light", that appeared in several Marvel titles published November 1 and 8.<ref>Gustines, George. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/arts/television/31guid.html?_r=1&ref=arts "Pulpy TV and Soapy Comics Find a Lot to Agree On"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 31, 2006</ref> Also that year, Marvel created a [[wiki]] on its Web site.<ref>[http://www.marvel.com/universe/Main_Page Marvel Universe wiki]
</ref>

In late 2007 the company launched an online initiative, announcing [[Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited]], a digital archive of over 2,500 back issues available for viewing, for a monthly or annual subscription fee.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2007-11-12-comics-online-main_N.htm Colton, David. "Marvel Comics Shows Its Marvelous Colors in Online Archive"], ''[[USA Today]]'', November 12, 2007</ref>

In 2009 Marvel Comics closed its Open Submissions Policy, in which the company had accepted unsolicited samples from aspiring comic-book artists, saying the time-consuming review process had produced no suitably professional work.<ref name="closedpolicy">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090403-cebeulski-marvel-submissions.html|title=C.B. Cebulski on Marvel's Closed Open Submissions Policy|last=Doran|first=Michael|date=2009-04-03|publisher=Newsarama|accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref>

On August 31, 2009, [[The Walt Disney Company]] announced that it had agreed to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion in cash and stock.<ref name="Disney"/> Disney had already owned a backlog of Marvel-related TV series since 2001, when it bought [[Saban Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.saban.com/html/press/010723.html|title=News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion|date=July 23, 2001|publisher=Saban.com press release|accessdate=2009-02-19}}
</ref>


==Editors-in-chief==
==Editors-in-chief==

Revision as of 19:00, 6 December 2009

This article is about the comic book company. For the comic-book series originally titled "Marvel Comics", see Marvel Mystery Comics.
Marvel Comics
Company typeSubsidiary of Marvel Entertainment
IndustryPublishing
GenreCrime, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction, war, Western
Founded1939 (as "Timely Comics")
FounderMartin Goodman
Headquarters417 5th Avenue, New York, NY, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Joe Quesada, Editor-in-chief
Dan Buckley, Publisher, C.O.O.
ProductsComics/See list of Marvel Comics publications
RevenueUS$125,700,000 (2007) Increase
US$53,500,000 (2007) Increase [1]
ParentMarvel Entertainment (to be acquired by Disney)
DivisionsMarvel UK
Epic Comics
Star Comics
Websitehttp://www.marvel.com

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History

Timely Publications

Main article: Timely Comics

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Atlas Comics

Main article: Atlas Comics (1950s)

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The Fantastic Four #1 (November 1961). Cover art by Jack Kirby (penciler) and unconfirmed inker.

1960s

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Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers. ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News). ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces. ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth.

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Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [sic] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, ' why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes?'

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Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s,

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Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. *Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. *Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess.

1970s

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Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. *Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. *Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. 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Howard the Duck #8 (January 1977). Cover art by Gene Colan and Steve Leialoha

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Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. *Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. 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Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess.

1980s

Marvel Super Heroes Secret Wars #1 (May 1984). Cover art by Mike Zeck.[2]

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Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. 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2000s

With the new millennium, Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. *Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. Watchers. Goddess. 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Editors-in-chief

The Marvel editor-in-chief oversees the largest-scale creative decisions taken within the company. The position evolved sporadically. In the earliest years, the company had a single editor overseeing the entire line. As the company grew, it became increasingly common for individual titles to be overseen separately. The concept of the "writer-editor" evolved, stemming from when Lee wrote and managed most of the line's output. Overseeing the line in the 1970s was a series of chief editors, though the titles were used intermittently. By the time Jim Shooter took the post in 1978, the position of editor-in-chief was clearly defined.

In 1994, Marvel briefly abolished the position, replacing Tom DeFalco with five "group editors", though each held the title "editor-in-chief" and had some editors underneath them. It reinstated the overall editor-in-chief position in 1995, installing Bob Harras. Joe Quesada became editor-in-chief in 2000.

Offices

Located in New York City, Marvel has been successively headquartered in the McGraw-Hill Building,[3][4] where it originated as Timely Comics in 1939; in suite 1401 of the Empire State Building;[4] at 635 Madison Avenue (the actual location, though the comic books' indicia listed the parent publishing-company's address of 625 Madison Ave.);[4] 575 Madison Avenue;[4] 387 Park Avenue South;[4] 10 East 40th Street;[4] and 417 Fifth Avenue.[4]

Marvel characters in other media

Marvel characters and stories have been adapted to many other media. Some of these adaptations were produced by Marvel Comics and its sister company, Marvel Studios, while others were produced by companies licensing Marvel material.

Television programs

Main article: List of television series based on Marvel Comics

Many television series, both live-action and animated, have based their productions on Marvel Comics characters. These include multiple series for popular characters such as Spider-Man and the X-Men. Additionally, a handful of television movies based on Marvel Comics characters have been made.

Films

Main article: List of films based on Marvel Comics

Marvel characters have been adapted into films including the Captain America, Spider-Man, Blade and X-Men trilogies; the Fantastic Four film series, Punisher film series, Daredevil, Elektra, Ghost Rider, Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, and X-Men Origins: Wolverine as well as the announced films Runaways,[citation needed] Iron Man 2, Spider-Man 4, Thor, The First Avenger: Captain America and The Avengers.

Additionally, a series of direct-to-DVD animated films began in 2006 with Ultimate Avengers, The Invincible Iron Man, and Doctor Strange.

Theme-parks

Marvel has licensed its characters for theme-parks and attractions, including at the Universal Orlando Resort's Islands of Adventure, in Orlando, Florida, which includes rides based on their iconic characters and costumed performers.[5] Universal theme parks in California and Japan also have Marvel rides.[6] In early 2007 Marvel and developer the Al Ahli Group announced plans to build Marvel's first full theme park, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, by 2011.[6]

Video games

Main article: List of video games based on Marvel comics

Role-playing games

TSR published the pen-and-paper role-playing game Marvel Super Heroes in 1984. TSR then released the Marvel Super Heroes Adventure Game in 1998. In 2003 Marvel Comics published their own role-playing game, the Marvel Universe Role-playing Game. This incarnation was discontinued a short time later after several team specific supplements.

Imprints

Defunct

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Marvel.com SEC Filings. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  2. ^ Both pencils and inks per UHBMCC; GCD remains uncertain on inker.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference MMC4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Sanderson, Peter. The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City, (Pocket Books, 2007) p. 59. ISBN 1416531416, ISBN 978-1416531418
  5. ^ Universal's Islands of Adventures: Marvel Super Hero Island official site
  6. ^ a b Reuters newswire, "Marvel Theme Park to Open in Dubai by 2011", March 22, 2007

References

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