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April 8

Tombs of the Kings of Zhou

Are there any known tombs of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty? Searching seems to bring up only the tombs of vassal lords during this period not the kings of Zhou.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 18:46, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Internment of Japanese-, German-, and Italian-Americans - how did they distinguish them from other people?

Did the US just target Japanese-Americans, sparing the people of Korean and Chinese descent that may look like ethnic Japanese people in white American eyes? And what about German-Americans and Italian-Americans who apparently were also placed in internment camps? How did they figure out who was of German, Italian, and Japanese descent anyway? If a person of German descent, 2nd or 3rd generation, erases the German ancestry by changing the family name, then will he be protected in ways that an ethnic Japanese wouldn't? SSS (talk) 20:02, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Few "German-Americans" and "Italian-Americans" who were U.S. citizens were interned -- mostly it was German citizens and Italian citizens. Then as now, many, many millions of Americans have some degree of "German descent", and it would have been a huge disruption to the society and economy of the U.S. to imprison any significant number of them. I assume that Japanese-Americans were located through immigration and census records, and characteristic surnames... AnonMoos (talk) 20:27, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

So, does that mean if you have a Japanese-American mother and an Anglo-American father or Black-American father, then no one can really figure out that you are of Japanese descent through the census records? SSS (talk) 21:23, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Keep in mind, per Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States, that prior to WWII it was often illegal for Asians and whites to intermarry, including much of the west coast where the Japanese were probably most populous. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 23:09, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

It would have been kind of awkward to put Ike in a concentration camp. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 20:54, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

See Internment of German Americans. Shock Brigade Harvester Boris (talk) 20:47, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

In part, in the US, Japanese would be more visible as foreigners than Italians or Germans. I dare to say that even nowadays US-citizen of Japanese ancestry are viewed as kinda foreigner. Add to it the paranoia caused by the fact that Japan had indeed attacked US territory, and that an invasion through the West Coast could not be excluded completely. Hofhof (talk) 23:43, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

The threat of invasion was not just fantasy. The Japanese conducted a firebomb campaign in the Pacific Northwest. And as I recall, the Germans had submarines watching our eastern coastline. A lot of this stuff was kept out of the newspapers. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 00:00, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

It was relatively easy for U.S. government agents to identify Japanese-Americans in the early 1940s. Most lived very near the Pacific Coast in neighborhoods often called "Japantowns". The vast majority had clearly Japanese surnames. They were ordered to report for relocation at certain specific transit centers on specific dates. Those who refused to cooperate in any way were sent to the punitive maximum security Tule Lake War Relocation Center instead of the other slightly more lenient relocation centers. No Japanese-Americans in western states could work, attend school, get a ration card, keep a bank account or do anything that required them to show identification without being arrested. Cullen³²⁸ Let's discuss it 01:20, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

The main article is Internment of Japanese Americans. I have visited the Manzanar National Historic Site in the Eastern Sierra Nevada three times. The National Park Service operates an outstanding museum devoted to the relocation there. Cullen³²⁸ Let's discuss it 01:31, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

The threat of invasion was a fantasy. Transporting and supplying anything more than a token force across several thousand miles of ocean onto a hostile shore was beyond the capabilities of Japan at any time in the war. They managed to land a couple of thousand troops on isolated Attu and about 500 (plus 5000+ civilians) on Kiska, but that was about it. Fire balloons and Nobuo Fujita hardly constituted a serious threat. And the Germans couldn't get across the English Channel, much less the Atlantic. Clarityfiend (talk) 10:01, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Nonetheless, the government censored those activities. There was at least one known civilian death from the firebombings, the main purpose of which was to cause panic, which it might have if the government had not kept it out of the national news. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 12:05, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

The question also asked about Koreans and Chinese. In 1941 Korea was part of the Japanese Empire, so Koreans would have been considered Japanese citizens. Chinese have very different naming conventions to the Japanese, they look different, and their documentation would have been different: distinguishing them would not have presented any problems, and I have never read anything about Chinese being interned because they were mistaken for Japanese. Wymspen (talk) 12:09, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Murder of Vincent Chin states otherwise. Apparently, the people can't really tell the difference between Japanese and Chinese. To be fair, Chinese people can be as fair-skinned as Japanese people. When you combine the fair skin with black hair and dark eyes, you have to be familiar with Asian faces. White people may experience something called outgroup homogeneity. As a result, they will say, "Asians all look the same. We whites look different." SSS (talk) 17:48, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

I recall an Asian comedian years ago (can't think of his name), who lampooned the stereotypes with this comment (as given): "Awr Americans rook arike!") ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 18:02, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

I read an anecdote once about a Chinese journalist or diplomat whose American colleagues literally hung a sign around his neck saying "I am Chinese" in the days immediately after Pearl Harbor"... AnonMoos (talk) 04:07, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Not just a rumor.[2] ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 11:37, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

"Did the US just target Japanese-Americans, sparing the people of Korean and Chinese descent that may look like ethnic Japanese people in white American eyes?"

Korea under Japanese rule lasted from 1910 to 1945. Part of the Japanese military forces in World War II actually were Koreans. "Japan did not draft ethnic Koreans into its military until 1944 when the tide of WW II turned dire. Until 1944, enlistment in the Imperial Japanese Army by ethnic Koreans was voluntary, and highly competitive. From a 14% acceptance rate in 1938, it dropped to a 2% acceptance rate in 1943 while the raw number of applicants increased from 3000 per annum to 300,000 in just five years during World War II.... "Starting in 1944, Japan started the conscription of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean males were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944. Before 1944, 18,000 Koreans passed the examination for induction into the army. Koreans provided workers to mines and construction sites around Japan. The number of conscripted Koreans reached its peak in 1944 in preparation for war. From 1944, about 200,000 Korean males were inducted into the army."

Koreans in the Japanese military were also accused of war crimes, and some were placed on war trial following the war:

• "After the war, 148 Koreans were convicted of Class B and C Japanese war crimes, 23 of whom were sentenced to death (compared to 920 Japanese who were sentenced to death), including Korean prison guards who were particularly notorious for their brutality during the war. The figure is relatively high considering that ethnic Koreans made up a very small percentage of the Japanese military. Judge Bert Röling, who represented the Netherlands at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, noted that "many of the commanders and guards in POW camps were Koreans – the Japanese apparently did not trust them as soldiers – and it is said that they were sometimes far more cruel than the Japanese." In his memoirs, Colonel Eugene C. Jacobs wrote that during the Bataan Death March, "the Korean guards were the most abusive. The Japs didn't trust them in battle, so used them as service troops; the Koreans were anxious to get blood on their bayonets; and then they thought they were veterans." "
• "Korean guards were sent to the remote jungles of Burma, where Lt. Col. William A. (Bill) Henderson wrote from his own experience that some of the guards overlooking the construction of the Burma Railway "were moronic and at times almost bestial in their treatment of prisoners. This applied particularly to Korean private soldiers, conscripted only for guard and sentry duties in many parts of the Japanese empire. Regrettably, they were appointed as guards for the prisoners throughout the camps of Burma and Siam." The highest-ranking Korean to be prosecuted after the war was Lieutenant General Hong Sa-ik, who was in command of all the Japanese prisoner-of-war camps in the Philippines."

