Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

"Schiphol" redirects here. For the railway station, see Schiphol railway station.

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Luchthaven Schiphol
File:Schiphol Logo.png
Schiphol's entrance
IATA: AMS ICAO: EHAM
Summary
Airport type	Public
Owner	Schiphol Group
Serves	Amsterdam, Netherlands
Location	Haarlemmermeer
Hub for	Amsterdam Airlines Arkefly Delta Air Lines KLM Martinair Transavia.com
Elevation AMSL	−11 ft / −3 m
Coordinates	52°18′29″N 004°45′51″E
Website	http://www.schiphol.com
Runways
Direction Length Surface m ft 18R/36L 3,800 12,467 Asphalt 06/24 3,500 11,483 Asphalt 09/27 3,453 11,329 Asphalt 18L/36R 3,400 11,155 Asphalt 18C/36C 3,300 10,826 Asphalt 04/22 2,014 6,608 Asphalt
Sources: Airport website and AIP

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) is the Netherlands' main international airport, located 20 minutes (4.9 NM (9.1 km; 5.6 mi)) southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer. The airport's official English name, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, places the words in the Dutch order (Luchthaven Schiphol) instead of Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (or Schiphol Airport Amsterdam). The airport used to have the IATA code of SPL, which has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by AMS.

Description

KLM and NWA fleet at Schiphol

Schiphol is an important European airport, ranking as Europe’s 3rd largest and the world’s 14th largest for cargo tonnage. It also ranks as the world’s 3rd largest by international passenger traffic as well as Europe’s 5th and the world’s 14th busiest by overall passenger volume. Additionally, Schiphol ranks as Europe’s 5th and the world’s 17th busiest airport by number of flights, handling 446,569 traffic movements in 2008, a 1.7% drop on 2007. Schiphol's main competitors as in passenger and cargo throughput with London Heathrow Airport, Frankfurt Airport, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Madrid-Barajas Airport. In 2007, Schiphol handled 47,430,019 passengers in 2008, 0.8% down on 2007, ranking it fifth in Europe behind London, Paris, Frankfurt and Madrid. There are 188 loading slots in the whole airport. About 68% of the passenger flights were to Europe, almost 21% of its passengers travelled on intercontinental flights and 11% to Asia; cargo was mainly headed to Asia (44%) and North America (20%). In the same year, Schiphol handled 1,602,585 tons of cargo in 2008, a 3% downturn on 2007, ranking it third in Europe behind Paris and Frankfurt. In 2005 direct flights were operated to more than 260 destinations in 91 countries. The airport is one out of four airports in the world to have a rating of four stars in Skytrax's grading system.

Schiphol has five main runways, plus one used mainly by general aviation aircraft. The northern end of the Polderbaan, the name of last runway to be constructed, is 7 km north of the control tower, causing lengthy taxi times (up to 20 min) to the terminal. Plans have been made for a seventh runway.

The airport is built as one large terminal, split into three large departure halls, which converge again once airside. The most recent of these was completed in 1994, and expanded in 2007 with a new part, named Terminal 4, although this part is not recognised as a separate building. Plans for further terminal expansion exist, including the construction of a separate new terminal between the Zwanenburgbaan and Polderbaan runways that would end the one-terminal concept.

Because of intense traffic and high landing fees, some low cost carriers decided to move their flights to smaller airports, such as Rotterdam The Hague Airport and Eindhoven Airport. Many low cost carriers (like easyJet or Bmibaby) continue to operate from Schiphol, using the low-cost H-pier.

Schiphol is the home base of KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines), Arkefly, Martinair, Amsterdam Airlines and Transavia.com, and a hub for Delta Air Lines in cooperation with KLM.

The Schiphol Air traffic control tower, with a height of 101 metres (331 ft), was the tallest in the world when constructed in 1991. Schiphol is geographically one of the world's lowest major commercial airports. The entire airport is below sea level; the lowest point sits at 11 feet (3.4 m) below sea level (or 4.5 feet (1.4 m) below the Dutch Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP)); the runways are around 3 metres (9.8 ft) below NAP.

