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* Vega Consolidated ('''VEGA C''')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.avio.com/en/vega/vega-c/ | title=VEGA C | publisher=AVIO | accessdate=8 November 2017}}</ref>
* Vega Consolidated ('''VEGA C''')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.avio.com/en/vega/vega-c/ | title=VEGA C | publisher=AVIO | accessdate=8 November 2017}}</ref>
** evolution of standard Vega;
** Evolution of standard Vega;
** P120C as first stage replacing P80;
** P120C as first stage replacing P80;
** Zefiro 40 as second stage replacing Z23;
** Zefiro 40 as second stage replacing Z23;
** first launch expected in 2019.
** First launch expected in 2019.
* VEGA Evolution ('''VEGA E''')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.avio.com/en/vega-2/vega-e/ | title=VEGA E | publisher=AVIO | accessdate=8 November 2017}}</ref>
* VEGA Evolution ('''VEGA E''')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.avio.com/en/vega-2/vega-e/ | title=VEGA E | publisher=AVIO | accessdate=8 November 2017}}</ref>
** evolution of Vega C;
** Evolution of Vega C;
** MIRA (Avio KBKhA Khrunichev Progres Kuznetsov) cryogenic [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]/[[Liquid methane]] upperstage replacing both Zefiro 9 and AVUM;
** MIRA (Avio KBKhA Khrunichev Progres Kuznetsov) cryogenic [[liquid oxygen|LOX]]/[[liquid methane]] upperstage replacing both Zefiro 9 and AVUM;
** first launch expected in 2024.
** First launch expected in 2024.


There was a concept study for a new medium-size launcher based on Vega and [[Ariane 5]] elements. This launcher would use an Ariane 5 P230 first stage, a Vega P80 second stage and an Ariane 5 third stage using either storable or cryogenic fuel.<ref name=caporicci104 />
There was a concept study for a new medium-size launcher based on Vega and [[Ariane 5]] elements. This launcher would use an Ariane 5 P230 first stage, a Vega P80 second stage and an Ariane 5 third stage using either storable or cryogenic fuel.<ref name=caporicci104 />

Revision as of 18:53, 17 September 2018

Vega
Vega VV09 before liftoff with Sentinel-2B
FunctionSmall-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerAvio
Country of originItaly, European Space Agency[a]
Cost per launchUS$37 million[3]
Size
Height30 m (98 ft)
Diameter3 m (9.8 ft)
Mass137,000 kg (302,000 lb)
Stages4
Capacity
Payload to Polar orbit
(700km / inclination 90°)
Mass1,430 kg (3,150 lb)
Payload to Elliptic orbit
(1500x200km / inclination 5.4°)
Mass1,963 kg (4,328 lb)
Payload to SSO (400km)
Mass1,450 kg (3,200 lb)
Associated rockets
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesGuiana Space Centre ELV
Total launches12
Success(es)12
First flight13 February 2012 (2012-02-13)[1]
Last flight22 August 2018 (2018-08-22)
First stage – P80[2][3][4]
Height11.7 m (38 ft)
Diameter3 m (9.8 ft)
Empty mass7,330 kg (16,160 lb)
Gross mass95,695 kg (210,971 lb)
Powered byoff
Maximum thrust2,261 kN (508,300 lbf)
Specific impulse280 s (2.7 km/s)
Burn time110 s
PropellantHTPB (Solid)
Second stage – Zefiro 23
Height8.39 m (27.5 ft)
Diameter1.9 m (6.2 ft)
Empty mass2,850 kg (6,280 lb)
Gross mass28,850 kg (63,600 lb)
Powered byoff
Maximum thrust871 kN (195,800 lbf)
Specific impulse287.5 s (2.819 km/s)
Burn time77 s
PropellantHTPB (Solid) [5]
Third stage – Zefiro 9
Height4.12 m (13.5 ft)
Diameter1.9 m (6.2 ft)
Empty mass1,315 kg (2,899 lb)
Gross mass11,815 kg (26,048 lb)
Powered byoff
Maximum thrust260 kN (58,450 lbf)
Specific impulse296 s (2.90 km/s)
Burn time120 s
PropellantHTPB (Solid) [6]
Upper stage – AVUM
Height1.7 m (5.6 ft)
Diameter1.9 m (6.2 ft)
Empty mass147 kg (324 lb)
Gross mass697 kg (1,537 lb)
Powered by1 RD-843
Maximum thrust2.42 kN (544.0 lbf)
Specific impulse315.5 s (3.094 km/s)
Burn time667 s
PropellantUDMH/N2O4
[edit on Wikidata]