Now lets see how the Americans handled selection for internment. Internment of Japanese Americans actually notes that some of the internees were not actually Japanese ... and not Americans either.

• "The manifesto was backed by the Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West and the California Department of the American Legion, which in January demanded that all Japanese with dual citizenship be placed in concentration camps. Internment was not limited to those who had been to Japan, but included a very small number of German and Italian enemy aliens. By February, Earl Warren, the Attorney General of California, had begun his efforts to persuade the federal government to remove all people of Japanese ethnicity from the West Coast."
• "Those who were as little as 1/16 Japanese could be placed in internment camps. There is evidence supporting the argument that the measures were racially motivated, rather than a military necessity. Bendetsen, promoted to colonel, said in 1942 "I am determined that if they have one drop of Japanese blood in them, they must go to camp." :
• "Upon the bombing of Pearl Harbor and pursuant to the Alien Enemies Act, Presidential Proclamations 2525, 2526 and 2527 were issued designating Japanese, German and Italian nationals as enemy aliens. Information from the CDI was used to locate and incarcerate foreign nationals from Japan, Germany and Italy (although Germany and Italy did not declare war on the U.S. until December 11)."
• "Executive Order 9066, signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorized military commanders to designate "military areas" at their discretion, "from which any or all persons may be excluded." These "exclusion zones," unlike the "alien enemy" roundups, were applicable to anyone that an authorized military commander might choose, whether citizen or non-citizen. Eventually such zones would include parts of both the East and West Coasts, totaling about 1/3 of the country by area. Unlike the subsequent deportation and incarceration programs that would come to be applied to large numbers of Japanese Americans, detentions and restrictions directly under this Individual Exclusion Program were placed primarily on individuals of German or Italian ancestry, including American citizens.
• "March 2, 1942: Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt issued Public Proclamation No. 1, declaring that "such person or classes of persons as the situation may require" would, at some later point, be subject to exclusion orders from "Military Area No. 1" (essentially, the entire Pacific coast to about 100.2 miles (161.3 km) inland), and requiring anyone who had "enemy" ancestry to file a Change of Residence Notice if they planned to move. A second exclusion zone was designated several months later, which included the areas chosen by most of the Japanese Americans who had managed to leave the first zone."
• "March 24, 1942: Public Proclamation No. 3 declares an 8:00 pm to 6:00 am curfew for "all enemy aliens and all persons of Japanese ancestry" within the military areas."
• "These edicts included persons of part-Japanese ancestry as well. Anyone with at least one-sixteenth (equivalent to having one great-great grandparent) Japanese ancestry was eligible. Korean Americans and Taiwanese, classified as ethnically Japanese because both Korea and Taiwan were Japanese colonies at the time, were also included."
• "During World War II, over 2,200 Japanese from Latin America were held in internment camps run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, part of the Department of Justice. Beginning in 1942, Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry were rounded up and transported to American internment camps run by the INS and the U.S. Justice Department. The majority of these internees, approximately 1,800, came from Peru. An additional 250 were from Panama, and Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. "
• "The first group of Japanese Latin Americans arrived in San Francisco on April 20, 1942, on board the Etolin along with 360 ethnic Germans and 14 ethnic Italians from Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. The 151 men — ten from Ecuador, the rest from Peru — had volunteered for deportation believing they were to be repatriated to Japan. They were denied visas by U.S. Immigration authorities and then detained on the grounds they had tried to enter the country illegally, without a visa or passport. Subsequent transports brought additional "volunteers," including the wives and children of men who had been deported earlier. A total of 2,264 Japanese Latin Americans, about two-thirds of them from Peru, were interned in facilities on the U.S. mainland during the war."
• "The United States originally intended to trade these Latin American internees as part of a hostage exchange program with Japan and other Axis nations. A thorough examination of the documents shows at least one trade occurred. Over 1,300 persons of Japanese ancestry were exchanged for a like number of non-official Americans in October 1943, at the port of Marmagao, India. Over half were Japanese Latin Americans (the rest being ethnic Germans and Italians) and of that number one-third were Japanese Peruvians."
• "The completed October 1943 trade took place at the height of the Enemy Alien Deportation Program. Japanese Peruvians were still being "rounded up" for shipment to the U.S. in previously unseen numbers. Despite logistical challenges facing the floundering prisoner exchange program, deportation plans were moving ahead. This is partly explained by an early-in-the-war revelation of the overall goal for Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry under the Enemy Alien Deportation Program. The goal: that the hemisphere was to be free of Japanese. Secretary of State Cordell Hull wrote an agreeing President Roosevelt, "[that the US must] continue our efforts to remove all the Japanese from these American Republics for internment in the United States." " Dimadick (talk) 14:47, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

"Bendetsen" (whoever he was) wasn't making something up, but applying a well-known principle at the time... AnonMoos (talk) 15:39, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

"Bendetsen" is Karl Bendetsen (1907-1989), the man credited as the "architect of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II". Of partial German, Polish, and Lithuanian ancestry, though he repeatedly claimed to be Danish. Dimadick (talk) 16:03, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

References

Works of art named after works of art - Matryoshka books

Douglas Adams entitled his first book The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It is not, in fact, a hitchhiker's guide at all, but a novel about people using and indeed contributing to an electronic travel guide of the same name. Are there other works employing a similar technique? (Let us leave aside history books - there must be endless examples of tomes called The Battle of X or The Treaty of Y, which then qualify themselves with a lengthy subtitle.) I suppose I can imagine this in narratives (novels or films), but less so for visual arts. My mind is playing tricks on me: either there are hundreds of examples that I'm simply blanking out, or it is indeed a rare phenomenon. Carbon Caryatid (talk) 20:16, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

I suspect that once we've put our collective minds to it, we'll find that this is not particularly rare. Just off the top of my head, there's A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian by Marina Lewycka, actually a novel written in English (though later translated into Ukrainian) in which one character is writing said book.

I tried entering "a Guide to" into the search box, and immediately found the film A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints, which is of course no such thing.