Infrastructure

Map showing the six runways of Schiphol.

Entrance to the airport's Rijksmuseum

Schiphol has large shopping areas as a source of revenue and as an additional attraction for passengers. Schiphol Plaza is the shopping centre before customs, hence it is used by air travelers and non-traveling visitors.

The Rijksmuseum operates an annex at the airport, offering a small overview of both classical and contemporary art. Admission to the exhibits is free.

Schiphol has its own mortuary, where the dead can be handled and kept before departure or after arrival. Since October 2006, people can also get married at Schiphol.

For aviation enthusiasts, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol has a large rooftop viewing area, called the Panoramaterras. It is not accessible to connecting passengers. Enthusiasts and the public can enter, free of charge, from the airport's landside. Besides the Panoramaterras, Schiphol has other spotting sites, especially along the newest Polderbaan runway and at the McDonald's restaurant at the north side of the airport.

The wayfinding signage at Schiphol was designed in 1991 by Paul Mijksenaar.

History

Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase, consisting of a few barracks and a field serving as both platform and runways. When civil aircraft started to make use of the field (17 December 1920), it was often called Schiphol-les-bains. The Fokker aircraft manufacturer started a factory near Schiphol airport in 1951.

Schiphol's name is derived from a former fortification named Fort Schiphol which was part of the Stelling van Amsterdam defence works. Before 1852, the Haarlemmermeer polder in which the airport lies was a large lake, in the shallow waters of which sudden violent storms could claim many ships. This was the main reason for reclaiming it. In English, Schiphol translates to 'Ship Hole', a reference to the number of ships lost in the area.

Terminal

Layout

File:AMS airport.JPG

Alitalia arriving in Amsterdam

The air traffic control tower at Schiphol in 1960

Inside the terminal

Shopping area

Schiphol Airport's observation deck

Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs) at Schiphol Airport

Schiphol uses a one terminal concept, where all facilities are located under a single roof, fanning off the central 'plaza'. The areas, though, are divided into three sections or halls: 1, 2 and 3. To all of these halls, piers or concourses are connected. However, it is possible, on both sides of security or customs, to walk from one pier to another, even if they are connected to different halls. The exception to this is the low-cost pier M: once airside (i.e. past security), passengers cannot go to any of the other halls or piers. Immigration control separates Schengen from non-Schengen Areas. Schiphol Airport has approximately 165 boarding gates available.

Departure Hall 1

• Consists of Piers B and C - both of which are dedicated Schengen areas.

Departure Hall 2

• Consists of Piers D and E.
  • Pier D is the largest pier and has two floor levels. The lower floor is used for non-Schengen flights, the upper floor is used for Schengen flights. By using stairs, the same jetways are used to access the aircraft. Schengen gates are numbered D-60 and up, non-Schengen gates are numbered from D-1 to D-59.
  • Pier E is a dedicated non-Schengen area.

Departure Hall 3

• Consists of F, G, H and M.
  • Piers F, G and H are non-Schengen areas; of these, Piers H and M are the low-cost piers.
  • Pier M is a dedicated Schengen area.

Note: The airlines and destinations listed are not definite since very few airlines have a dedicated pier or gates; the piers listed below are based on regularity.

