The Fourteen Infallibles: Difference between revisions
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I have removed the last sentence as it is completely untrue; the Shia do not believe the Imams to be superior to Prophets. The Shia Believe that the Prophets are the most superior beings of mankind. Shia do not equate Imams to Prophets and Imams do not... Tags: references removed Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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{{hatnote|This is the article about the fourteen infallibles which should not be mistaken for the [[The Twelve Imams]].}} |
{{hatnote|This is the article about the fourteen infallibles which should not be mistaken for the [[The Twelve Imams]].}} |
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{{The Fourteen Infallible}} |
{{The Fourteen Infallible}} |
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'''The Fourteen Infallibles''' ({{lang-ar|معصومون}} '' Ma‘sūmūn'') ({{lang-fa|چهارده معصوم}} '' Chahar'dah Ma‘sūm'') in [[Twelver|Twelver Shia Islam]] are the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], his daughter [[Fatima Zahra]]; and [[Twelve Imams|the Twelve Imams]]. All are considered to be [[ismah|infallible]] under the theological concept of [[Ismah]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Dabashi|2006|p=463}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Corbin|1993|p=48}}</ref> Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|Dabashi|Nasr|1989|p=98}}</ref> The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.<ref>{{harvnb|Donaldson|1933|p=326}}</ref> They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansariyan|2007|p=89}}</ref> |
'''The Fourteen Infallibles''' ({{lang-ar|معصومون}} '' Ma‘sūmūn'') ({{lang-fa|چهارده معصوم}} '' Chahar'dah Ma‘sūm'') in [[Twelver|Twelver Shia Islam]] are the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], his daughter [[Fatima Zahra]]; and [[Twelve Imams|the Twelve Imams]]. All are considered to be [[ismah|infallible]] under the theological concept of [[Ismah]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Dabashi|2006|p=463}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Corbin|1993|p=48}}</ref> Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nasr|Dabashi|Nasr|1989|p=98}}</ref> The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.<ref>{{harvnb|Donaldson|1933|p=326}}</ref> They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansariyan|2007|p=89}}</ref>. |
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== Family tree == |
== Family tree == |
Revision as of 16:13, 14 March 2017
The Fourteen Infallibles |
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The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: معصومون Ma‘sūmūn) (Persian: چهارده معصوم Chahar'dah Ma‘sūm) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra; and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah.[1][2] Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God.[3] The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.[4] They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.[5].
Family tree
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Names_of_imameen.jpg/220px-Names_of_imameen.jpg)
Muhammad | |||||||||||||||||||||
Fātimah | ‘Alī | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hasan | Husayn | ||||||||||||||||||||
‘Alī Zaynul ‘Ābidīn | |||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Bāqir | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ja‘far as-Sādiq | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mūsā al-Kādhim | |||||||||||||||||||||
‘Alī ar-Ridhā | |||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Jawad | |||||||||||||||||||||
‘Alī al-Hadi | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hasan al-‘Askarī | |||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Mahdī | |||||||||||||||||||||
List of the Infallibles
Modern (calligraphic) depiction | Name (Full) Kunya[a] |
Title Arabic |
Date of birth and death | Importance | Cause and place of death Place of burial[c] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Muhammad ibn Abdullah[d] Abu al-Qasim[e][6] |
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[6] |
Considered by Muslims to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind. According to Muslims, God revealed to him the Quran, which is God's word and the greatest miracle.[6] | Fell ill and died in Medina.[6] Buried in Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula.[6] | |
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Fatimah[i] |
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[16] |
Her father Muhammad called her "a part of me".[13] She is also regarded as "the mother of the Imams".[17][18] | According to most Shias, Fatimah suffered a fatal injury while defending Ali against the first Sunni caliph.[19] The exact location of her grave is unknown but is believed to be in Medina.[12] | |
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Ali ibn Abu Talib[m] Abu al-Hasan[n][20] |
Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[21] |
For all Shia, the son-in-law of Muhammad is the first Shia Imam[23] and the rightful successor of Muhammad.[24] For Sunnis, he is the fourth successor.[15] He holds an important position in almost all Sufi orders, which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[21] | Assassinated in Kufa, Iraq, by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite who slashed his head with a poisoned sword while he was praying.[21] Buried in Najaf, Iraq.[15] | |
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Hasan ibn Ali[p] Abu Muhammad[q][20] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[26] |
The eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad, through his mother, Fatimah, Hasan succeeded his father Ali as the caliph in Kufa; but after a seven-month reign he relinquished control of Iraq following a peace treaty with Muawiya I.[26] | According to Twelver Shia belief, he was poisoned fatally by his wife in Medina by order of Caliph Muawiya.[27] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[26] | |