Vega (Italian: Vettore Europeo di Generazione Avanzata[7], meaning "Advanced generation European carrier rocket"),[8] is an expendable launch system in use by Arianespace jointly developed by the Italian Space Agency and the European Space Agency. Development began in 1998 and the first launch took place from the Guiana Space Centre on February 13, 2012.[4] Arianespace has ordered launchers covering the period until at least the end of 2018.[9][needs update]

It is designed to launch small payloads — 300 to 2,500 kg satellites for scientific and Earth observation missions to polar and low Earth orbits.[10] The reference Vega mission is a polar orbit bringing a spacecraft of 1,500 kilograms to an altitude of 700 kilometers.

The rocket, named after Vega, the brightest star in the constellation Lyra,[11] is a single-body launcher (no strap-on boosters) with three solid rocket stages: the P80 first stage, the Zefiro 23 second stage, and the Zefiro 9 third stage. The upper module is a liquid rocket called AVUM. The improved version of the P80 stage, the P120C, will be used as the side boosters of the Ariane 6. Italy is the leading contributor to the Vega program (65%), followed by France (13%).[12] Other participants include Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden.[13]

Development

Background

During the mid-1990s, French firms Aérospatiale and SEP, along with Italian firm Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino (BPD), commenced discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Around the same time, Italy began to champion the concept of a new solid-propellant satellite launcher.[14] This proposed launcher, dubbed Vega, was promoted as functioning to expand the range of European launch capabilities; Vega would be capable of launching a 1,000kg payload capability into a 700km polar orbit. From the onset, the first of three stages would be based on the solid booster of the existing Ariane 5 expendable launch system while the second and third stages would be make use of the in-development Zefiro rocket motor.[15][16]

However, it was recognised to be a costly project and thus difficult for Italy alone to finance; accordingly, international partners were sought early on in order to proceed with development.[14] In April 1998, it was publicly stated that the Vega programme was dependent upon the securing of roughly ECU70 million of industrial investment, as well as the availability of around ECU350 million of funding that had been requested from interested member states of the European Space Agency (ESA), led by France and Italy.[17] During June 1998, it was announced that ministers from the ESA member states had agreed to proceed with the first phase of the development programme for Vega; the participating members were France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Italy - the latter had assumed 55 per cent of the burden for financing the programme.[18][16]

By September 1998, it was projected that, if fully funded, Vega would perform its first launch during 2002.[19] However, by early 1998, France was publicly showing displeasure in the programme, leading to disputes in its funding.[20][21] A new, higher- performance version of the Vega was proposed, but this failed to sufficiently satisfy France. In September 1999, France decided to withdraw from the Vega programme entirely, leading to fears for the future of the launcher.[22] In November 1999, the ESA formally dropped Vega as an endorsed programme, a decision which was largely attributed to France's withdrawal; Italy declared that it would proceed regardless, and threatened to re-direct its allocated contributions for the further development of the Ariane 5 to meet the shortfall.[23][24]

Around 2000, an alternative use for the Vega was explored as a medium-class booster rocket to be used in conjunction with an improved, up-rated model of the Ariane 5 heavy launcher.[25] In October 2000, it was announced that France and Italy had settled their year-long dispute over the Vega programme; France and Italy agreed to provide 35 per cent and 52 per cent, respectively, of the financing towards the all-composite P80 booster for the Ariane 5 — work which would be included in the Vega programme.[26] In March 2001, FiatAvio and the Italian Space Agency formed a new company, European Launch Vehicle (ELV), to assume responsibility for the majority of development work on the Vega programme.[27] By 2003, there was concerns that the ESA's recent adoption of the Russian Soyuz launcher would directly compete with the in-development Vega; demands for such launchers had declined with a downturn in the mobile telecommunications satellite market and doubts over the European Galileo satellite navigation system.[28]

Programme launch

In March 2003, contracts for development of the Vega launcher were signed by the ESA and Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), the French space agency; Italy provided 65 per cent of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder.[29] In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator Arianespace and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at Kourou, French Guiana.[30] In November 2004, construction commenced upon a new dedicated launch pad for the Vega launcher at Kourou, this included a bunker and a self-propelled structure to assist assembly of the stages; this site was built over the original launch pad for the retired Ariane 1 launcher.[31][32] In September 2005, the successful completion of key tests on the Vega's solid rocket motor igniters, a key milestone, was reported.[33]