Airlines and destinations

Airlines	Destinations	Pier
Adria Airways	Ljubljana	B
Aer Lingus	Cork, Dublin	D
Aeroflot	Moscow-Sheremetyevo	D
Afriqiyah Airways	Tripoli	G
Air Arabia Maroc	Casablanca, Tangier [begins 31 October]	G
Air Astana	Atyrau, Uralsk	D
Air Berlin	Palma de Mallorca	M
Air France	Lyon, Paris-Charles de Gaulle	C
Air France operated by CityJet	Basel/Mulhouse	D
Air France operated by Régional	Clermont-Ferrand, Lyon, Nantes, Strasbourg	C
Air Malta	Malta	C
Air Transat	Calgary, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver	G
AirBaltic	Riga, Vilnius	D
Alitalia	Milan-Linate, Rome-Fiumicino, Turin	B
Amsterdam Airlines	Ankara, Antalya, Kayseri, Konya, Milan-Bergamo, Nador, Tangier, Tel Aviv, Trabzon	TBD
Arkefly	Antalya, Aruba, Aqaba [Seasonal], Banjul, Boa Vista, Bonaire, Cancun, Colombo [begins 5 October], Curaçao, Essaouira [begins 27 October], Fortaleza, Hurghada, Luxor, Kathmandu, Malaga, Monastir, Montego Bay, Natal, Holguin, Porlamar, Puerto Plata, Punta Cana, St Maarten, Sal, Salvador da Bahia, Sharm el-Sheikh, Toronto-Pearson [seasonal], Varadero	D, G
Arkia Israel Airlines	Tel Aviv [seasonal]	G
Armavia	Yerevan	D
Atlas Blue	Al Hoceima [seasonal], Nador, Oujda [seasonal], Tangier	D, G
Austrian Airlines	Vienna	B
Austrian operated by Tyrolean Airways	Vienna	B
Belavia	Minsk	D
BH Airlines	Sarajevo [begins 2 November]	TBA
Blue1	Helsinki [begins February 2011]	TBD
Bmibaby	Birmingham, East Midlands	H
British Airways	London-Gatwick, London-Heathrow	D
British Airways operated by BA CityFlyer	London-City	D
Bulgaria Air	Burgas [seasonal], Sofia	D
Cathay Pacific Airways	Hong Kong	G
China Airlines	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Taipei-Taoyuan	F
China Southern Airlines	Beijing-Capital, Guangzhou	E
Cimber Sterling	Copenhagen [begins 31 October]	TBA
Cityjet	London-City	D
Cityjet operated by VLM Airlines	London City	D
Continental Airlines	Houston-Intercontinental, Newark	G
Corendon Airlines	Antalya, Ercan	G
Croatia Airlines	Dubrovnik, Pula, Split, Zagreb	D
Cyprus Airways	Larnaca, Paphos	D
Czech Airlines	Prague	D
Delta Air Lines	Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Memphis, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Mumbai, New York-JFK, Newark, Portland (OR), Seattle/Tacoma	E, F, G
EasyJet	Barcelona [bgins 1 November], Belfast-International, Berlin-Schönefeld [begins 31 October], Bristol, Doncaster/Sheffield, Edinburgh, Liverpool, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, London-Stansted, Madrid, Manchester [begins 1 November], Milan-Malpensa, Prague, Rome-Fiumicino, Split	H, M
EasyJet Switzerland	Basel/Mulhouse, Geneva	M
EgyptAir	Cairo	G
El Al	Tel Aviv	G
Emirates	Dubai	G
Estonian Air	Tallinn, Vilnius	D
EVA Air	Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Taipei-Taoyuan	E
Finnair	Helsinki	B
Flybe	Exeter, Southampton	H
Garuda Indonesia	Dubai, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta	G
Georgian Airways	Tbilisi	D
Iberia	Madrid	B
Icelandair	Reykjavik-Keflavík	B
Iran Air	Tehran-Imam Khomeini	G
Israir	Tel Aviv [seasonal]	G
Japan Airlines	Tokyo-Narita [ends 1 October]	E
Jat Airways	Belgrade	D
Jet2.com	Leeds/Bradford	H
Kenya Airways	Nairobi	F
KLM	Aberdeen, Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Accra, Addis Ababa, Almaty, Aruba, Athens, Atlanta, Bahrain, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Beijing-Capital, Bergen, Berlin-Tegel, Birmingham, Bonaire, Bucharest-Otopeni, Budapest [resumes 31 October], Cairo, Calgary, Cape Town, Chengdu, Chicago-O'Hare, Copenhagen, Curaçao, Dallas/Fort Worth, Damascus, Dammam, Dar es Salaam, Delhi, Denpasar/Bali, Doha, Dubai, Edinburgh, Entebbe, Geneva, Glasgow-International, Gothenburg-Landvetter, Guayaquil, Hangzhou, Helsinki, Hong