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Revision as of 08:45, 12 June 2013

Desktop market share for November 2012[1]
Total Windows - 86.32%
Windows 7 - 53.15%
Windows XP - 26.19%
Windows Vista - 6.98%
Non-Windows - 13.68%

Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of computer software operating systems by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUI).

General information

Basic general information about Windows.

DOS-based (MS-DOS/9x-based)

Name Release date RTM Build Current version Status support Source model Codename MS-DOS version Kernel type Architecture Editions Type Notes
Windows 1.0 1985-11-20 ? 1.04 (1987-04-08) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source ? ? 16-bit Desktop First version of Windows
Windows 2.0 1987-12-09 ? 2.03 (1987-12-09) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source ? ? 16-bit Desktop
Windows 2.1x 1988-05-27 ? 2.11 (1989-03-13) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source ? ? 16-bit Desktop
Windows 3.0 1990-05-22 ? 3.0a
Multimedia Extensions
(1991-10-20) 		Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source DOS 3.1 or higher (not included) ? 16-bit Windows 3.0, Windows 3.0a, Windows 3.0a with Multimedia Extensions Desktop
Windows 3.1x 1992-04-06 040 3.11 (1993-12-31) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source 3.1: Janus; for Workgroups: Kato, Sparta; 3.11: Snowball (LB) DOS 3.3 or higher (not included) ? 16-bit (partial 32-bit compatibility with Win32s) Windows 3.1, Windows for Workgroups 3.1, Windows 3.11, Windows for Workgroups 3.11, Windows 3.2 (simplified Chinese only) Desktop Version number: 3.1.040
Windows 95 1995-08-24 950 4.00.950C OSR2.5 (1997-11-26) Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source Chicago MS-DOS 7.0, MS-DOS 7.1 (OSR2.x) Monolithic kernel Hybrid 16/32-bit Retail, OSR1, OSR2, OSR2.1, OSR2.5 Desktop Version number: 4.00.950
Windows 98 1998-06-25 1998 4.10.2222A (1999-04-23) Unsupported
(2006-07-11) 		Closed source Memphis MS-DOS 7.1 Monolithic kernel Hybrid 16/32-bit First edition, Second Edition Desktop Version number: 4.10.1998 (Security Version 4.10.1998A)
Windows Me 2000-06-19 3000 4.90.3000 (2000-09-14) Unsupported
(2006-07-11) 		Closed source Millennium MS-DOS 8.0 Monolithic kernel Hybrid 16/32-bit Desktop Version number: 4.90.3000 (Security Version 4.90.3000A)