In November 2005, the ESA declared its desire for the development and deployment of an electric propulsion-powered module to work in conjunction with the Vega launcher; this envisioned module would transfer payloads between low Earth orbit (LEO) and a geostationary orbit.[34] During November 2005, it was reported that both Israel and India had shown formal interest in the Vega programme.[35] In December 2005, the Vega launcher, along with the Ariane and Soyuz launchers, were endorsed as the recognised "first choice" platforms for ESA payloads.[36] On 19 December 2005, the first test firing of the Vega's third stage was completed successfully at Salto di Quirra, Sardinia.[37] For several years, further tests would be conducted at the Sardinia site.[38][39] Progress on Vega was delayed by the failure of one such test of the third stage on 28 March 2007.[40][41]

During January 2007, the ESA announced that the agency was studying the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation in order to support launches of the Vega and Ariane.[42] At the 2009 Paris Airshow, it was revealed that the adoption of more cost-effective engine to replace the upper stages of the Vega have been postponed due to a failure to reduce the overall costs of the launcher, making it much less worthwhile to pursue.[43] Despite this finding, efforts to improve the efficiency of the third stage continued.[44] At this point, the certification of all four stages of the Vega launch was anticipated to be achieved prior to the end of 2009, while the maiden launch itself was scheduled to take place during 2010.[45] The first flight was intended to be flown with a scientific payload, rather than a 'dummy' placeholder;[46][47] but had intentionally avoided a costly commercial satellite.[48] By late 2010, the maiden flight had been delayed into 2011.[49]

Into flight

During October 2011, all major components of the first Vega rocket departed Avio's Colleferro facility, near Rome, by sea for Kourou. At this point, the first launch was anticipated to occur during December 2011 or January 2012.[50][51] During early January 2012, it was reported that the launch date would slip into the following month.[47][52] On 13 February 2012, the maiden launch of the Vega rocket occurred for Kourou; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight".[53][54]

During mid-2011, it was postulated that an evolved 'Europeanised' upgrade of the Vega rocket could be developed in the medium-to-long term future.[55] Following the successful maiden launch, various improvements for the Vega were postulated. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) was reportedly enthusiastic on the prospects of developing a European alternative to the Vega's final, fourth stage; however, it was widely believed that there should be no change to Vega hardware for roughly 10 years in order to consolidate operations and avoid unnecessary costs early on.[56] The ESA was also keen to take advantage of potential commonalities between the Vega and the proposed Ariane 6 heavy launcher.[57]

Following on from the maiden launch, a further four flights were used to conducted under the vestiges of the VERTA programme (Vega Research and Technology Accompaniment), during which observation or scientific payloads were orbited while validating and readying the Vega rocket for more lucrative commercial operations.[58] The second launch, performed on 6 May 2012, which followed a considerably more demanding flight profile and carried the type's first commercial payload, was also successful.[59] In the aftermath of this second launch, the ESA declared the Vega rocket to be "fully functional".[60]

Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to polar and sun-synchronous orbits.[61] During its qualification flight, Vega placed its main payload of 386.8 kg, the LARES satellite, into a circular orbit at the altitude of 1450 km with an inclination of 69.5 degrees.[62]

Lead-up to first launch

Enrico Saggese, at that time head of the Italian Space Agency, suggested in October 2008 that the first flight of VEGA might be delayed, stating "We have to decide if we want to wait until we have another programme", and referring to plans to have German participation to develop new third and fourth stages.[63]

In 2009 the first launch of the system was anticipated to take place in November 2010;[64][65] later press suggested that the launch would slip to early 2012, until ESA publicized the launch for "end of January 2012".[66]


Specifications

Stages

Vega stage parameters
Stage[67][68] P80 Zefiro 23 Zefiro 9 AVUM
Height 11.7 m (38 ft) 7.5 m (25 ft) 3.5 m (11 ft) 1.7 m (5.6 ft)
Diameter 3 m (9.8 ft) 1.9 m (6.2 ft) 1.9 m (6.2 ft) 1.9 m (6.2 ft)
Propellant mass 88 t 24 t 10.5 t 0.55 t
Motor dry mass 7,330 kg (16,160 lb) 1,950 kg (4,300 lb) 915 kg (2,017 lb) 131 kg (289 lb)
Motor case mass 3,260 kg (7,190 lb) 900 kg (2,000 lb) 400 kg (880 lb) 16 kg (35 lb)
Average thrust 2,200 kN (490,000 lbf) 871 kN (196,000 lbf) 260 kN (58,000 lbf) 2.42 kN (540 lbf)
Burn time 110 s 77 s 120 s 667 s
Specific impulse 280 s 287.5 s 296 s 315.5 s