Kong, Houston-Intercontinental, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Johannesburg, Kano, Khartoum, Kiev-Boryspil, Kilimanjaro, Kuala Lumpur, Kuwait, Kigali [begins 31 October], Lagos, Lima, Lisbon, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Madrid, Manchester, Manila, Mexico City, Milan-Linate, Milan-Malpensa, Montréal-Trudeau, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, Munich, Muscat, Nairobi, New York–JFK, Nice, Osaka-Kansai, Oslo-Gardermoen, Panama City, Paramaribo, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Prague, Quito, Rome-Fiumicino, St Maarten, St Petersburg, San Francisco, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Stockholm-Arlanda, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tehran-Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Tripoli, Vancouver, Vienna, Warsaw, Washington-Dulles, Zürich,	B, C, D, E, F
KLM operated by KLM Cityhopper	Aberdeen, Bergen, Berlin-Tegel, Billund, Birmingham, Bologna, Bordeaux, Bremen, Bristol, Brussels, Cardiff, Cologne/Bonn, Durham-Tees Valley, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Frankfurt, Geneva, Glasgow-International, Gothenburg-Landvetter, Hamburg, Hanover, Humberside, Kristiansand, Leeds/Bradford, Linköping, Liverpool, London-Heathrow, Luxembourg, Manchester, Marseilles, Munich, Newcastle, Nice, Norwich, Nuremberg, Sandefjord, Prague, Stavanger, Stuttgart, Toulouse, Trondheim, Venice-Marco Polo, Vienna, Warsaw, Zürich	B, C, D
KLM operated by PrivatAir	Houston-Intercontinental	E
Korean Air	Madrid, Seoul-Incheon	G
LOT Polish Airlines	Warsaw	C
Lufthansa	Frankfurt	B
Lufthansa Regional operated by Lufthansa CityLine	Hamburg, Munich	B
Lydd Air	Lydd [seasonal charter]	H
Malaysia Airlines	Kuala Lumpur	F
Malév Hungarian Airlines	Budapest	D
Martinair	Aruba, Cancun, Curaçao, Havana, Mombasa, Orlando, Puerto Plata, Punta Cana, Varadero	G
Meridiana	Florence	C
Norwegian Air Shuttle	Copenhagen, Oslo-Gardermoen	M
Olympic Air	Athens	B
Onur Air	Antalya, Bodrum, Dalaman	D, G
Pakistan International Airlines	Islamabad, Istanbul-Atatürk, Lahore	G
Pegasus Airlines	Antalya, Dalaman, İstanbul-Sabiha Gökçen	D, G
Pegasus operated by IZair	Izmir	G
Rossiya	St Petersburg	D
Royal Air Maroc	Casablanca, Nador, Tangier	D, G
Royal Jordanian	Amman-Queen Alia	D
Scandinavian Airlines	Copenhagen, Oslo-Gardermoen, Stockholm-Arlanda	B
Singapore Airlines	Singapore	E
Sky Airlines	Antalya	D, G
Sun d'Or International Airlines	Tel Aviv [seasonal]	G
SunExpress	Antalya, İzmir, İstanbul-Sabiha Gökçen	G
Surinam Airways	Paramaribo	G
Swiss International Airlines	Zürich	C
Syrian Air	Aleppo, Damascus	D, G
TACV	Sal	D
TAP Portugal	Lisbon, Porto [seasonal]	B
TAP operated by Portugalia	Porto [seasonal]	B
TAROM	Bucharest-Otopeni	D
Transavia	All Year: Agadir, Alicante, Almeria, Antalya, Barcelona, Berlin-Tegel, Bodrum, Catania, Dalaman, Djerba, Dubrovnik, Enfidha, Faro, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Innsbruck, Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen, İzmir, La Palma, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Lisbon, Mahon, Malaga, Marrakech, Montpellier, Naples, Nice, Pau, Pisa, Olbia, Tenerife-South, Valencia, Venice-Treviso Seasonal: Biarritz, Chania, Corfu, Heraklion, Ibiza, Kefalonia, Kithira, Kos, Lesbos, Palma de Mallorca, Preveza/Lefkas, Rovaniemi, Salzburg, Zakynthos	B, C, D, E, G
Tunisair	Tunis	G
Turkish Airlines	Istanbul-Atatürk, Kayseri [seasonal]	G
Turkish Airlines operated by Anadolujet	Ankara	G
Ukraine International Airlines	Kiev-Boryspil	D
United Airlines	Chicago-O'Hare, Washington-Dulles	G
US Airways	Philadelphia	G
Viking Hellas	Athens	B
Vueling Airlines	Barcelona, Bilbao, Ibiza, La Coruña [ends 30 October], Malaga [seasonal], Seville [seasonal], Valencia [seasonal]	B
Windjet	Fòrli	M

