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Remittances to India

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Medieval Hundi is Indian-origin remittance system. A hundi for Rs 2500 of 1951 stamped in the Bombay Province with a pre-printed revenue stamp.

Remittances to India are money transfers (called remittance) from non-resident Indians (NRIs) employed outside the country to family, friends or relatives residing in India. India is the world's top receiver of remittances, claiming more than 12% of the world's remittances in 2015.[1][2] Remittances to India stood at US$68.968 billion in 2017 and remittances from India to other countries totalled US$5.710 billion, for a net inflow of US$63.258 billion in 2017.[3][4][5]

As per the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA), remittance is received from the approximately 35 million members of the Indian diaspora.[6]

History

Medieval Hundi is Indian-origin remittance system. A hundi for Rs 2500 of 1951 stamped in the Bombay Province with a pre-printed revenue stamp.
See also: Hundi and Hawala

Overview

Under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) of 1999, Non Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) can open and maintain three types of accounts namely, Non-Resident Ordinary Rupee Account (NRO Account), Non-Resident (External) Rupee Account (NRE Account) and Foreign Currency Non Resident (Bank) Account – FCNR (B) Account. NRO Accounts are not repatriable except for all current income. Balances in an NRO account of NRIs/ PIOs are remittable up to US$1 (one) million per financial year (April–March) along with their other eligible assets. NRE Accounts are repatriable. Credits permitted to NRE account are inward remittance from outside India, interest accruing on the account, interest on investment, transfer from other NRE/ FCNR(B) accounts, maturity proceeds of investments (if such investments were made from this account or through inward remittance). Inward remittances from outside India, legitimate dues in India and transfers from other NRO accounts are permissible credits to NRO account.[7] [8]

Since 1991, India has experienced sharp remittance growth. In 1991 Indian remittances were valued at 2.1 billion USD;[5][9] in 2006, they were estimated at between $22 billion[10] and $25.7 billion.[4] which grew to $67.6 billion in 2012-13, up from $66.1 billion the fiscal year, 2011-2012,[6] when the remittance exceed the foreign direct investment(FDI) inflow of $46.84 billion into India.[11]

Money is sent to India either electronically (for example, by SWIFT) or by demand draft. In recent years many banks are offering money transfers and this has grown into a huge business. Around 40% of the India's remittances flow to the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which are among the top international remittance receiving states.[11][12] Andhra Pradesh gets most of its remittance from the USA, Kerala from UAE, Punjab from Canada as most of the people migrate from their states to these countries. Tamil Nadu has the most diverse mix of remittance sources due to the presence of large Tamil diasporas in many countries like Australia, Canada, France, United Kingdom etc with Malaysia, Singapore and the United States being the largest sources of remittance. Research work on remittances to India is listed in the India Migration Bibliography.[13]

In recent years many Indian Immigrants have used online money transfer services to send money from overseas to India. In recent years, many new Online and mobile companies have facilitated the transition to online remittances. Even some Indian banks have recently offered such services.[14]

A 2012 study, by Reserve Bank of India revealed 30.8% of total foreign remittances was from West Asia, compared to 29.4% from North America and 19.5% from Europe.[11]

However, owing to the onslaught of COVID-19, the World Bank has estimated a 9% decline in the remittances to India.[15]

Remittances to India by fiscal year

The following table illustrates the remittances to India as percent of GDP, 1990–1991 to 2005–2010.[16][17][18]

Remittance by fiscal year
Year Remittances Percent GDP
1990–1991 US$2.10 bn 0.70%
1995–1996 US$8.50 bn 3.22%
1999–2000 US$12.07 bn 2.72%
2000–2001 US$12.85 bn 2.84%
2001–2002 US$15.40 bn 3.29%
2002–2003 US$16.39 bn 3.39%
2003–2004 US$21.61 bn 3.69%
2004–2005 US$20.25 bn 3.03%
2005–2006 US$24.55 bn 3.08%
2006–2007 US$29.10 bn
2007–2008 US$37.20 bn
2008–2009 US$51.60 bn
2009–2010 US$55.06 bn
2011–2012 US$66.10 bn
2012–2013 US$67.60 bn
2013-2014 US$70.39 bn
2014-2015 US$66.30 bn
2015–2016 US$62.70 bn
2016–2017 US$65.30 bn
2017–2018 US$80.00 bn
2018-2019 US$79.00 bn
2019-2020 US$83.30 bn
2020-2021 US$87.00 bn

Remittances to and from India by country

According to the Pew Research Center in 2017, the World Bank estimated that a total of US$68.968 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries, and a total of US$5.710 billion was made in remittances to other countries from India, for a net inflow of $63.258 billion. Figures for remittances between India and Pakistan are not available. The table on left lists the major source countries for remittances to India, and the table on the right lists the major destination countries for remittances from India in 2017.[3] Somewhat different figures have been estimated by the Reserve Bank of India.[19]

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