Perhap there's scope for a list article along these lines? {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.218.14.51 (talk) 21:13, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Leo Tolstoy named his novel The Kreutzer Sonata after the Violin Sonata No. 9 (Beethoven), which had acquired the nickname "Kreutzer" after its second dedicatee. Then, inspired by Tolstoy's novel, Leoš Janáček wrote his String Quartet No. 1, which he subtitled "Kreutzer Sonata". There have been at least 11 films of Tolstoy's novel, of which at least 8 were called "Kreutzer Sonata". -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 21:22, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Many works are at least partly named after themselves: see recursive acronym. 173.228.123.166 (talk) 22:01, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

There must be tons of novels, like The Picture of Dorian Gray. For self-referential visual art, there's the famous painting sometimes called Ceci n'est pas une pipe. Escher's Drawing Hands might also fit. The Princess Bride by William Goldman is a frame story a fictional novel of the same title by "S. Morgenstern". I don't remember if exactly the same was true of The Neverending Story but the book uses separate ink colors to distinguish between the words of the frame story and the words of the inner story. A Perfect Vacuum is a collection of reviews of nonexistent books. These keep coming to mind while I try to remember a certain famous example that I'm forgetting. 173.228.123.166 (talk) 22:46, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

The Hobbit, or There and Back Again is actually the name of Bilbo's book about his journey. Adam Bishop (talk) 23:47, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Well, not exactly. In The Hobbit it says that he is thinking of calling it There and Back Again, a Hobbit's Holiday. (I can't find my copy, but I got that from a Google Books search for "There and Back Again", so I don't know if another version of the title also appears.) Then in The Lord of the Rings, at least in the edition I have, right at the beginning of the prologue it gives Bilbo's title for the book and it's just There and Back Again. But near the end of LOTR, Frodo has taken Bilbo's unfinished manuscript and made it into a joint memoir of both of their adventures, in which:

The title page had many titles on it, crossed out one after another, so:

My Diary. My Unexpected Hourney. There and Back Again. And What Happened After.

Adventures of Five Hobbits. The Tale of the Great Ring, compiled by Bilbo Baggins...

The final title for the joint memoir was selected by Frodo: The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings and the Return of the King.

--69.159.62.113 (talk) 08:09, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Deathtrap involves the writing of a play, Deathtrap, which turns out to be the frame story itself. —Tamfang (talk) 08:02, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

That's a good one! Another that comes to mind is Cloud Atlas. In both the original novel and the 2012 movie, the plot involves a musical composition called the Cloud Atlas Sextet. --69.159.62.113 (talk) 08:09, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

• Something similar was asked a while ago here: "Book Within a Book" Title. Some of the answers there fit this question as well. ---Sluzzelin talk 08:28, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

• The Manuscript Found in Saragossa is a real matryoshka book - several stories nested in one another. The novel begins with a charater finding an old manuscript in Saragossa, which he proceeds to read. — Kpalion^(talk) 11:33, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Gene Wolfe's tetralogy The Book of the New Sun, set in the far future, makes mention of a lost ancient document called The Book of the New Sun which may or may not be identical with the novel sequence in which it appears. --Antiquary (talk) 11:52, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

It is a common trope to have a book that is apparently written by one of the characters. The Hobbit, mentioned above is an example. Another is The Outsiders. If, at any point, one of those books references the title of the book as the book being written, then it would fit as an answer for this question. I've been using the Timmy Failure books as bedtime stories at the children's hospital recently. They are written as though the main character (Timmy) writes them. He makes references to the books in the books. So, that fits as books that refer themselves as though written by the main character. 209.149.113.5 (talk) 12:03, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

A couple more examples: The King in Yellow by Robert W. Chambers is a collection of short stories, some of which describe and quote from a fictional play of that title; Girl With The Pearl Earring is the title of a novel by Tracy Chevalier, and a derived film and play, fictionalising events surrounding the real 17th-century painting by Vermeer so named. {The poster formery known as 87.81.230.195} 2.218.14.51 (talk) 13:14, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Along the same vein, Sunday in the Park with George is a musical based on a painting by George Seurat. --Xuxl (talk) 18:08, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

• I'm surprised no one has yet mentioned Pictures at an Exhibition, a music suite by Modest Mussorgsky which was named after an exhibition of works by painter Viktor Hartmann. --Jayron32 14:00, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

At least three of Borges' short stories – "The Garden of Forking Paths", "The Book of Sand", and "The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim" – are named after non-existent literary works of Borges' invention. --Antiquary (talk) 14:43, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

"It is a common trope to have a book that is apparently written by one of the characters."

Such books often feature an unreliable narrator. He/she does not have information on some aspects of the narrative, lets his/her own biases colour the narrative and the characters portrayed, censors or alters part of the details, lies about part of the details, or is mentally ill and is narrating his/her own version of reality. A famous example is The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926). The narrator is Dr. James Sheppard, who helps investigate the murder of his friend Roger Ackroyd and records the process of the investigation in writing. Much later, it is revealed Sheppard himself is the murderer and was withholding incriminating information. Plus, the narrative is his final account... as he was preparing his own suicide while seemingly talking to the reader.

Note that Dr. Watson in the original Shelock Holmes stories also served as an unreliable narrator, though there were two stories narrated by someone else. Watson is the self-styled biographer of Holmes and writes down the stories years or decades after they actually occurred. But admits to tampering with the details: "Watson is also represented as being very discreet in character. The events related in "The Adventure of the Second Stain" are supposedly very sensitive: "If in telling the story I seem to be somewhat vague in certain details, the public will readily understand that there is an excellent reason for my reticence. It was, then, in a year, and even in a decade, that shall be nameless, that upon one Tuesday morning in autumn we found two visitors of European fame within the walls of our humble room in Baker Street." Furthermore, in "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger," Watson notes that he has "made a slight change of name and place" when presenting that story. Here he is direct about a method of preserving discretion and confidentiality that other scholars have inferred from the stories, with pseudonyms replacing the "real" names of clients, witnesses, and culprits alike, and altered place-names replacing the real locations." Dimadick (talk) 15:53, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

(OP here) Thank you all - and please keep them coming. Carbon Caryatid (talk) 17:14, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

• Interview with the Vampire, etc. Also, the Illuminatus! Trilogy contains a somewhat clouded humorous self-reference. 93.142.79.83 (talk) 22:56, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

I have a copy of the Necronomicon (although its actually just an anthology of HP Lovecraft stories). Iapetus (talk) 09:22, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

There have been several published pseudo-Necronomicons (Necronomica?), as you can see from our article, the most well-known of which is a strange yet boring Mesopotamianized version of old grimoire occultism... AnonMoos (talk) 03:34, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

The opera Ariadne auf Naxos is about a performance of the opera Ariadne auf Naxos. LATER: In the film The Grand Budapest Hotel, there is a writer who is working on a book, "The Grand Budapest Hotel." Herbivore (talk) 15:09, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Dictionary of the Khazars? -- AnonMoos (talk) 03:34, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

April 9

Canberra

Is Canberra generally considered to be just in the ACT, or can it be construed (for statistical purposes, in particular) to embrace surrounding parts of NSW? Our articles on the Australian capitals generally cover the metropolitan areas; there's a reason Sydney metropolitan area redirects to Sydney, for example. With this in mind, I was doubtful, but not enough to be certain, when I noticed that List of Australian capital cities provides a Canberra population that's higher than that of the whole ACT. Of course, the ACT is mostly Canberra, but the Jervis Bay Territory can't have a negative population. So should I assume that population figures for "Canberra" include adjoining areas, like Sutton, Queanbeyan, and eight people at Tralee? Or is this a mistake or vandalism? The Canberra population is unsourced (a source is provided for the whole column, but the Canberra figure isn't in it), while the ACT population complies with the source; it's not as if someone just switched the two by mistake.