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Husayn ibn Ali[s] Abu Abdillah[t][28] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[31] |
Grandson of Muhammad and his younger brother of Hasan, Husayn rejected the legitimacy of Caliph Yazid I, the son of Muawiyah. As a result, he and his family were killed in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces.[15] Ever since the battle, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom has been at the core of Shia rituals and identity.[31] | Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala[31] Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala, Iraq.[31] | |
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Ali ibn Husayn[v] Abu Muhammad[w][32] |
Al-Sajjad[x][33] | Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[34] |
The author of the prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya,[33] ("The Scripture of Al-Sajjad", "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet").[35] | According to most Shia scholars, Zayn al-'Abidin was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina.[35] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina.[33] |
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Muhammad ibn Ali[z] Abu Ja'far[aa][28][36] |
Baqir al-Ulum[ab][36] | Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[36] |
Sunni and Shia sources consider Al-Baqir an early and pre-eminent legal scholar who was revered for having educated many students.[33][36] | According to some Shia scholars, he was fatally poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina by order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[33] |
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Ja'far ibn Muhammad[ac] Abu Abdillah[ad][33] |
As-Sadiq[ae][37] | Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[38] |
As-Sadiq established the Ja'fari school of jurisprudence and developed the theology of the Twelvers.[33] He taught many scholars in different fields, including Abu Hanifah[33] and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[38] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Medina by order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[38] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina[33] |
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Musa ibn Ja'far[af] Abu al-Hasan I[ag][39] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[40] |
Al-Kazim was leader of the Shia community during the schism between the Ismaili and other branches of Islam after the death of the previous Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.[41] He established a network of agents who collected the khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan. He holds a high position in the Mahdavia, the members of which trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[42] | According to Shia belief, he was imprisoned and fatally poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid.[43] Buried in the Kazimayn shrine, Baghdad, Iraq[33][40] | |
![]() |
Ali ibn Musa[ai] Abu al-Hasan II[aj][39] |
Ar-Rida[ak][40] | Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[44] |
Made crown prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Ar-Rida was known for his discussions and debates with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[45] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Mashad, Iran, by order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun.[45] Buried in the Imam Reza shrine, Mashad, Iran[45] |
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Muhammad ibn Ali[al] Abu Ja'far[am][28] |
Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[46] |
Al-Jawad was known for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate.[47] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned by his wife, the daughter of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, in Baghdad, Iraq, by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim.[46] Buried in the Kazmain shrine, Baghdad, Iraq.[45] | |
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Ali ibn Muhammad[ap] Abu al-Hasan III[aq][48] |
Al-Hadi[ar][49] | Surayya, a village near Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[48] |
Al-Naqi taught religious sciences until 243/857.[45] He strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions and in turn received financial contributions from the faithful, from the khums and religious vows.[48] | According to Shia sources, he was fatally poisoned in Samarra, Iraq, by order of caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[46] Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[45] |
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Hasan ibn Ali[at] Abu Muhammad[au] [50] |
Al-Askari[av][51] | Medina, Hijaz, Arabian peninsula[51] |
Like his father, Al-Askari was placed under house arrest, which would last most of his life, by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tamid, .[52] During this time, repression of the Shia communities was great because of their growing size and power.[53] | According to Shia belief, Al-Askari was fatally poisoned by order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq.[54] Buried in the Al Askari Mosque, Samarra, Iraq.[45] |
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Muhammad ibn al-Hasan[aw] Abu al-Qasim[ax][29] |
Mahdi[ay][az][55] | Samarra, Iraq[59] |
According to Twelver Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah is a historical person, the current Imam, and the promised Mahdi—a messianic figure who will return with Jesus Christ. He will re-establish the rightful governance of Islam, filling the earth with justice and peace.[60] | According to Shia doctrine, Baqiyyat Allah has been living in the Occultation since 874 CE, and will continue living as long as God wills.[58] |
See also
Part of a series on Shia Islam |
Twelver Shi'ism |
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Notes and references
Notes
- ^ A kunya (Arabic: كنية, kunyah) is a teknonym in Arabic names, the name of an adult derived from his or her eldest child.