NT Kernel-based

Name Release date RTM Build Current version Status support License Codename, working name Based on (kernel) Supported architectures Editions OS type
Windows NT 3.1 1993-07-27 528 3.10.528 SP3
(1994-11-10) 		Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source ? NT 3.1 x86-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS Workstation,
Advanced Server 		Workstation,
Server
Windows NT 3.5 1994-09-21 807 3.50.807 SP3
(1995-06-21) 		Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source Daytona NT 3.5 x86-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS Workstation,
Server 		Workstation,
Server
Windows NT 3.51 1995-05-30 1057 3.51.1057 SP5
(1996-09-19) 		Unsupported
(2001-12-31) 		Closed source ? NT 3.51 x86-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC Workstation,
Server 		Workstation,
Server
Windows NT 4.0 1996-08-24 1381 4.00.1381 SP6a
(1999-11-30) 		Unsupported
(2004-12-31) 		Closed source Cairo
Hydra (Terminal Server) 		NT 4.0 x86-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC Workstation,
Server,
Server Enterprise Edition,
Terminal Server,
Embedded 		Workstation,
Server,
Embedded PCs
Windows 2000 2000-02-17 2195 5.0 SP4 Rollup 1 v2
(2005-09-13) 		Unsupported
(2010-07-13) 		Shared source Memphis NT NT 5.0 x86-32, IA-64 Professional,
Server,
Advanced Server,
Datacenter Server,
Powered (Embedded) 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Server,
Embedded PCs
Windows XP 2001-10-25 2600 5.1.2600 SP3
(2008-04-21) 		Extended Support Period
(2014-04-08) 		Shared source Whistler NT 5.1; NT 5.2
(64-bit 2003 and x64) 		x86-32, IA-64, x86-64 Starter Edition,
Home,
Professional,
Media Center,
Tablet PC,
Starter,
Embedded,
Home N,
Home K,
Home KN,
Professional N,
Professional K,
Professional KN,
Professional x64 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Embedded PCs
Windows Server 2003 2003-04-24 3790 5.2.3790 SP2
(2007-03-13) 		Supported Shared source Whistler Server, Windows .NET Server NT 5.2 x86-32, IA-64, x86-64 Standard,
Enterprise,
Datacenter,
Web,
Storage,
Small Business Server,
Compute Cluster 		Server,
Network Appliance,
Embedded PCs,
HPC
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs 2006-07-08 2600 RTM
(2006-07-08) 		Supported Shared source Eiger, Monch NT 5.1 x86-32 Fundamentals for Legacy PCs Desktop
Windows Vista 2006-11-08 6000 (SP2: 6002) 6.0 SP2
(2009-04-28) 		Supported Closed source,
Shared source 		Longhorn NT 6.0 x86-32, x86-64 Starter,
Home Basic,Home Basic N,
Home Basic K,
Home Basic KN,
Home Premium,
Home Premium K,
Home Premium KN,
Business,
Business N,
Business K,
Business KN,
Enterprise,
Enterprise K,
Enterprise KN,
Ultimate,
Ultimate K,
Ultimate KN 		Desktop,
Workstation
Windows Server 2008 2008-02-27 6001 (SP2: 6002) 6.0 SP2
(2008-02-27) 		Supported Closed source,
Shared source 		Longhorn Server NT 6.0 x86-32, IA-64, x86-64 Web,
Standard,
Enterprise,
Small Business Server,
Datacenter,
Web Core,
Standard Core,
Enterprise Core,
Datacenter Core,
Standard without HyperV,
Enterprise without HyperV,
Datacenter without HyperV,
Standard Core without HyperV,
Enterprise Core without HyperV,
Datacenter Core without HyperV,
HPC,
HyperV Core,
Foundation,
Storage 		Server
Windows Home Server 2007-06-16 3790 5.2 Supported Closed source Q, Quattro NT 5.2 x86-32, x86-64 Home Server Server
Windows 7
 2009-10-22[2] 7600 (SP1: 7601) 6.1 Supported Closed source,
Shared source 		"7", Vienna NT 6.1 x86-32, x86-64 Starter,
Home Basic,
Home Premium,
Professional,
Ultimate,
Enterprise,
Starter N,
Home Basic N,
Home Premium N,
Professional N,
Ultimate N,
Enterprise N,
Starter K,
Home Basic K,
Home Premium K,
Professional K,
Ultimate K,
Enterprise K,
Starter KN,
Home Basic KN,
Home Premium KN,
Professional KN,
Ultimate KN,
Enterprise KN,
Starter E,
Home Basic E,
Home Premium E,
Professional E,
Ultimate E,
Enterprise E 		Desktop, Workstation, Multi-Touch
Windows Server 2008 R2
 2009-10-22 7600 (SP1: 7601) 6.1 Supported Closed source,
Shared source 		"7" Server NT 6.1 IA-64, x86-64 Standard,
Enterprise,
Datacenter,
Web,
Standard Core,
Enterprise Core,
Datacenter Core,
Web Core 		Server
Windows Home Server 2011 2011-04-05 8400 6.1 Supported Closed source Vail NT 6.1 x86-64 Home Server Server
Windows Server 2012
 2012-9-4 9200 6.2 Supported Closed source,
Shared source 		"8" Server NT 6.2 x86-64 Standard,
Enterprise,
Datacenter,
Web,
Standard Core,
Enterprise Core,
Datacenter Core,
Web Core 		Server
Windows 8 2012-10-26 9200 6.2 Supported Closed source,
Shared source 		"8" NT 6.2 x86-32, x86-64, ARM Architecture Windows 8,
Windows 8 Pro,
Windows 8 Enterprise,
Windows RT,
Windows 8 N,
Windows 8 Pro N,
Windows 8 Enterprise N 		Desktop,
Workstation,
Multitouch
Windows Phone 8 2012-10-29 10211 6.2 Supported Closed source,
Shared source 		Apollo, Portico NT 6.2 ARM Architecture Windows Phone 8 Smartphone,
Multitouch

CE-based

Windows CE (sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH processors.