Related, but not the same question — why is so much of NSW-near-ACT undeveloped? Aside from Queanbeyan, it seems like basically nobody lives in NSW near the ACT, and some ACT developments stop at or near the border (Hume and Dunlop, in particular); is there some legal restriction on development in much of the border areas, or have developers just not developed those places?

Nyttend (talk) 01:03, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

It sounds like sourcing needs to be improved for those Canberra figures. As for development in that area, why would you expect it? If it hadn't been chosen as the site for the national capital, there would still probably be little but sheep in that whole area. There are no particular economic attractions there. HiLo48 (talk) 00:01, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

The Lady's Magazine and Musical Repository

I am trying to place an 1802 publication in context. Any clues welcome. I know that periodicals changed names as they merged with competitors, or one editor or publisher bought out another. At the moment I am interested in, it was called The Lady's Magazine and Musical Repository. I found it via this link.[3] (The Hathi Trust categorises it as a musical periodical, but the magazine's table of contents shows it to be mostly prose.)

This appears to be an American publication. Presumably it is not connected to Ladies' Magazine, as our article says that began in 1828. Is it possibly a trans-Atlantic re-print (legitimate or pirated) of The Lady's Magazine? From our article:

The Lady's Magazine; or Entertaining Companion for the Fair Sex, Appropriated Solely to Their Use and Amusement, was an early British women's magazine published monthly from 1770 until 1847

Who was behind The Lady's Magazine and Musical Repository? The Hathi page says: "New York : Printed by G. & R. Waite for N. Bell, 1801-1802". But I do not know these names. Any help? Carbon Caryatid (talk) 17:33, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association states that the publisher of The Lady's Magazine and Musical Repository was one Nathaniel Bell. According to that article, Martha Washington eventually became the owner of the magazine.

The directory of the American Bookbinders Museum has a "Nathaniel Bell, Bookseller, Stationer and Bookbinder [of] 438 Pearl Street, New York" who was active from 1796 until 1832 when his widow took over the business. He may or may not be your man. Alansplodge (talk) 20:24, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

The latter source also has a "G. & R. Waite, Printing, Book selling, Bookbinding, Patent Medicines & Lottery, [of] 64 & 38 Maiden Lane, New York". They also seem to have published, or at least printed, the New York edition of The Easy Instructor, one of two contemporary works which introduced the concept of shape note singing (it gets a mention in our article). See A History and Bibliography of the First Shape Note Tune Book (p. 36). A quick Google reveals that the Waites also printed an wide range of other books including an illustrated Bible in 1813. [4] Alansplodge (talk) 20:45, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Thank you. It's intriguing to find the info via Mount Vernon. I don't read their entry as meaning that the First Lady owned the magazine, in the sense of publishing it, though she was indeed an astute businesswoman. I think the librarians are just asserting that she owned a copy. ("Martha Washington's interest in these magazines may have begun in 1793 when the Philadelphia editors of The Lady's Magazine, and Repository of Entertaining Knowledge, presented their first volume to her. She later owned this New York publication, The Lady's Magazine and Musical Repository.") So that still leaves open the question of who owned and edited the Repository: who was this Nathaniel Bell? Any more leads welcome. I'm curious about the background and politics of Bell and any other owners or editors. Carbon Caryatid (talk) 10:30, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Ah yes, rereading the source, I'm sure that you're right about Martha owning that copy rather than the whole enterprise. If the bookbindersmuseum.org entry is the same bloke, he doesn't seem to have been very notable, just an astute entrepreneur. Alansplodge (talk) 10:10, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Register of artists, engravers, booksellers, bookbinders, printers & publishers in New York city, 1633-1820 (p. 10) has a list of NY addresses for Nathaniel Bell and also records a short-lived partnership with a Mr Smith (first name unrecorded) in 1799-1800. This exhausts anything Google could find for me. Alansplodge (talk) 16:22, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Re: 2018 Gaza border protests (Great March of Return and the Day of the Tire)

I noticed in Talk:2018 Gaza border protests, the article was listed as high importance to Wikipedia:WikiProject Palestine. Are these protests now an important part of the history of Palestine, Palestinians, or the "Palestinian cause"? I am just curious as to why this is considered high importance when, to my ignorant, armchair American a**, it seems like just another tragic manifestation of the Israeli-Arab conflict that has been ongoing since the early 20th century. This is especially odd since Talk:2014 Israel–Gaza conflict is listed as mid-importance. I know this is probably a thing to bring up in the respective talk pages, I am just wondering if this conflict is especially important to Palestinian history. 108.245.173.217 (talk) 19:43, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

It's just the most recent in a long list of conflicts between Israeli tanks and snipers vs rock throwing and mirror holding protesters. Besides recentism, it's not that important to the conflict. Of 19 (talk) 20:56, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Ah. Okay. 108.245.173.217 (talk) 01:37, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

April 10

How to gain wisdom

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen

I was wondering, if a philosopher or theologian ever came up with a step by step guide to aquire wisdom. I would love to gain more widsom.

Thank you for your answers

With kind regards--2A02:1205:502E:4030:304D:4E2A:2DD5:539D (talk) 17:44, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

The Book of Wisdom might not be what you are looking for. Dbfirs 19:55, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

One of my personal favorites in the Judeo-Christian scriptures almost didn't make the cut, but is indispensable for those who aim to acquire wisdom. Shock Brigade Harvester Boris (talk) 20:14, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Whoever is selling it, take note of what Dogbert said: "Beware the advice of successful people; they do not seek company." ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 20:17, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Scott Adamss was just making a cartoon not trying to dispense some wisdom. Successful people are very often only too happy to try and help and encourage others to go around doing things in a better way. The usual requirement is that one be willing to try. Dmcq (talk) 23:15, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Keep telling yourself that. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 23:35, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Wisdom is an interesting article that has some info you might be able to use. 173.228.123.166 (talk) 05:48, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

See Dragons' Den. 92.19.172.40 (talk) 14:31, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

The Quintessence of Japanese Literature

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen

I will in a few months travel to asia, including China and Japan. I was wondering, if there was a special book that can give me some insight in japanese culture and japanese thinking. Some people have told me, that the "Hagakure" comes close to this, but I am skeptical. I doubt that this specific book has such a wide-spread among the native Japanese.

