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Ultras

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For other uses, see Ultras (disambiguation).
For the historical French reactionary faction, see Ultra-royalist.

The Ultras movement, or simply Ultras, is the name given to organized supporters' groups for sports teams, mostly European and South American supporters of football (soccer) teams. This fan sub-group appeared in Italy during the late 1960s when football teams reduced ticket prices on certain areas of the stadiums. Not to be confused with the British football firm and Casual cultures, although some of their supporting style is imitated. Although violent acts might occur, hooligan acts are more the exception than the norm.

Common grounds

Ultra groups are surprisingly homogeneous. They are usually organized by a core group (who usually have "executive control" over the group), surrounded by smaller groups, formed by location, friends group or political stance. The material is also almost the same: standards (a piece of painted light fabric with two poles on each side), flags, both regular sized and large (with sides over 4 meters) and banners, usually large, durable plastic fabric painted and decorated with the name and symbology of the group it belongs. Most groups also sell their own goods like scarves, hats and jackets, and their sale can go across borders for collectors or fans.

Ultra culture

The Ultra culture is a mix of several supporting styles, from the scarf-waving and chants of early English stadia, Brazilian Torcida and the original Italian style. An Ultra group can be composed from few dozens to hundreds, mixing several parts of the community, claim entire sectors of the stadium for themselves and get involved in the team rather more often than regular fans.

Four points are the core of a ultra mentality:

  • Never stop singing during the whole match, no matter the result;
  • Never sit down during matches (as opposed to armchair fans);
  • Follow as many games possible, regardless of costs or distances;
  • Loyalty to the Curva (the stand in which the group is located).

There are several recurring imported or pop culture icons used on banners. Alex DeLarge from Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange is one of the favourites, Uga, the logo of the University of Georgia Bulldogs American football team is also used by several groups across Europe in addition to corporate brand logos and catchphrases, whether real or mock-up.

Probably the most important part is the called vocal support. Each group has several football chants, mostly to their team, others for players and staff and finally, some reserved for their rivals. With the melody taken mostly from popular music such as Guantanamera, some chants are copied from other groups and the names changed.

Before big matches most groups prepare a big choreography (or Tifo) to be displayed as the teams enter the field. Ranging in size as the financial capabilities of the groups allow, the giant choreographies can take from the complete top where the group is located to the complete stadium. Materials used range from small sheets of plastic or paper distributed by seat, either forming a pattern or just to colour the stadium (in a similar fashion of the Moscow 1980 Olympics opening ceremony), balloons, paper rolls, huge painted blankets, flares or smoke signal pots (but their use is now more limited since uncontrolled could cover the entire ground in smoke, which is highly undesirable by TV stations) and even more recently, giant dolls (used by Sampdoria's Ultras in 2002). These choreographies are one of the finest displays of love to a club, since they can take up to months to plan, the days before the match to prepare and cost a small fortune to make, despite the ultimate risk of failure.

There is also big animosity towards the so-called modern football. All-seater stadiums, more expensive tickets, matches being played at non-traditional times (particularly evening matches), fan-favourite players being sold like merchandise, replaced by players who don't "love the shirt", and the excessive commercialization of football are all common targets for Ultras' animosity. No al Calcio Moderno (Against modern football) is a common phrase seen in Italian grounds, and spread across Europe.

Fanzines play also a big part in the movement, and have a huge market inside communities. Usually A5, as professional printing costs decrease they have started to be of more professional quality than the crudely typewriter-duplicated or photocopied fanzines. Each group usually edits a fanzine with information on upcoming games, stories and news, and there are several generalistic publications, the most popular being the SuperTifo.

Ultras - club relationship

They usually have a representative who speaks with the club's bosses on a regular basis, mostly regarding ticket and seat allocation, and use of storage facilities. Some clubs provide the groups cheaper tickets, a warehouse to store material, access to the stadium before the match to prepare choreographies.

Some of these relations are criticized by fans of the club, who can see the Ultras as nothing more than troublemakers who do the club more harm than good, or when a club has more than one group, some might not agree with favouritism given by the board to a group against another.

There exists within the ultras fanblock a loose hierarchy. In most cases, a capo, or group leader, often using a megaphone, coordinates the various activities of the entire group, including chants, songs, and banner drops.

Hooliganism

Although Ultras groups can become violent, unlike hooligans most games go with no incidents or minor scuffles with the local police force. Unlike hooligans, Ultras follow to support their team rather than go head to head against locals. Another difference between Ultras and hooligans is that the hooligans like to be inconspicuous when they travel as to avoid detection by police, whereas Ultras are the opposite as they like to be more conspicuous when they travel and like to arrive en masse, which allows the police to keep a close eye on their movements.

When trouble does break out it very much takes the form of a political riot similar to the ones in Italy in the 70's and the Carabinieri use the same tactics towards the Ultras as they did against political activists in the 70's.