Release date RTM Build Current version Status support License Codename Based on (kernel) Kernel type Operating environments Editions Purpose Short description
Windows CE 1.0 November 1996 Pegasus, Alder CE 1.0 Embedded first release of Microsoft's Windows CE line for minimalistic computers and embedded systems
Windows CE 2.0 November 1997 Mercury, Apollo CE 2.0 2.1, 2.11 Embedded
Windows CE 3.0 April 2000 Unsupported
(10/9/2007) 		Shared source Cedar, Galileo, Rapier, Merlin, Stinger CE 3.0 Embedded kernel Embedded
Windows Pocket PC 2002 CE 3.0
Windows CE 4.0 7 January 2002 Talisker CE 4.0 4.1, 4.2 Embedded
Windows Mobile 2003 23 June 2003 Ozone CE 4.20
Windows CE 5.0 9 July 2004 5.0 (9 July 2004) Supported Shared source Macallan CE 5.0 Embedded kernel Embedded
Windows Mobile 5.0 9–12 May 2005 Magneto CE 5.0
Windows Embedded CE 6.0 1 November 2006 Shared source Yamazaki CE 6.0 Hybrid kernel
Windows Mobile 6.0 12 February 2007 Crossbow CE 5.2
Windows Mobile 6.1 1 April 2008 various performance enhancements, a redesigned Home screen, threaded SMS, full page zooming in IE and Domain Enroll
Windows Mobile 6.5 May 18, 2009 minor upgrade to the existing Windows Mobile platform
Windows Phone 7 November 8, 2010 Photon CE 6.0 major update to the platform, merging Smartphone and Pocket PC.
Windows Phone 7.5 November , 2011 Mango CE 6.1 update of Windows Phone.
Windows Phone 7.8 January , 2013 CE 6.1 update of Windows Phone.

Technical information

DOS-based (MS-DOS/9x-based)

Name Kernel Kernel type Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support Multiple architecture support USB Support UDMA Support Long Filename Support Update management APIs Safe Mode
Windows 1.0 ? ? 16-bit No No No No No No No Win16 No
Windows 2.0 ? ? 16-bit No No No No No No No Win16 No
Windows 3.0 ? ? 16-bit No No No No No No No Win16 No
Windows 3.1x ? (OS or shell?) ? 16-bit (partial 32-bit compatibility through Win32s) No No No No No No No Win16, Win32s No
Windows 95 MS-DOS 7.0, MS-DOS 7.1 (Win95B) Monolithic kernel H No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16, Win32 Yes
Windows Me MS-DOS 8.0 Monolithic kernel Hybrid 16/32-bit No No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16, Win32 Yes

NT Kernel-based

The NT kernel powers all recent Windows operating systems. It runs on x86, x86-64 and Itanium processors.