Payload

Arianespace had indicated that the Vega launcher is able to carry 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) to a circular polar orbit at an altitude of 700 kilometres (430 mi).[69]

The payload fairing of the Vega was designed and is manufactured by RUAG Space of Switzerland.[70] It has a diameter of 2.6 meters, a height of 7.8 meters and a mass of 400 kg.

Three solid motor stages

The first three stages are solid propellant engines produced by Avio, that is Prime Contractor for the Vega launcher through its company ELV.[71]

Each of the three engine types intended for the three stages of the Vega had to be commissioned with two test-firings – one for design evaluation and one in the final flight configuration.[72][73]

P80

Main article: P80 (rocket stage)

The P80 is the first stage of VEGA, its name is derived from the design phase propellant weight of 80 tons that was later increased to 88 tons. The P80 includes a thrust vector control (TVC) system, developed and made in Belgium by SABCA, consisting of two electromechanical actuators that operate a movable nozzle with flexible joint using lithium ion batteries.[74] The 3 m diameter case is composed of graphite epoxy filament wound case and low density rubber is used for the internal insulation. The nozzle is made of light low-cost carbon phenolic material; a consumable casing is used for the igniter. The solid propellant loaded has low binder content and high aluminium percentage (HTPB 1912).[75]

The first test firing of the P80 engine took place on 30 November 2006 in Kourou, and the test was concluded successfully.[76]

The second test firing of the P80 first stage engine took place on 4 December 2007 in Kourou. Delivering a mean thrust of 190 tonnes over 111 seconds, the engine's behaviour was in line with predictions.[77]

The future version of the stage, P120C, also with its name derived from the design phase propellant weight of 120 tons, will increase the propellant mass to 141-143 tons.[78]

Zefiro 23

The development of the Zefiro motor was initiated by Avio, partially funded by the company and partially funded by a contract from the Italian Space Agency. A Zefiro 23 forms the second stage of Vega. Its carbon-epoxy case is filament-wound and its carbon phenolic nozzle includes a carbon-carbon throat insert. The propellant loading is 23 tons.[74]

The Zefiro 23 second stage engine was first fired on 26 June 2006 at Salto di Quirra. This test was successful.[79]

The second test firing of the Zefiro 23 second stage engine took place on 27 March 2008 also at Salto di Quirra. This successful test qualified the rocket engine.[80]

Zefiro 9

The first engine completed was Zefiro 9, the third stage engine. The first test firing was carried out on 20 December 2005, at the Salto di Quirra Inter-force Test Range, on the Mediterranean coast in southeast Sardinia. The test was a complete success.[81]

After a critical design review based on the completed first test firings,[82] the second test-firing of the Zefiro 9 took place at Salto di Quirra on 28 March 2007. After 35 seconds, there was a sudden drop in the motor's internal pressure, leading to an increased combustion time.[83] No public information is available for this sudden drop of internal pressure, and whether any flaws were present in the motor's design.

On 23 October 2008, an enhanced version of the Zefiro 9 with a modified nozzle design, the Zefiro 9-A, was successfully tested.[84]

On 28 April 2009, the final qualification test firing of Zefiro 9-A took place at the Salto di Quirra Interforce Test Range in Sardinia, Italy.[85]

Attitude Vernier Upper Module, AVUM

The Attitude Vernier Upper Module (often, AVUM) upper stage, developed by Avio, has been designed to place the payload in the required orbit and to perform roll and attitude control functions. The AVUM consists of two modules: AVUM Propulsion Module (APM) and AVUM Avionics Module (AAM).[86] The propulsion module uses a RD-843 rocket engine liquid-fuel rocket burning pressure-fed UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide as propellants. The AVUM avionics module contains the main components of the avionics sub-system of the vehicle.[87]

Launch statistics

Rocket configurations

0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
  •   Vega
  •   Vega-C

Launch outcomes

1
2
3
4
2012
'13
'14
'15
'16
'17
'18
'19
2020
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Scheduled

Launch history

The maiden flight occurred on 13 February 2012.[88]