- ^ The abbreviation CE refers to the Common Era solar calendar, while AH refers to the Islamic Hijri lunar calendar
- ^ Except the Twelfth Imam
- ^ محمد بن عبدالله
- ^ أبو القاسم
- ^ the Messenger of God (Persian: رسول الله)
- ^ The Seal of the Prophets (Persian: خاتم الانبیاء)
- ^ The Beloved (Persian: حبیب)
- ^ فاطمة
- ^ The Mother for Her Father (Persian: ام ابیها)
- ^ The master of all women (Persian: سیدة نساء)
- ^ The Shining (Persian: زهرا)
- ^ علي بن أبي طالب
- ^ أبو الحسن
- ^ The Commander of the Faithful (Persian: امیرالمؤمنین)
- ^ حسن بن علي
- ^ أبو محمد
- ^ The Chosen (Persian: مجتبی)
- ^ حسین بن علي
- ^ أبو عبدالله
- ^ Master of the Martyrs (Persian: سیّد الشهداء)
- ^ علي بن الحسین
- ^ أبو محمد
- ^ السجّاد
- ^ the Ornament of the Worshipers (Persian: زین العابدین)
- ^ محمد بن علي
- ^ أبو جعفر
- ^ The Revealer of Knowledge (Persian: باقرالعلوم)
- ^ جعفر بن محمد
- ^ أبو عبدالله
- ^ The Honest (Persian: صادق)
- ^ موسی بن جعفر
- ^ أبو الحسن الاول
- ^ The Calm One (Persian: کاظم)
- ^ علي بن موسی
- ^ أبو الحسن الثانی
- ^ The Pleasing One (Persian: رضا)
- ^ محمد بن علي
- ^ أبو جعفر
- ^ The God-Fearing (Persian: تقی)
- ^ الجواد
- ^ علي بن محمد
- ^ أبو الحسن الثالث
- ^ هادی
- ^ The Pure (Persian: نقی)
- ^ الحسن بن علي
- ^ أبو محمد
- ^ The Citizen of a Garrison Town (Persian: عسگری)
- ^ محمد بن الحسن
- ^ أبو القاسم
- ^ المهدی
- ^ The Guided One or The Guide (Persian: مهدی)
- ^ (Persian: امام غائب)
- ^ The Proof (Persian: حجت)
- ^ The Lord of Our Times (Persian: صاحب الزمان)
- ^ The one vested with Divine authority (Persian: صاحب الامر)
- ^ The Resurrector (Persian: قائم)
- ^ God's Remainder (Persian: بقیةالله)
References
- ^ Dabashi 2006, p. 463
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 48
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 98
- ^ Donaldson 1933, p. 326
- ^ Ansariyan 2007, p. 89
- ^ a b c d e f g Nasr 2006
- ^ Mir 1987, p. 171
- ^ Nasr 2013, p. 61
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 131
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 134
- ^ Walbridge 2001, p. 103
- ^ a b Klemm 2014
- ^ a b c Chittick 1980, p. 136
- ^ Qurashī 2007, p. 38
- ^ a b c d e f Chittick 1980, p. 137
- ^ Dungersi 1994, p. 4
- ^ Hughes 2013, p. 258
- ^ Rayshahri 2008, p. 68
- ^ Lammens 2012
- ^ a b Rizvi 1988, p. 48
- ^ a b c d e Nasr 2007
- ^ Ahmed 2005, p. 234
- ^ Poonawala 1985
- ^ Mashita 2002, p. 69
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 50
- ^ a b c d Madelung 2003
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 173
- ^ a b c Rizvi 1988, p. 49
- ^ a b c d e Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
- ^ a b c d Madelung 2004
- ^ Qurashī 2007, p. 17
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Chittick 1980, p. 138
- ^ a b c d Madelung 1985
- ^ a b c d Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 178–179
- ^ a b c d e f Madelung 1988
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 15
- ^ a b c Tabatabaei 1975, p. 180
- ^ a b Madelung 1985b
- ^ a b c d Tabatabaei 1975, p. 181
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 68
- ^ Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
- ^ Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 182–183
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chittick 1980, p. 139
- ^ a b c d e Tabatabaei 1975, p. 183
- ^ Qurashī 2005
- ^ a b c d e Madelung 1985a
- ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 16
- ^ a b c Rizvi 1988, p. 50
- ^ a b c d Halm 1987
- ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 188
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 184
- ^ Dungersi 2005, p. 196
- ^ Amir-Moezzi 2007
- ^ Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
- ^ Nasr 2013, p. 161
- ^ a b c Tabatabaei 1975, p. 186
- ^ Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214
Sources
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{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Algar, Hamid (1990). "Chahardah M'asum". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
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(help) - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007). "Islam in Iran-vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Halm, H (1987). "ʿAskari". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Klemm (2014). "Fāṭima bt. Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam 3.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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requires|url=