Name Kernel Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support Multiple architecture support USB Support UDMA Support Long File Name Support Package management Update management APIs Safe Mode Data Execution Prevention
Windows NT 3.1 NT 3.1 32-bit No Yes Yes No ? Yes (NTFS and HPFS Volumes only) Win32, OS/2, POSIX No No
Windows NT 3.5 NT 3.5 32-bit No Yes Yes No ? Yes (Except on CDFS volumes) Win32, OS/2, POSIX No No
Windows NT 3.51 NT 3.51 32-bit No Yes Yes No ? Yes (Except on CDFS volumes) Win32, OS/2, POSIX No No
Windows NT 4.0 NT 4.0 32-bit No Yes Yes Yes (if the Ion USB update is installed) Yes Yes Windows Update (if Internet Explorer 5 or later is installed) Win32, OS/2, POSIX No No
Windows 2000 NT 5.0 32/64-bit No Yes Yes (IA-64/Itanium in Advanced Server and Datacenter Server) Yes (USB 2.0 with update or SP4)[3] Yes Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32, OS/2, POSIX Yes No
Windows XP NT 5.1.2600; NT 5.2.3790 32/64-bit Yes Yes (Professional Edition only) Yes (IA-64/Itanium, x86, x86-64) Yes (USB 2.0 with update or SP1+)[4] Yes Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32, .NET Yes Yes (in SP2)
Windows Server 2003 NT 5.2.3790 32/64-bit Yes Yes Yes Yes (USB 2.0)[5] Yes Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32 Yes Yes (in SP1)
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs NT 5.1.2600 32-bit Yes ? No Yes Yes Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32 Yes Yes
Windows Vista NT 6.0.6000 ; NT 6.0.6001 (SP1) ; NT 6.0.6002 (SP2) 32/64-bit Yes Yes Yes (x86, x86-64) Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Application Win32, .NET, POSIX (only Enterprise and Ultimate) Yes Yes
Windows Server 2008 NT 6.0.6001 ; NT 6.0.6002 (SP2) 32/64-bit Yes Yes Yes (IA-64/Itanium, x86, x86-64) Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Yes Windows Update Application Win32 Yes Yes
Windows Home Server NT 5.2 32-bit ? ? ? Yes (USB 2.0) ? Yes Win32 ? ?
Windows 7 NT 6.1 32/64-bit Yes Yes Yes (x86, x86-64) Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Yes Windows Update Application Win32, .NET Yes Yes
Windows Server 2008 R2 NT 6.1 64-bit Yes Yes Yes (IA-64/Itanium, x86-64) Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Yes Windows Update Application Win32, .NET Yes Yes
Windows Home Server 2011 NT 6.1 64-bit ? ? ? Yes (USB 2.0) ? Yes Win32 ? ?
Windows Server 2012 NT 6.2 64-bit Yes Yes No (x86-64) Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes Windows Update Application Win32, .NET, WinRT Yes Yes
Windows 8 NT 6.2 32/64-bit Yes Yes Yes (x86, x86-64,ARM) Yes (USB 3.0) Yes Yes Windows Update Application Win32, .NET, WinRT Yes Yes
Windows Phone 8 NT 6.2 32bit Yes Yes No (ARM) Yes (USB 2.0) Yes Yes Windows Update WinRT Yes Yes

Supported file systems

Various versions of Windows support various file systems, including: FAT16, FAT32, HPFS, or NTFS, along with network file systems shared from other computers, and the ISO 9660 and UDF file systems used for CDs, DVDs, and other optical discs such as Blu-ray. Each file system is usually limited in application to certain media, for example CDs must use ISO 9660 or UDF, and as of Windows Vista, NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on. Windows Embedded CE 6.0, Windows Vista Service Pack 1, and Windows Server 2008 onwards support ExFAT, a file system more suitable for flash drives.

DOS-based (MS-DOS/9x-based)

FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO9660 NTFS UDF
Windows 95 Yes Yes (OSR2 or above) Network Drive Yes Network Drive No
Windows 98 Yes Yes Network Drive Yes Network Drive Yes (1.5, read)
Windows Me Yes Yes Network Drive Yes Network Drive Yes (1.5, read)

NT Kernel-based

FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO9660 NTFS UDF (More Info) ReFS
Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, 3.51 Yes No Yes Yes Yes v1.0/v1.1 ? No
Windows NT 4.0 Yes No Partial Yes Yes v1.2 ? No
Windows 2000 Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3.0 Yes No
Windows XP Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3.1 Yes (2.01) No
Windows Server 2003 Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3.1 Yes No
Windows Vista Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes (2.6) No
Windows Server 2008 Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes No
Windows 7 Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes (2.6) No
Windows Server 2008 R2 Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes (2.6) No
Windows Server 2012 Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes (2.6) Yes
Windows 8 Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes (2.6) No
Windows Phone 8 Yes Yes No ? Yes v5 ? No

Hardware requirements

Minimum/recommended system requirements (for x86 processors)

9x Kernel-based

CPU RAM Free disk space Video adapter and monitor Drives Devices
Windows 95 386 4 MB 120 MB
Windows 98 486 DX2 66 MHz 16 MB 300 MB
Windows Me (Millennium Edition) Pentium 150 MHz 32 MB 400 MB