Politics

Many Ultra groups are associated with political factions, rivalries appeared and alliances were forged just based on the political premises. While SS Lazio's Irriducibili, AS Roma's "ASR Ultras", Paris Saint Germain's Boulogne Boys and Real Madrid's Ultras Sur are known for more than occasionally displaying celtic crosses and swastikas, on the other hand there are groups like Livorno's Brigate Autonome Livornesi or Olympique de Marseille's Curva-Massilia who show the Red Star, the Hammer and sickle, the Anarchist symbol or flags of Che Guevara. Fans of Ajax Amsterdam frequently use the Star of David and Israeli flags to fire up the team, and regularly chant Joden! Joden! (Dutch for Jews! Jews!), in a reference to the club's Jewish roots. Some groups refuse to carry any political symbols on their material or allow their members to display them in the group's context.

Knowing the "recruitment potential" of the groups' sectors, many extremist groups try to distribute propaganda. While this is accepted between politicized groups, in neutral/apolitical groups this can cost the extremists dearly, as it can be seen as an invasion, and thus elicit a violent reaction from the neutral group.

Rivalries

File:Super Dragões 34.jpg
FC Porto Ultras Super Dragões, Portugal

Fierce rivalries between football clubs and its Ultra groups can be found all over the world, though most of the big ones are located in Europe and South America.

A lot of big rivalries are from Italy, where rivalries between Ultra groups, and up to some degree between cities in general, have a long tradition. While some happen mostly for animosity towards the opposite side, mostly in derbies (Roma - Lazio, Torino - Juventus, Inter - Milan, Sampdoria - Genoa, etc), others exist mostly due to politics. However, it's also possible that rivalries fire up from isolated incidents. Some rivalries might also happen between groups of the same club, either by disputing the lead of the curva or when one of the groups is a splinter from the older groups.

It is common for a firm to uphold a special grudge against another firm, their "arch-enemy", which normally dates back ages, to a time where the teams of these two firms had a particularly longlasting period of rivalry. Examples of these include Derry vs Linfield, Arsenal vs. Tottenham, also Millwall vs.West Ham United, Southend United vs. Colchester United and Manchester United vs. Leeds United A.F.C. from England, or Rangers v Celtic from Scotland, or AIK vs Dif from Sweden, or Brøndby vs. FC Copenhagen from Denmark, or Galatasaray vs. Fenerbahçe S.K. from Turkey, or Hajduk and Dinamo from Croatia or Red Star Belgrade vs. Partizan Belgrade(eternal derby) from Serbia. In Holland the rivalry between Feyenoord and Ajax ultras is often followed by fights between them, fights which are scheduled by phone and many times involving firearms. Feuds between these "arch-rivals" will often prove more intense than normal, as the firms will often take an almost religious zeal to these particular fights, seeing these as the true proofs of their superiority.

Even in Australia there have been many fights between Ultra Groups. The Avala Boys of the Bonnyrigg White Eagles Football Club (who are predominantly Serbian backed and have strong ties with the Red Star Belgrade Football Club) and the South West Firm of Sydney United (Croatian backed) have clashed on many occasions, the most recent being in 2005 on two separate occasions which resulted in many injuries to the South West fans. The first clash at Edensor Park, home of Sydney United meant that the return leg needed to be played at a neutral venue. But this did not stop the groups clashing outside the ground.

Rivalries often mean, at less, more offensive chants, phrases or banners towards the other groups themselves, while the fiercest rivalries often include physical confrontation and capture of "enemy" banners. Losing a banner to a rival group is considered a big humiliation. The group that loses the flag is sometimes disbanded as a last act of honour.

Detractors

Like any other organization, Ultra groups have their share of detractors. From the most simple, related to how they follow the game, never sitting during matches while displaying dozens of standards affecting the view of those sitting behind these groups, to more serious criticisms like theft from highway service stations, physical assault or intimidation of "regular" fans and even murder of other groups' members.

In Spain, ultra is understood primarily as ultraderechista ("extreme rightist"), while there are leftist and separatist supporter groups. The use of neo-Nazi symbols like spelling Ultras Sur with runic SS and violence against supporters of other clubs, including the murder of a Real Sociedad fan, has made Spanish authorities very concerned about ultra activities.

List of groups

This list include many groups not traditionally called ultras. The South American groups for example has not at all an "ultras style" to them.

Albania

Argentina

(Here there are only the most important ultras of the most traditional Argentinian clubs)

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

(Here there are only the most important ultras of the most traditional Brazilian clubs)

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cyprus

  • Orange fans (APOEL Ultras - Portokali) (APOEL FC)
  • Gate 9 (Green Army - Prasino Tsounami, Kifines (AC Omonoia)

Czech Republic

Denmark

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

England

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

 GUISA Ultras(Galway United F.C.)

Israel

Italy

Japan

Korea

Lithuania

Republic of Macedonia

Malaysia

  • Ultracrocs (Sarawak) www.ultracrocs.com

Malta

Mexico

Montenegro

Morocco

  • Frimija-Winners (Wydad Athletic)
  • Omega-Green boys (Raja Athletic)
  • Ultras Askari (Far)
  • Ultras sharks (l'Olympique de Safi)
  • Ultras bahjawi (kacm marrakech)
  • los-matadores (Maghreb Atletico Titouan)
  • red-devils ( kacm marrakech -kourta)

Netherlands

Norway

Paraguay

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Romania

San Marino

Scotland

Serbia

Slovenia

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Ukraine

U.S.

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