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(help) - Lammens (2012). "Fatima". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1985). "'Ali b. Al-Hosayn". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1985a). "'Ali Al-Hadi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1985b). "ʿAli Al-Reza". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (1988). "Baqer, Abu Ja'far Mohammad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Madelung, Wilferd (2004). "Ḥosayn B.ʿAli. Life and Significance in Shi'ism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
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(help) - Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865772-1.
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(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Muhammad". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
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(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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(help) - Poonawala, I. K. (1985). "ʿAli B. Abi Ṭaleb". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
- Books
- Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1994). The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2122-2.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2011). The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Belief and Practices. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-738-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Ansariyan, Hussein (2007). Ahl Al-Bayt The Celestial Beings on the Earth. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-873-6. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Chittick, William C. (1980). A Shi'ite Anthology. SUNY Press. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-0-87395-510-2. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Dabashi, Hamid (2006). Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-4128-0516-3.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. Burleigh Press. ISBN 978-0-404-18959-4.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (1994). A Brief Biography of Hazrat Fatima (s.a.). Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. OCLC 66915718.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (2005). A Brief Biography of Imam Hasan al-Askari. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-689-3. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Hughes, Aaron (23 April 2013). Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16147-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Mashita (2002). Theology, ethics and metaphysics. Hiroyuki. Routledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1670-8.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Mir, Mustansir (1987). "Seal of the Prophets, The". Dictionary of Qur’ānic Terms and Concepts. Garland Publishing.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1989). Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-843-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2013). Islamic Spirituality: Foundations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-53895-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2007). The life of Imām Zayn al ‘Abidin (A.S.). Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-9644381652. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2005). The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-653-4. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - Rayshahri, M. Muhammadi (12 January 2008). The scale of wisdom: a compendium of Shi'a Hadith. ICAS Press. ISBN 978-1-904063-34-6.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar (1988). Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. ISBN 978-9976-956-13-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-390-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. SUNY press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Walbridge, Linda S. (6 August 2001). The Most Learned of the Shi`a: The Institution of the Marja` Taqlid. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534393-9.
{{cite book}}
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(help)
External links
- A Chronological List of the Fourteen Infallibles
- A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by WOFIS World Organization for Islamic Services Tehran -Iran
- The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by Mohammad Hussein il’adeeb