NT Kernel-based

CPU RAM Free disk space Video adapter and monitor Drives Devices
Windows NT Workstation 3.51 386, 25 MHz 8 MB 90 MB
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation 486, 33 MHz 12 MB 110 MB
Windows 2000 Professional Pentium, 133 MHz 32 MB 650 MB VGA (640 x 480) or higher resolution CD-ROM Keyboard and mouse
Windows XP Pentium MMX, 233 MHz 64 MB 1.5 GB Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher resolution CD-ROM or DVD-ROM Keyboard and mouse
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs Pentium, 233 MHz 64 MB 500 MB
Windows Vista Pentium III, 800 MHz 512 MB/1 GB or higher recommended 15 GB (may be installed with as few as 7GB) Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher resolution DVD-ROM
Windows Server 2008 1 GHz (x86) or 1.4 GHz (x64) 512 MB RAM (may limit performance and some features) 10 GB Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher resolution DVD-ROM Keyboard and mouse
Windows 7 1 GHz (x86/64) 1 GB or higher recommended (2 GB or Higher for x64) 16 GB (installs in 7 GB) 128MB (Aero) DVD-ROM Keyboard and mouse or touchscreen
Windows Server 2012 1.4 GHz (x64) 512 MB RAM (may limit performance and some features) 10 GB Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher resolution DVD-ROM Keyboard and mouse or touchscreen
Windows 8 1 GHz (x86/64) 1 GB or higher recommended (2 GB or Higher for x64) 20 GB (installs in 7 GB) 128MB (Aero) DVD-ROM Keyboard and mouse or touchscreen
Windows Phone 8 1 GHz 512 MB 8 GB WVGA (800 x 480) or higher resolution touchscreen

Physical memory limits

Maximum limits on physical memory (RAM) that Windows can address vary depending on the both the Windows version and between 32-bit (x86-32) and 64-bit (x86-64) versions.[6][7]

9x Kernel-based

Version Limit in 32-bit Windows Limit in 64-bit Windows
Windows 95 480 MB [8] —
Windows 98 1 GB —
Windows Me 1.5 GB —

NT Kernel-based

Version Limit in 32-bit Windows Limit in 64-bit Windows
Windows NT 4.0 4 GB —
Windows 2000 Professional\Server 4 GB —
Windows 2000 Advanced Server\Datacenter Server 4 GB 64 GB
Windows XP Starter Edition 512 MB —
Windows XP Home 4 GB —
Windows XP Professional 4 GB 128 GB
Windows Server 2003 Small Business Edition 4 GB 128 GB
Windows Server 2003 Standard SP1 4 GB 32 GB
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise SP2\Datacenter SP2\ 64 GB 1 TB
Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard 4 GB 1 TB
Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise\Datacenter 64 GB 1 TB
Windows Vista Starter 1 GB —
Windows Vista Home Basic 4 GB 8 GB
Windows Vista Home Premium 4 GB 16 GB
Windows Vista Enterprise\Ultimate 4 GB 128 GB
Windows Server 2008 Web Server\Standard 4 GB 32 GB
Windows Server 2008 Enterprise\Datacenter 64 GB 1 TB
Windows 7 Starter 2 GB —
Windows 7 Home Basic 4 GB 8 GB
Windows 7 Home Premium 4 GB 16 GB
Windows 7 Professional\Enterprise\Ultimate 4 GB 192 GB
Windows Server 2008 R2 Web Server\Standard — 32 GB
Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise\Datacenter — 2 TB
Windows Server 2012 Web Server\Standard — 32 GB
Windows Server 2012 Enterprise\Datacenter — 4 TB
Windows RT 4 GB —
Windows 8 4 GB 128 GB
Windows 8 Pro\Enterprise 4 GB 512 GB
Windows Phone 8 4 GB —

Security features

NT Kernel-based

Resource access control Subsystem isolation mechanisms Integrated firewall Encrypted file systems
Windows 2000 ACLs TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes (NTFS Only)
Windows XP ACLs Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall (From SP2), TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes (NTFS Only)
Windows Server 2003 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes
Windows Vista ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes
Windows Server 2008 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes
Windows 7 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes
Windows Server 2012 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes
Windows 8 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering, IPSec Yes