Cargo airlines

• Air Lada
• Atlas Air
• Cargolux
• Cathay Pacific Cargo
• China Airlines Cargo
• China Southern Airlines
• DHL
• Emirates SkyCargo
• Empost
• Great Wall Airlines
• Jett8 Airlines Cargo
• Jade Cargo
• JAL Cargo [ends 01 October]
• Kalitta Air
• LAN Cargo
• Lufthansa Cargo
• Martinair Cargo
• MASKargo
• Nippon Cargo Airlines
• Polar Air Cargo
• Qatar Airways Cargo
• Southern Air
• Singapore Airlines Cargo
• TNT Air Cargo
• Tristar Air
• Thai Airways International Hong Kong , Delhi
• Volga-Dnepr (including subsidiary AirBridgeCargo Airlines)

Other users

• Dutch Coast Guard (aircraft operated by the Royal Netherlands Air Force)
• Dienst Luchtvaart Politie
• Dutch Dakota Association

Ground transport

Rail

The construction of the tunnel and railway station in 1992

Main article: Schiphol railway station

The Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), the national Dutch train operator, has a major passenger train station directly underneath the passenger terminal complex and offers the most convenient and cheap transportation into Amsterdam, Utrecht, The Hague, Rotterdam and many other cities. Besides intercity connections to Amsterdam Centraal, Utrecht, both The Hague Centraal and The Hague HS, Rotterdam and Eindhoven, this station is a stop for the international high-speed train Thalys, connecting the airport with a direct train connection to Antwerp, Brussels and Paris. NS Hispeed operates an InterCity train service from Schiphol airport to Berlin every two hours. It runs via Amsterdam Zuid, Amersfoort, Bad Bentheim, Osnabrück and Hannover, taking about 6.5 hours from Schiphol to Berlin.

Bus

Main article: Schiphol railway station

- See Bus Services section.

See also: http://www.schiphol.nl/Reizigers/VanNaarSchiphol/OpenbaarVervoer/Busdiensten.htm

To plan your journey go to http://journeyplanner.9292.nl/ or http://www.connexxion.nl and select Noord Holland.

Destinations:

Destination	Service(s)	Notes
Aalsmeer	198, Nightbus N72
Alphen aan den Rijn	370	Interliner service, extra charges may be needed for this service
Amstelveen	300 (Fastest), 186, 199
Amsterdam (City Centre) - Leidseplein	197, 370, Nightbus N97, Nightbus 358	Extra charges may be needed for the 370
Amsterdam South, Buitenveldert	310
Amsterdam, Osdorp	192
Amsterdam, Slotervaart	195
Haarlem	300	Every 10 minutes
Hoofddorp	300 and 310 (Fastest), 196
Lisse	61	For Keukenhof use 58, Interliner service, extra charges may be needed for this service
Leimuiden	370	Interliner service, extra charges may be needed for this service
Ouderkerk aan de Amstel	300
Sassenheim	61	Interliner service, extra charges may be needed for this service
Uithoorn	188, Nighbus 72
Vijfhuizen	300

Car

Schiphol Airport can easily be reached by car via the highways A4 and A9. Schiphol offers several car parking facilities, know as short stay, long stay and Smart Parking.