2012

Flight ? Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Users Launch
outcome
VV01 13 February 2012
10:00:00 		Vega ELV LARES
ALMASat 1
e-st@r
Goliat
MaSat-1
PW-Sat
ROBUSTA
UniCubeSat-GG
XaTcobeo 		LEO Success
Geodetic and Nanosatellite; Maiden Vega launch

2013

Flight ? Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Users Launch
outcome
VV02 7 May 2013
02:06:31 		Vega ELV Proba-V
VNREDSat 1A
ESTCube-1 		SSO Success
Earth observation satellite; First commercial launch [89][90]

2014

Flight ? Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Users Launch
outcome
VV03 30 April 2014
01:35:15 		Vega ELV KazEOSat-1 SSO Success
Earth observation satellite[91]

2015

Flight ? Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Users Launch
outcome
VV04 February 11, 2015
13:40:00 		Vega ELV IXV Suborbital Success
Reentry technology demonstration; IXV deployed on suborbital trajectory, AVUM briefly entered orbit before performing targeted de-orbit[92][93][94]
[95][96]
VV05 23 June 2015
01:51:58 		Vega ELV Sentinel-2A SSO Success
Earth observation satellite[97][98][99][100]
VV06 3 December 2015
04:04:00 		Vega ELV LISA Pathfinder Halo orbit Earth-Sun L1 Success
Technology demonstrator[101][102]

2016

Flight ? Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Users Launch
outcome
VV07 16 September 2016
01:43:35 		Vega ELV PeruSat-1
4 Terra Bella satellites 		SSO Success
Reconnaissance satellite / Earth observation satellite[103][104]
VV08 5 December 2016
13:51:44 		Vega ELV Göktürk-1A SSO Success
Earth observation satellite[105]

2017

Flight ? Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Users Launch
outcome
VV09 7 March 2017
01:49:24 		Vega ELV Sentinel 2B SSO Success
Earth observation satellite[106][107]
VV10 2 August 2017
01:58:33 		Vega ELV OPSAT 3000
VENµS 		SSO Success
IMINT
Earth observation satellite[108]
VV11 8 November 2017
01:42:31 		Vega ELV Pleiades SSO Success
Earth observation satellite[109]

2018

Flight ? Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Users Launch
outcome
VV12 22 August 2018
21:20:09[110] 		Vega ELV ADM-Aeolus[111][112][113] SSO Success
Weather satellite

Planned launches

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit Customer
2018 Vega ELV PRISMA
TARANIS 		SSO
VV13; Earth observation satellites[114][115][116][117]
2018 Vega ELV Falcon Eye 1 SSO (?)
IMINT[118]
H2 2018 Vega ELV UniSat-7 SSO
Technology demonstration; Demonstration flight of the new Small Satellites Mission Service dispenser[119][120]
2019 Vega-C ELV TBD
Maiden flight of Vega-C[121]
2019 Vega ELV Falcon Eye 2 SSO (?)
IMINT[118]
2020 Vega-C ELV CSG-2 LEO
Earth observation satellite[122]
2020 Vega-C ELV CERES SSO
SIGINT [123]
2020 Vega-C ELV 2 satellites SSO
SIGINT
Q4, 2020 Vega ELV Proba-3 HEO
Technology demonstration / Solar research[124][125]
2021 Vega-C ELV Space Rider LEO
Technology demonstration [126]

Costs

Developments costs for the Vega rocket were €710 million, with ESA spending an additional €400 million to sponsor five development flights between 2012 and 2014.[127] Commercial launch cost have been estimated at €32 million including Arianespace's marketing and service costs or €25 million for a rocket alone, assuming launch rate of 2 per year. By increasing flight rate up to 4 per year price of an each individual launch vehicle will drop to €22 million.[128]

Our belief is that we can charge up to 20 percent more per launch than our biggest competitors and still win business because of the value we provide at the space center here and with Arianespace.

— Francesco De Pasquale, managing director of ELV SpA, SpaceNews[128]

Future developments

Mock version of Vega C at Paris Air Show 2015
  • Vega Consolidated (VEGA C)[129]
    • Evolution of standard Vega;
    • P120C as first stage replacing P80;
    • Zefiro 40 as second stage replacing Z23;
    • First launch expected in 2019.
  • VEGA Evolution (VEGA E)[130]
    • Evolution of Vega C;
    • MIRA (Avio KBKhA Khrunichev Progres Kuznetsov) cryogenic LOX/liquid methane upperstage replacing both Zefiro 9 and AVUM;
    • First launch expected in 2024.