Features

Version Shell Theme Internet Explorer Web server Windows Media Player Command-line interpreter
Windows 1.0 MS-DOS executive No
Windows 2.0 MS-DOS executive No
Windows 3.0 Program Manager No
Windows 3.1x Program Manager No
Windows 95 Windows Explorer 2.0 in OSR1, 3.0 in OSR2 and OSR2.1, 4.0 in OSR2.5 COMMAND.COM
Windows NT 4.0 Windows Explorer 2.0 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe
Windows 98 Windows Explorer 4.01 PWS COMMAND.COM
Windows 98 SE Windows Explorer 5.0 PWS 6.0 COMMAND.COM
Windows 2000 Windows Explorer 5.01 IIS 5.0 6.4 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe
Windows Me Windows Explorer 5.5 7.0 COMMAND.COM
Windows XP Windows Explorer Luna (Blue standard) 6.0 IIS 5.1 8 (9 in SP2) COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell (optional)
Windows Server 2003 Windows Explorer Classic (Luna can be enabled with Theme Service) 6.0 IIS 6.0 9 (10 in SP1) COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell (optional)
Windows Vista Windows Explorer Aero Glass 7.0 IIS 7 11 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell (optional)
Windows Server 2008 Windows Explorer Classic (Aero can be enabled by installing "Desktop Experience") 7.0 IIS 7 11 (enabled by installing "Desktop Experience") COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell (optional)
Windows 7 Windows Explorer Aero Glass 8.0 IIS 7.5 12 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell V2
Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Explorer Classic (Aero can be enabled by installing "Desktop Experience") 8.0 IIS 7.5 12 (enabled by installing "Desktop Experience") COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell V2
Windows Server 2012 Windows Explorer Classic-Metro, (Aero-Metro can be enabled by installing "Desktop Experience") 10.0 IIS 8 12 (enabled by installing "Desktop Experience") COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell V3
Windows 8 Windows Explorer Aero Modern 10.0 IIS 8 12 COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,
Windows PowerShell V3

See also

Other Microsoft operating systems

  • Xenix - licensed version of Unix; sold to SCO in the '90s
  • OS/2 - developed jointly with IBM
  • DOS
    • MS-DOS - developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.0–6.22
    • MSX-DOS - developed by MS Japan for the MSX 8-bit computer
    • MDOS/MIDAS - designed for the 8080/Z80 microprocessors in 1979
  • Cairo (operating system) - a cancelled "true object-oriented OS" planned after Windows NT
  • Singularity - Microsoft Research project started in 2003 to build a highly-dependable operating system in which the kernel, device driver, and applications are all written in managed code
  • WinPE - lightweight version of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista or Windows 8 that is used for the deployment of workstations and servers by large corporations.
  • Windows To Go: Windows 8 feature that runs the entire system from a USB device

Windows clones, emulators, etc.

  • Freedows OS - Windows clone
  • TinyKRNL - open source kernel based on Windows's NT design
  • ReactOS - project to develop an operating system that is binary-compatible with application software and device drivers for Microsoft Windows NT version 5.x
  • E/OS - Linux distribution which allow to execute programs that were originally written for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, BeOS, OS/2, DOS, and Linux
  • Wine (software) - compatibility layer which allows to execute programs that were originally written for Microsoft Windows

Further reading

References

  1. ^ "StatCounter Operating System Market Share". November 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012. Courtesy of StatCounter, a web analytics company which obtains its data from an average of 15 billion hits per month, by people from all over the world onto their 3 million+ member sites.
  2. ^ LeBlanc, Brandon (June 2, 2009). "The Date for General Availability (GA) of Windows 7 is..." The Windows Blog. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  3. ^ "Updated USB 2.0 Drivers Are Available in Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 (SP4)". Microsoft Support. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  4. ^ Jones, Don (August 5, 2002). "USB 2.0 Support in Windows XP: High Speed at Last". Microsoft. Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  5. ^ "USB 2.0 and Windows Operating Systems". Windows Hardware Development. May 11, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  6. ^ "What is the maximum amount of RAM the Windows operating system can handle?". Crucial. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  7. ^ "Memory Limits for Windows Releases". Microsoft. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  8. ^ Chen, Raymond. "Windows 95 doesn't boot with more than 1GB of RAM".
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Basic Computing Using Windows

Official

Programming

Reference Websites

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