Thank you for yours answers

With kind regards--2A02:1205:502E:4030:B0E1:B486:5265:AFF8 (talk) 19:18, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Have you tried starting at Culture of Japan and investigating that article as well as related articles and their cited sources and suggested further reading? There's also Wikivoyage and for added measure here's the Japan National Tourism Organization website. And there's always your favorite search engine; Google will put books from Google Books in search results if it thinks they match your query. --47.146.63.87 (talk) 09:06, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Not literature, but I found the book Pink Samurai: Love, Marriage, and Sex in Contemporary Japan by Nicholas Bornoff (New York: Pocket Books, 1991, ISBN 0-671-74265-5; there are other editions) gave some interesting insights into aspects of modern Japanese culture. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.218.14.51 (talk) 15:56, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Online Study of the Paranormal

Dear All

I once asked a question about an encyclopedia of the paranormal. I was wondering, whether it was possible to take a recognized online course in parapsychology (I currently reside in Switzerland, but will travel through Asia in the coming months). I would love to have some certificate for the competition or a diploma (it is always good to have certificates, as they say in Europe). I really would love to get some basics of the subject, it also could be a religious led course by some monks or so, that deals with the same subject.

Thank you for your answers

With kind regards--2A02:1205:502E:4030:B0E1:B486:5265:AFF8 (talk) 19:23, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

You might look into the University of Edinburgh's Koestler Parapsychology Unit (there's a link to the Unit's website at the foot of the article). {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.218.14.51 (talk) 16:01, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

[5] finds a lot of classes, though "recognized" can mean a lot of things. 173.228.123.166 (talk) 17:48, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

The Parapsychological Association has a list of accredited institutions that offer courses on parapsychology for some reason.

If you're looking for a course taught "by some monks or so," you're gonna have to either:

• Join specific Sufi orders that emphasize Simiyya (technically not monks, but as close as Islam has). This is not to say that Sufi Islam is inherently paranormal, and pretty much any authentic group would tell you that focusing on "paranormal" stuff is missing the point.
• Join a Tibetan Buddhist monastery (preferably not Gelug). Other countries have their own forms of Esoteric Buddhism which are related, but the Tibetan stuff gets hella more complex. Again, this is not to suggest that Buddhism is inherently paranormal, because within their own context the goals of Vajrayana traditions are not supernatural but psychological (even if the means are, by any other standard, supernatural).
• Join a cult (haha, please don't).

However, those kinds of groups tend not to like it when someone joins for reasons other than spiritual enlightenment or whatnot (except maybe the kind of cult that uses promises of paranormal stuff as a honeypot). If you're already a Freemason, you'll know that mainstream Masonic groups are usually a pretty stupid place to go looking for paranormal stuff, but some modern Martinist and Rosicrucian orders require Masonic standing. Ian.thomson (talk) 20:09, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

If you specifically meant Christian monks, while it's not out of the question that they might encourage you on the path of Christian mysticism, divine visions are considered the exception (not the rule), and actually seeing or hearing anything may be taken as a sign that things have gone horribly wrong (especially if other people can see or hear them). If things haven't gone horribly wrong, then the Vatican is going to be called in to try to prove that it's a hoax. If they don't immediately prove that it's a hoax (or perhaps feel that the hoax is harmless), then even then there's gonna be this attitude that you'd damn well better be quiet and humble about it.

Sufi groups, for the most part, are going to have a similar attitude. It's just not out of the question that a Sufi group might practice theurgy, while the Council of Trent and the witch hunts really put a damper on already uncommon Christian monastic theurgy. Ian.thomson (talk) 20:28, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

April 11

Is phenol haram?

The April 11 "On this day" feature references a riot at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, in 1993. Part of the impetus for this seems to be that some Muslim inmates objected to mandatory tuberculosis testing, on the grounds that the test required the injection of (presumably a tiny amount of) phenol, which they thought violated the ban on alcohol.

Now, phenol is arguably an alcohol, in some technical chemical sense of the word (though it doesn't actually meet the definition given in our article). But in any case it is not used to get drunk (no idea whether it would work or not; it's far too poisonous for anyone to find out). The search term alcohol and Islam leads me to a section that points to an article called khamr, which in the strictest sense is about wine, but apparently has been broadened to intoxicating substances generally, but not as far as I can tell to chemical "alcohols" generally.

So is there actually any recognized Muslim prohibition on medications containing phenol? Or is this just a misunderstanding on the part of the inmates involved? --Trovatore (talk) 01:23, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Or just an attempt to stir up trouble? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 01:33, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

A helpful, well-referenced, and insightful answer as always, Bugs. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 02:22, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Bugs's answer did not really get me any closer to finding out what I asked about, but neither does bickering about it, so how about we just let that go, and wait to see if anyone has any actual information on the question. --Trovatore (talk) 02:25, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Do be patient; I am working on it. (Sometimes it's worthwhile to call out the useless responses to encourage eventual improvement, even if it results in a bit of local, transient bickering.) Cheers! TenOfAllTrades(talk) 02:51, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

It's not useless - it's a possibility that the OP failed to consider. Keep in mind they're in prison, which means they've likely already violated the tenets of their religion. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 12:38, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Phenol is a mild topical analgesic and has something of a numbing effect, it has a hydroxyl group like other organic alcohols; how that intersects with religious proscriptions on intoxicants is above my pay grade. Speaking as someone who regularly watchlists articles on vaccine conspiracies and other medical nonsense, this isn't the stupidest objection to a medical procedure, though it's not a strong one.

This post to Prison Legal News (December 1993, roughly 8 months after the riot) is interesting, in that it is looking at the broader question of exposure to (animal) serum, rather than just phenol, and asking whether or not alternative screening methods (e.g. chest X-ray) should be considered as a legitimate religious accommodation. As a question of law and ethics and consent rather than a question purely of science, would it have been a reasonable step to offer these inmates the option of a chest radiograph in lieu of a subcutaneous tuberculin injection?

Whether the "On this day" summary is a fair representation of the Ohio riot...ehhhhh....? From the 'other side', we do have this commentary:

"While I will concede that the TB test was the last straw which broke the camel's back, the inhumane treatment and the long train of abuses are what induced some non-Muslims to seize the opportunity to instantaneously convert a peaceful protest into a full-scale rebellion. I cannot and will not concede that Muslims were responsible for non-Muslims' actions; however, the state feels otherwise."

In other words, did Wikipedia err in (over)emphasizing the involvement of Muslims (as a convenient scapegoat at this point in U.S. history) versus other factors which apparently contributed to the riot? Realistically, just what fraction of Ohio's 1993 prison population were Muslim, anyway? TenOfAllTrades(talk) 02:51, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Thanks; these are interesting and useful considerations. I am still specifically interested in the question from the standpoint of Islamic jurisprudence, though. --Trovatore (talk) 04:48, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

In case there's some confusion, the OTD entry didn't comment on the motivation in any way nor on any personal identification of the participants, simply mentioned a riot of inmates [6]. The section of our article Southern Ohio Correctional Facility#1993 riot [7] does mention the phenol aspect which I suspect is at least in part what brought this question to Trovatore's mind, but only as a statement of one inmate from a Netflix documentary. It mentions concern over TB testing for Muslim inmates, but also mentions other factors and seems to give about equal prominence to prison gangs Gangster Disciples, Muslims, and Aryan Brotherhood as participants. Nil Einne (talk) 16:59, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Web search finds this article[8] about halal vaccines mentions that a particular meningitis vaccine "is obligatory for Muslims travelling to Saudi Arabia for pilgrimage. The vaccine is made free of any animal component and phenol during the development and production process, making it halal and Sharia-compliant." Based on that, phenol sounds problematic. 173.228.123.166 (talk) 05:47, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Interesting. Thanks. That does seem to suggest that there is at least a view, not connected to the Ohio inmates, that phenol might be haram.