There was a concept study for a new medium-size launcher based on Vega and Ariane 5 elements. This launcher would use an Ariane 5 P230 first stage, a Vega P80 second stage and an Ariane 5 third stage using either storable or cryogenic fuel.[74]

The future upgraded Vega (LYRA program) has exceeded the feasibility study and is planned to replace the current third and fourth stages with a single low cost LOX/Liquid methane stage with a new guidance system. The purpose of the program is to upgrade the performance by about 30% without significant price increase.[131]

On 14 February 2012, one day after the successful first launch of Vega, the German space agency moved to be included in the program. Johann-Dietrich Woerner, at that time head of the German Aerospace Agency DLR, said Germany wanted to join the project. Germany would provide a replacement for the RD-843 engine on the AVUM fourth stage, currently made in Ukraine. The Vega Launcher Manager stated that it will not fly in the near future because it takes some time to develop, but he confirmed it will be on agenda in the next meeting of ministers in late 2012. That way, all components of the rocket would be built inside the EU, excluding the Swiss made ones.[13]

The revised Vega-C first stage, renamed P120C (Common), has been selected as booster for the first stage of the next generation Ariane 6 rocket at the ESA Council meeting at Ministerial level in December 2014.[132]

Avio is also considering a "Vega Light" that would delete the first stage of either the Vega-C or Vega-E and would be targeted at replenishing satellite constellations. The vehicle would be capable of launching between 250-300kg or 400-500kg depending on whether it was derived from a Vega-C or Vega-E respectively. [133]

Comparable rockets

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The European Space Agency brings together, in addition to Italy, 21 more sovereign states: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

References

  1. ^ "Vega liftoff". ESA.
  2. ^ Avio. "Vega Satellite Launcher" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Avio. "Avio Space". Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b "ESA – Vega". Esa.int. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  5. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/engines/zefiro23.htm
  6. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/engines/zefiro9.htm
  7. ^ ESA: Antonio Fabrizi: from "nuts and bolts" to Europe’s launchers of today and tomorrow [1]
  8. ^ ESA: Antonio Fabrizi: from "nuts and bolts" to Europe’s launchers of today and tomorrow [2]
  9. ^ Arianespace orders ten new Vega launchers from ELV Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Arianespace media release, 20 November 2013, accessed 22 November 2013
  10. ^ Amos, Jonathan (13 February 2012). "Vega launcher makes first flight". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  11. ^ Tariq Malik (13 February 2012). "Europe Launches New Vega Rocket on Maiden Voyage". Space.com. Retrieved 29 May 2014. The Italian-built Vega rocket is named after the second-brightest star in the northern hemisphere
  12. ^ "Vega Launcher Targets Government Market". Aviation Week. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ a b CLARK, S. (14 February 2012). "Vega launcher program courts German participation". Spaceflight Now. p. 1. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  14. ^ a b "Launcher proposals." Flight International, 18 December 1996.
  15. ^ Moxon, Julian. "ESA plan emphasises launchers." Flight International, 8 April 1998.
  16. ^ a b Furniss, Tim. "A late entry." Flight International, 15 July 1998.
  17. ^ "Italy leads ESA interest in Vega K development." Flight International, 29 April 1998.
  18. ^ "ESA to develop small satellite launcher." Flight International, 1 July 1998.
  19. ^ Furniss, Tim. "New European launcher awaits full funding." Flight International, 8 September 1998.
  20. ^ "Second test for Vega's Zefiro." Flight International, 7 July 1999.
  21. ^ Furniss, Tim. "Finding a Role." Flight International, 28 July 1999.
  22. ^ "ESA ponders Vega's future after France withdraws." Flight International, 15 September 1999.
  23. ^ Moxon, Julian and Andy Nativi. "French withdrawal prompts ESA to drop Vega project." Flight International, 3 November 1999.
  24. ^ "ESA budgets for Ariane 5 updates." Flight International, 1 February 2000.
  25. ^ Furniss, Tim. "Arianespace adds Eurokot to satellite launcher range." Flight International, 6 June 2000.
  26. ^ Moxon, Julian and Giorgio di Barnado. "Vega agreement paves way for P80 booster for Ariane 5." Flight International, 31 October 2000.
  27. ^ Nativi, Andy. "Italians form launcher company." Flight International, 6 March 2001.
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