Accidents and incidents

The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992

The crash site of Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 on 25 February 2009

• 14 November 1946, A Douglas C-47 operated by KLM from London approached Schiphol during bad weather conditions. The first two attempts to land failed. During the third attempt, the pilot realized that the airplane wasn't lined up properly with the runway. A sharp left turn was made at low speed, causing the left wing to hit the ground. The airplane crashed and caught fire, killing all 26 people on board, including the plane's crew of five.
• 4 October 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo airplane heading to Tel Aviv, suffered physical engine separation of both right-wing engines (#3 and #4) just after taking off from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the Bijlmer neighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport. A total of 43 people were killed, including the plane's crew of three and a "non revenue passenger". Several others were injured.
• 4 April 1994, Flight KL433 to Cardiff, a Saab 340 operated by KLM Cityhopper, returned to Schiphol after setting the number two engine to flight idle because the crew mistakenly believed that the engine suffered from low oil pressure because of a faulty warning light. On final approach at a height of 90 feet (27 m), the captain decided to go-around and gave full throttle on only the number one engine leaving the other in flight idle. The airplane rolled to the right, pitched up, stalled and hit the ground at 80 degrees bank. Of the twenty-four people on board, three were killed including the captain. Nine others were seriously injured.
• 27 October 2005, a fire broke out at the airport's detention center, killing 11 people and injuring 15. The complex was holding 350 people at the time of the incident. Results from the investigation almost one year later showed that fire safety precautions were not in force. A national outrage resulted in the resignation of Justice Minister Donner (CDA) and Mayor Hartog of Haarlemmermeer. Spatial Planning Minister Dekker (VVD) resigned as well, because she bore responsibility for the construction, safety, and maintenance of state-owned buildings.
• 25 February 2009, Turkish Airlines Flight 1951, a Boeing 737-800 from Istanbul crashed on approach to the airport's Polderbaan, just 1 km short of the runway. The plane carried 128 passengers and 7 crew on board. 9 people were killed and a further 86 were injured, including six with serious injuries. An initial report from the Dutch Safety Board revealed that the left radio altimeter had failed to provide the correct height above the ground and suddenly reported -8 feet. As a cause of this the autothrottle system closed the thrust levers to idle, as it is programmed to reduce thrust when below 27 feet radio altitude. This eventually resulted in a dropping airspeed which was not acted upon until it was too late to recover and the aircraft stalled and crashed in a field.
• 25 December 2009, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, an Islamic terrorist from Nigeria, set off an explosive device on Northwest Airlines Flight 253, an Airbus A330 from Schiphol as the plane was landing at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Romulus, Michigan. The device failed to go off correctly, and the suspect suffered burns to his lower body. Three other passengers had minor injuries.
• 13 January 2010, an Arkefly Boeing 767-300 PH-AHQ operating flight OR361 from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to Aruba Airport declared an emergency after a man who claimed to have a bomb on board began a struggle with the flight crew, the aircraft made an emergency landing at Shannon Airport. Gardai stormed the plane and arrested the man, where he was taken to Shannon Garda station. A passenger who had surgery the previous month collapsed in the terminal while waiting for the continuation of the flight and had to be taken to a local hospital. A replacement aircraft, also a Boeing 767-300, continued the flight to Aruba.
• 2 March 2010, a Corendon Airlines pilot, of Swedish origin, was arrested at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol after flying commercial jets for 13 years without a licence. He was due to fly a Boeing 737-400 to Ankara, Turkey with 101 passengers onboard when the Dutch police arrested him. A back-up pilot was standing by to fly the jet to its destination. It is reported that he had clocked up to 10,000 hours flying passenger jets for various European airlines and 2 years with Corendon Airlines before the tip off from Swedish authorities. The licence he held was to fly light aircraft, but that licence expired 13 years before the incident.

References

• CNN.com

Bibliography

• Heuvel, Coen van den. Schiphol, een Wereldluchthaven in Beeld, Holkema & Warendorf, 1992, 978-9-0269-6271-4

External links

• Official website
• Fire Brigade Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
• Schiphol Mortuary (Dutch only)
• Accident history for AMS at Aviation Safety Network
• Live air traffic tracking on Schiphol using Casper system integrated with Google Maps