It's still not clear to me what the reasoning might be, though. --Trovatore (talk) 06:39, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

As the khamr article states, there isn't even agreement within Islam on what qualifies as "alcohol and intoxicants", with different madhahib holding different positions—some even permitting alcoholic beverage consumption. You probably will have to dig into each school to find out what their positions are and their reasoning. --47.146.63.87 (talk) 08:50, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

(One might draw parallels with the debates among Christian denominations over the nature and proper celebration of the Eucharist.) --47.146.63.87 (talk) 08:54, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Relating to the points raised by 47, it's perhaps worth reading some of the general commentary on alcohol in medicines in Islam. See e.g. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Most don't ban it outright but many seem to suggest use of alcohol itself as medicine is forbidden. This may or may not apply to topical use, and I'm sure you can get a lot of complicated discussions about using it as mouth wash. (I strongly suspect you'll find a bunch forbid it use as mouthwash and sometimes even topically but allow its use as an antidote when no other alternative is available. Of course not all people who discuss this are necessarily aware of medical application details.) In terms of medicines which contain alcohol, some suggest you should consider whether it's likely to have an intoxicating effect, some are more in the lines of avoid it if other alternatives are available just in case. Nil Einne (talk) 17:14, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Of course even in foods it can also get incredibly complicated e.g. [14] Nil Einne (talk) 17:26, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Islam differentiated itself from other religions by being more pure, Customs from the local pagans like their holidays were just amalgamated to Christianity to wean people off paganism (that's why Halloween means All Hallow's (Holy (All Saints Day) Eve and all that weird egg-laying bunny stuff for instance), it has the Trinity which didn't look monotheistic enough, both religions' Bibles discourage drunkness but not drinking, they don't specifically condemn gambling (maybe they forgot?). So the different schools of thought on average is stricter on alcohol than the other current Abrahamic religions, many schools don't want to get close to slightly buzzed, some go further then others. Muhammad Ali after his conversion drunk Coca-Cola that had 1 drop of rum added so he could say he had a drink in New York so he was apparently of that level (a raindrop disintegrates above 5 millimeter wide sphere and a drink is about 1.5 fluid ounces so he was apparently OK with up to maybe 1/678th of a drink (1500 microdrinks)) Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 19:46, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

One might go back to the original Koran and note that the prohibition is not alcohol, but drunkenness . . . DOR (HK) (talk) 12:44, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Joseph Mccarthy

Was Joseph Mccarthy homosexual?144.35.114.28 (talk) 23:30, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

In 1952, using rumors collected by Pearson, Nevada publisher Hank Greenspun wrote that McCarthy was a homosexual. The major journalistic media refused to print the story, and no notable McCarthy biographer has accepted the rumor as probable. Ian.thomson (talk) 23:32, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

The company he kept (especially Cohn) might have contributed to that rumor. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 12:56, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

April 12

A law against threats

If I were to pull out some petrol and matches in a hotel lobby, and threaten to make a fire that could easily destroy the place down and kill everyone, would I be breaking the law, and if so, which law?

If there is such a law, does it apply to world leaders who threaten destroy Earth and kill 7.6 billion people?

Anna Frodesiak (talk) 07:23, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

For the former - yes. here for examples. For the latter - what world leaders are threatening to destroy the Earth? Iapetus (talk) 08:28, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Political leaders usually threaten other countries and not their own. I have not heard of a country which disallows politicians to do this. If they travel to a country they have threatened or one of its allies, I assume they will make sure that they have diplomatic immunity or a similar agreement. If they threaten to do something that could cause retaliation at their own country then they are not actually threatening their own country in a legal sense. PrimeHunter (talk) 10:41, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Assault is defined as "a threat of imminent harmful or offensive contact with a person". If you tell someone "I am going to hit you" or if you make a motion that shows intent to hit someone, that is assault. Also, like Iapetus, I have never heard a World Leader state "I will now kill 7.6 billion people", or anything like that. --Jayron32 15:17, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

You might find true threat and/or imminent lawless action useful. Generally, to be criminal, a threat would need to appear credible to a reasonable observer. For example, hyperbolic statements made in jest would not generally be perceived as credible and hence would not be criminally actionable. In addition, the threat generally needs to create a fear of illegal action. If a bank threatens to repossess your house for non-payment on your mortgage, then I am sure that is frightening but it isn't criminal since the bank would be acting entirely within their rights. A politician might engage in threatening rhetoric, but it would be very unusual for one to actually make a credible threat of illegal action. Dragons flight (talk) 16:53, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Yes, there is such a law. Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter reads "All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force . . ." see also Use of force by states. Ronald Reagan's We begin bombing in five minutes seems to be the sort of thing the OP has in mind.John Z (talk) 20:15, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Reagan's comment was a joke, even if not everyone found it funny. My guess is that Anna was talking about Trump's tweet on Syria, which was not a joke, though that's not the same as saying it was a genuine statement of intent. --Trovatore (talk) 20:31, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Thank you all. I think I understand now. It is a lot about being imminent rather than just making the population of the world feel quite uncomfortable. Maybe it is like standing in a hotel lobby with a can of petrol and a lighter, looking nuts, and yelling "I might!" really loud. Not illegal, but not nice either.

And to Iapetus, there is only one country I know of that could blow us all up and that has indicated it may bring things down that path.

Anna Frodesiak (talk) 23:26, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Even the scenario you're describing would qualify as "imminent" danger. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 13:27, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

April 13

John Galt=ubermensch?

Did Rand view John Galt as a nietschean Superman? How did she view nietsches philosophy?107.77.231.68 (talk) 00:16, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

@Medeis: is our resident Rand expert. I haven't heard much from her lately, but if anyone knows, she'd be the one to direct you to information. --Jayron32 02:08, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

It looks like Medeis last edited on March 4. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 03:25, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

I thought there had been a lack of petty drama and squabbles around here lately. Now I know why. --Viennese Waltz 06:48, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Although it doesn't directly answer your question, the Randian hero article might be of interest. —2606:A000:4C0C:E200:0:0:0:3 (talk) 03:34, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Well, what about Paul Ryan? Would Rand consider him aRandian hero and/or would nietsche think of him as a Nietschean Superman? He did get to Congress at 28 and became speaker of House very young.107.77.231.68 (talk) 04:36, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Do supermen resign? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 13:26, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

One did. Clarityfiend (talk) 00:18, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

Shoe throwing in classical antiquity

I've just checked and I'm glad that someone's added a little flesh to the list of shoe-throwing incidents page on WP. The list only goes back to 2008, and I'd like to add one from farther back. Refer to ammianus marcellinus' Roman History, XIX-X-10.

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roman_History/Book_XIX

I'm working w/o a mouse right now, so it's hard to copy and paste the passage.

If anyone could help me, what year was this? The book doesn't place things easily within certain years. I'm real curious about if shoe throwing back then has anything in common with the practice in the current day. Thank you!

2601:1C1:8100:900:B962:F71D:5C87:E892 (talk) 03:36, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

In case anyone is curious, the passage reads:

But when they saw the emperor on his high mound preparing a mild harangue, and about to address them as men who would prove obedient in future, one of them, seized with a sudden fury, hurled his shoe at the tribune, and cried out, "Marha, Marha!" which in their language is a signal of war; and a disorderly mob following him, suddenly raised their barbaric standard, and with fierce howls rushed upon the emperor himself.

This is Book XIX section XI (not X) paragraph 10.

If you look back to the start of Book XIX, you see this summary of section XI:

The Limigantes of Sarmatia, under pretence of suing for peace, attack Constantius, who is deceived by their trick; but are driven back with heavy loss.

The Wikipedia article on the Limigantes has a section Conflict with Rome, which reads as follows (with footnotes referring to Ammianus):

In AD 357, the Roman emperor Constantius II (ruled 337-361) faced a large force of Limigantes, who had successfully rebelled against their Iazyges overlords and then launched a pacification of Roman occupied territory on the South bank of the Danube. The Sarmatians entered the empire near the confluence of the rivers Danube and Tisza, pacifying the province of Moesia Superior (roughly mod. Serbia). After this, the remaining Limigantes surrendered and were assigned lands to settle in beyond the imperial border, but which were apparently under Roman control (possibly seized from the "free Sarmatians" separately defeated earlier in the same year).

In 358, the Limigantes broke the terms of their treaty with Constantius and raided outside the territory assigned to them the previous year.

The Roman army adopted the Sarmatian Draco formation for their cohorts.

So presumably the Constantius in question is Constantius II and the year is either 357 or 358, whichever seems to make sense in view of the other events described by Ammianus. --69.159.62.113 (talk) 05:53, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

The year was 359 according to The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History (p. 160) by Peter Heather. Alansplodge (talk) 16:07, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

I'm not sure if this is any use, but there's a shoe-throwing incident in ancient Greek legend related by Plutarch here. The list of shoe-throwing incidents already cites Psalm 108 ("over Edom will I cast out my shoe"), so perhaps this could be mentioned alongside it. --Antiquary (talk) 17:09, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

And there's a 6th-century instance of boot-throwing here. --Antiquary (talk) 17:19, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Curiously, Constantius was involved in another shoe-related incident. He had ordered that his cousin and co-regent, Constantius Gallus, should be executed but then rescinded the order in a fit of remorse. He only found out that the message had not got through in time when a retainer called Apodemius "threw [Gallus's] shoes down at Constantius' feet as if they were the spoils of a fallen Parthian king". [15] Alansplodge (talk) 17:31, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

One hundred guineas for James Cook

The WP-article tells me that "For its part the Royal Society agreed that Cook would receive a one hundred guinea gratuity in addition to his Naval pay." This was in 1766, and if possible, I'd like some context. What could he buy with it? What was his regular pay? What would it be in todays money? Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 08:08, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

This website purports to convert any historical currency into modern buying power; there are formulas economists have worked out to do that and I'm sure this is what they do here. According to that program, 100 guineas in 1766 is equivalent to $26,680.41 in terms of buying power. This page lists pay grades for Royal Navy officers during the Napoleonic Wars; it's a bit late for Cook, but not outrageously so and would give you a ballpark figure. That page is numerated in pound sterling, though you can convert that pay into modern dollars using the same utility I put at the beginning to get some sort of comparable. --Jayron32 12:20, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

(edit conflict)This thesis (p. 131) gives monthly naval pay in 1736: "Captain of a 1st rate £28.0.0; Captain of a 2nd rate £22.8.0; Captains of rates between 3rd and 6th rates, £18.12.5 - £8.8.0". There were allowances for servants, depending on the size of the ship. Assuming that Cook was on the top rate, 100 guineas (£105) would be a little over four months pay.

A History of the English Agricultural Labourer (p. 124) gives a table of prices for common commodities in about 1750; a pair of men's shoes, 5 shillings (25p in modern decimal notation) and butter, 6d per lb (2½p). Alansplodge (talk) 12:26, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Currency, Coinage and the Cost of Living gives an easy overview of how British currency worked and the changing cost of living in the the 17th to 19th centuries. Alansplodge (talk) 12:30, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

The reference desk at its finest, many thanks! Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 12:41, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

According to WP, Cook was "lieutenant" at the time, but of course he was also "Captain". Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 12:46, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Royal Navy pay grades would have been by rank and not job, I believe. He was accorded the honor of "Captain" by being the highest ranking officer on the ship, but if his nominal rank was "Lieutenant", then he would have been payed Lieutenant pay. --Jayron32 12:52, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

• If there were separate pay grades for captains according to the rate of a warship, then it wasn't entirely by rank. However, I see no reason to think that lieutenant's pay isn't the right answer for the Endeavour, which was not a warship. --69.159.62.113 (talk) 19:01, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Thanks, that's what I thought. So, £7 per the thesis. If so, more than a years pay. Seems deserved, I hope he got it. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 13:10, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

fine

If a person is convicted and is fined X amount of money, but is immediately pardoned, then I'm assuming that the fine no longer has to be paid, since the pardon absolves the conviction altogether. (Please correct me on this if I'm wrong.)

But what if a person is convicted, fined, pays that fine, but is pardoned years later? Does the government pay back the fine?

I'm interested in both the general case for common law jurisdictions and the US federal courts in particular. Mũeller (talk) 22:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

As a matter of law, you are entitled to the return of money paid due to overturned convictions, according to the Supreme Court. From Nelson v. Colorado (2016), "When a criminal conviction is invalidated by a reviewing court and no retrial will occur, is the State obliged to refund fees, court costs, and restitution exacted from the defendant upon, and as a consequence of, the conviction? Our answer is yes." But that case was regarding convictions overturned by a court. In some states this was already specified by legislative action. This memo, which is interesting reading, notes that it has never been addressed by a court exactly what is supposed to happen to fines and other financial penalties after a presidential pardon, but concludes that precedent would allow the pardoned individual to recover any of his assets still held by the state. However, he may not be able to recover any of his assets that have already left the hands of the state, perhaps as restitution to victims. Someguy1221 (talk) 23:10, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

April 14

Dealer as in the Tomb Raider film

How do you call the kind of dealer shown in the current Tomb Raider film, where Lara Croft sells her locket, and in the end buys her pistols? --KnightMove (talk) 06:25, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

At a guess (lacking knowledge of the franchise): a pawnbroker? —Tamfang (talk) 07:47, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

Rockets or air defense?

In pictures like [16] what we see are the US rockets, or Syrian air-defense battery? And why can you see the beginning of them? They are long range, why don't they shine all the way? --Hofhof (talk) 14:03, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

There are no U.S. rockets. They used precision strikes from slow-moving cruise missiles. That is phosphorus tracer rounds from anti-aircraft batteries.
Sleigh (talk) 00:32, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Yeah, this is a common misconception caused by the phrase "cruise missile". Cruise missiles are essentially unmanned aircraft with explosives inside. Military drones are, of course, just an evolution of this, enabled by improved technology. --47.146.63.87 (talk) 02:05, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

"Slow moving" is relative, of course. Tomahawk cruise missiles use basically 1970s technology, and travel at about 550 miles per hour (900 kilometers per hour), which is pretty fast and comparable to airliners. They have turbofan jet engines, not rocket engines. Of course, the cruise missile platform has been modernized in many ways over the years, but they are nowhere near as fast as an intercontinental ballistic missile. That is quite old technology as well. Cullen³²⁸ Let's discuss it 05:13, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

April 15

Sharing adult videos without the women's consent

Hi,

I've found many videos on a small free adult website. There's an old guy who shared more than 100 videos of him having intercourse with ladies and most videos are obviously shot with a hidden camera. I sent an email to the website to let them know but they replied twice that I need the IDs of the ladies in the video to be able to take the videos down. Now, I think this is extremely wrong because obviously the women do not know they are featured on adult videos online and the website owner just doesn't care. Unless the women find out (most probably because their friends or family find out first), they will have their videos online for ever. I thought adult websites were very careful about this kind of things but it seems some really don't care. What should I do now? Just nothing cause I'm not directly concerned with it or should I insist with the website owner or should I alert the autorithies? By the way, the ladies seem to come from diverse Asian countries. Thanks. 2001:EE0:4041:1F9:9824:B5:36A9:1942 (talk) 02:12, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! What I would say to you is that the website is operating on a basis of presumption of innocence. After all, the videos could be made to look like they were taken without consent in order to appeal to certain tastes, but actually have been taken with the complete informed consent of all parties involved – see List of pornographic subgenres#Reality. Of course, if you are concerned, you could contact the relevant law enforcement authority, as most countries have laws against publishing sexual imagery of a person without their consent. The relevant authority in this case would be that of the country where this pornographic website is based, which you can find out with a so-called WHOIS search. However, their ability to investigate may be no greater than that of the webhost, as it will be very difficult to contact the creator of the videos (and the women involved) unless he has provided meaningful contact details. Hope that helps!--Newbiepedian (talk · contribs · X! · logs) 02:18, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

2001:EE0:4041:1F9:9824:B5:36A9:1942 -- the technical term for this is "Revenge porn" (even if not always done for motives of revenge). You can look up the whole sordid Reddit Michael Brutsch affair for an example of extreme "carelessness"... AnonMoos (talk) 03:33, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Do people have to obey the law of the land because they are citizens or because the government owns the land?

If a rich guy finances the construction of an underwater house and lives underwater in the middle of the ocean, or just lives in a residential submarine, then is the rich guy free from the laws of his birth nation? Or does he still have to pay taxes because he earns a salary and is a citizen of that country? If a poor guy makes a nest on a tree in the middle of a state park, then would he get prosecuted by the government for trespassing on state property? If a person voluntarily becomes stateless, then where can that person live? Or do countries just throw stateless persons in prison? SSS (talk) 02:41, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

I will answer your questions in order: Depends on the country and the registry of the submarine; Depends on the country; Depends on the country and park; Generally they are stuck wherever they are when they became stateless, or wherever they fled to, see statelessness; some countries do. The questions you have asked are very broad, and would need to be narrowed to get a more specific answer. To address the question in the title, people must obey the law of the country they are in because the state holds sovereignty over its territory - that is, the state declares it possesses a right to enforce laws on anyone in its domain. Some governments also assert total or limited sovereignty over all actions taken by their own citizens, anywhere in the world - that is, in some countries a citizen can be put on trial for a crime he committed in another country. Many countries also deny the premise that a person may unilaterally end his own citizenship, instead insisting that the state must consent to this change in status. Someguy1221 (talk) 03:02, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

There haven't been any mid-ocean underwater colonies that I've ever heard of, but there have been attempts to escape from all legal jurisdictions, such as the attempted takeover of the Minerva Reef. Nowadays, there are various libertarian "seasteading" projects (floating structures that would spend all their time in international waters). AnonMoos (talk) 03:42, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

See also Statelessness. Alansplodge (talk) 15:50, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

To my mind a 'citizen' is some one lives a society that acknowledges a common structure of law (even if the don't always abide by it – just watch Jude Judy to see what I mean). Just paying tax to one or more tax collectors doesn’t make one a citizen of anywhere. If someone chooses to live outside these boundaries then they are by definition 'outlaws' because they live out side of any recognised civilized law structure and therefore are not citizens in the true meaning of the word. I.E., Robin Hood and his merry Men. Aspro (talk) 16:34, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Campaign funds for congress and senate

What happens to left over campaign contributions given to members of the U.S. congress and senate after the campaign is over? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:483:100:AEB7:40A8:A6DE:D084:4415 (talk) 04:35, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

They can save those funds for a future political campaign or donate them to the campaigns of political allies, or to a charity. Cullen³²⁸ Let's discuss it 04:47, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Here is a link to details at Fact check.org. Cullen³²⁸ Let's discuss it 04:50, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

The last I heard many years ago about "campaign contributions" in the US when a candidate does not run for reelection was that the candidate was free to spend it, with the only restriction that he had to pay taxes on it as income. This was probably before the 1980s reform law. A "campaign contribution" thus was a bribe, since the "war chest" could easily become a piggy bank, and a candidate could solicit large gifts then retire and keep it. The Factcheck link refers to an ethics reform act HR 3660 of 1989. I don't see campaign contributions in its enacted version: Public Law 101-194. Maybe I missed it amongst the verbiage and definitions. Fact Check links to the FEC Federal Election Commission: "Permissible non-campaign use of funds" to verify the limit on a candidate spending campaign funds for personal use, but it is a dead link. Factcheck links to a 1989 NY Times article, which actually says a 1980 law prevents house members from using leftover funds on them selves, but that some were still spending it on themselves or their friends. It said that the Senate had a rule against retired or defeated members spending their leftover campaign funds, but that it was not enforced. Wikipedia has an article about a 1979 ethics reform act, enacted in the wake of Watergate, but I could not find an article about a 1989 ethics reform act, nor was it linked from the 1979 article, nor did it show up in the 1989 in law category. What section of HR 3660 prohibits politicians from spending leftover campaign contributions on themselves? Does some other federal reg achieve this? This seems pretty important and article-worthy. The section on campaign contributions was not mentioned by Pres G H W Bush when he signed HR3660 in 1989: [17]. A Houston Chronicle article described former congressmen paying their family members as office staff or to store records in their homes. The charities and foundations they donate campaign funds to could employ family members, or could sere as a slush fund to pay for for travel and lodging, as the former politicians travel around the world doing "good works." Edison (talk) 13:39, 15 April 2018 (UTC)